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Table 2.

Number of students by types of educational institutions as of the beginning of 2015/2016

academiс year

SOURCE: WOMEN AND MEN OF KAZAKHSTAN:2011-2015. STATISTIC DATA. — ASTANA, 2016

Types of educational

institutions

Number of students,

thousand people

Gender distribution

in percentage

women

men

women

men

Total

1 895,2

1 897,3

50,0

Secondary schools

1 378,9

1 420,7

49,3

50,7

Technical and professional

education

238,2

260,8

47,7

52,3

Higher education institutions

256,8

202,6

55,9

44,1

Master studies

18,3

11,6

61,2

38,8

Doctoral studies

1,4

0,9

60,9

39,1

Residency

1,6

0,7

69,6

30,4

The lowest fertility rate among young people has been

registered in Almaty and Kostanay regions.

Regional specificity is as follows: the highest fertility

rate in the age group of 15-18 years is in the Mangistau
region (27,32 ‰); the highest fertility rate in the age of
19-23 years is in the South-Kazakhstan region and makes
213,10 ‰; ages 24-28 years is also in the South Kazakh-
stan region and makes 233,53 ‰ (Figure1.14).

Marriage

Age of 20-24 years is considered a major, when young

people get married. In Kazakhstan in 2015 there was 213
101 marriages concluded among young people, com-
pared to 2014 when it was 231 191, and in 2013 there
was 248 374 marriages concluded. As can be seen from

the analysis of statistical data the number of marriages
decreased by an average of 17-18 thousand (Figure 1.15).

Married young people are mostly ranked in the age

group of 20-24 years and 25-28 years.

Features of the youth age group table (Figure 1.16,

1.17):

- there is a high proportion of young people never

married previously among the age groups of 20-24 years
and 25-29 years;

- there is a high proportion of divorced and widowed

young individuals among the age groups of 25-28 years,
compared with other age groups.

Family plays a role of an important social institution

that is responsible for the birth and upbringing of the
future generation. It is in the family the child goes through
the primary socialization process, assimilates the values
and norms of behavior.

Today, domestic harmony acts as the most important

life value for the young people of Kazakhstan (Figure 1.18)

Figure 1.10

Rural areas

24-28 years

324 807

319 667

293 350

281 561

19-23 years

SOURCE: STATISTICS COMMITTEE OF THE MINISTRY OF NATIONAL

ECONOMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

men

women

Figure 1.11

The data on fertility among

young people for 2013-2015, children

2012

2013

2014

2015

244 724

249 654

252 302

242 360

SOURCE: STATISTICS COMMITTEE OF THE MINISTRY OF NATIONAL

ECONOMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

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Data on birth rates among young people

for 2013-2015, children

Maternal age

2013

2014

2015

Younger

than 20 years

20747

20343

17348

20-24 years old

124737

122623

116222

25-28 years old

104170

109336

108790

Total

249654

252302

242360

Provided that, family values and the health values are

equally important for the young people of different ethnic
groups (Figure 1.19)

Valuable orientations of youth vary somehow de-

pending on the age group they belong to. So, getting
older (age cohort 24 to 29 years), such values as «material
security, wealth» getting important to young people. For
the younger age group (from 14 to 18 years old) such
values as «true friends», «independence», «creativity, the
ability to self-realization» are of great value (Figure 1.20).

Analysis of the sociological survey results conduct-

ed by SRC «Youth» among the main youth groups has
showed that the majority of young people in the near
future plans to focus more on education and career de-
velopment (34.5% and 29%, respectively). 23.7% of young
people surveyed has indicated that they want to pay more
attention to family life over the next three years (Figure
1.21).

In general, the sociological survey results show that

family values prevail for the youth of Kazakhstan, on the
other hand, and the significant part of the young people
surveyed understand the importance of education and
self-realization.

Divorce

The divorce rate among young people in the country

continues to remain at a high level. The largest number of
registered divorces are among young people of the older
age group (25-29 years old) (Figure 1.22).

Common indexes of divorce in Kazakhstan are: one

divorce for four registered marriages. In general, there
is a decrease in the number of divorces among young
people aged from 18 to 28 years old, compared with the
previous year to 851 cases (Figure 1.23).

The main reasons for divorce are: infertility, domestic

violence, domestic conflict, material deprivation, lack of
family values, different kinds of addiction, alcohol ad-
diction, drug addiction, Internet addiction, and a lack of
deep relationships, superficial communication and a lack
of understanding. [1]

Mortality
To determine the mortality rate among young people

aged 14-28 years the age-related mortality rate was used,
which is the ratio of the total number of deaths (14-28
years) for the year to the population, expressed in per
mille, i.e., per 1000 people.

SOURCE: STATISTICS COMMITTEE OF THE MINISTRY OF NATIONAL

ECONOMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Figure 1.12

The proportion of births in terms

of rural/urban areas, %

Figure 1.13

Age-related birth rates in terms

of urban/rural areas, ‰

SOURCE: THE COMMITTEE ON STATISTICS OF THE MINISTRY

OF NATIONAL ECONOMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

SOURCE: THE COMMITTEE ON STATISTICS OF THE MINISTRY

OF NATIONAL ECONOMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

2015 years

2014 years

2013 years

44,9

198,65

161,79

19,41

55,1

150,15

129,37

15,03

54,3

52,5

45,7

47,5

24-28 years

15-18 years

19-23 years

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Figure 1.16

Marriages by age and marital status of young people in 2015, people (men)

Figure 1.18

Level of importance of basic life values of young

people,%

Figure 1.17

Marriages by age and marital status of young people in 2015, people (women)

Age

Married (by marital

status), including:

Never married

previously

Widowed

Divorced

Not Specified

marital status

<18

1247

1241

18-19

16442

16234

169

20-24

68491

66836

1516

25-28

29304

25757

142

3383

Total

115484

110068

245

4929

242

Age

Married (by marital

status), including:

Never married

previously

Widowed

Divorced

Not Specified

marital status

<18

18-19

2696

2662

20-24

47820

47103

628

25-28

47026

43973

2931

Total

97617

93813

154

3567

SOURCE: THE COMMITTEE ON STATISTICS OF THE MINISTRY OF NATIONAL ECONOMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

THE RESULTS OF A SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF YOUNG PEOPLE

(ACCORDING TO SRC «YOUTH»)

Life values

Domestic harmony

74,1

Health

56,7

Material security, wealth

36,0

Faithful friends

29,8

Career

18,6

Interesting job

14,2

Independence, personal freedom

13,3

Creativity, the ability to self-realization

6,5

The ability to benefit others

4,8

True love

3,6

Glory, general acceptance

3,0

Power, the ability to manage

2,4

Do not know

0,7

In 2015, the highest death rate among men and wom-

en was accounted for by in the age group of 24-28 years,
reaching 1.97 and 0.64 ‰ respectively; the lowest rate
was accounted for by in the age group of 14-18 years and
amounted to 0.68 and 0,46 ‰ respectively (Figure 1.25).

The mortality rate among men is higher than among

women. Over the past three years there the mortality
fluctuations have been observed, the mortality reduc-
tion in 2014 is replaced by its increase in 2015. The most
vulnerable age group for men and women is 24-28 years
(Figure 1.24).

Over the past three years, mortality in the age group of

14-18 years decreased by 0.16 ‰ in 2014 and increased
by 1.03 ‰ in 2015; in the age group of 19-23 years - de-

SOURCE: STATISTICS COMMITTEE OF THE MINISTRY OF NATIONAL

ECONOMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Figure 1.15

Number of marriages among young people in

2013-2015, people

115 484

125 004

134 112

114 262

106 187

97 617

2015 years

2014 years

2013 years

men

women

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Figure 1.20

The basic life values of young

people in the terms of age groups,%

Figure 1.19

The basic life values of young people in the terms of ethnic groups,%

THE RESULTS OF A SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF YOUNG PEOPLE

(ACCORDING TO SRC «YOUTH»)

THE RESULTS OF A SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF YOUNG PEOPLE (ACCORDING TO SRC «YOUTH»)

Life values

Kazakh people

Russian people

Other nationalities

Domestic harmony

72,7

78,3

75,5

Material security, wealth

33,1

41,4

46,2

Faithful friends

30,4

29,7

25,5

Independence, personal freedom

14,2

9,7

14,1

Health

56,4

57,9

56,5

Career

17,7

20,9

20,1

Glory, general acceptance

3,6

1,7

1,1

Power, the ability to manage

2,9

1,2

0,5

Creativity, the ability to self-realization

6,2

7,0

7,6

Interesting job

12,6

15,5

23,4

The ability to benefit others

4,9

3,0

8,2

True love

3,0

4,7

4,9

Do not know

0,8

0,5

Life values

14-18

years

old

19-23

years

old

24-29

years

old

Domestic harmony

71,1

71,7

78,0

Material security,

wealth

28,2

37,2

40,6

Faithful friends

37,5

28,8

25,2

Independence,

personal freedom

15,7

13,6

11,4

Health

56,2

53,0

59,8

Career

19,0

18,8

18,0

Glory, general

acceptance

2,8

4,3

2,2

Power, the ability to

manage

2,1

2,8

2,2

Creativity, the ability to

self-realization

9,2

6,7

4,5

Interesting job

13,0

14,7

14,5

The ability to benefit

others

5,1

4,4

True love

3,3

4,7

2,8

Do not know

0,4

1,1

0,4

creased by 0.18 ‰ in 2014 and increased by 0.02 ‰ in
2015; in the age group of 24-28 years - decreased by 1.29
‰ in 2014 and increased by 0.94 ‰ in 2015 (Figure 1.25).

The mortality rate among men is higher than among

women. Over the past three years there the mortality
fluctuations have been observed, the mortality reduc-

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Figure 1.24

Age-related mortality rates

of young people by gender for 2015 ‰

24-28 years old

14-18 years old

19-23 years old

0,68

1,42

1,97

0,46

0,53

0,64

SOURCE: THE COMMITTEE ON STATISTICS OF THE MINISTRY

OF NATIONAL ECONOMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

men

women

men

women

Figure 1.23

Divorces by age of former

spouses in 2015, people

3 306

8 924

404

7 360

11 021

<18 years old

18-19 years old

20-24 years old

25-28 years old

SOURCE: THE COMMITTEE ON STATISTICS OF THE MINISTRY

OF NATIONAL ECONOMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Figure 1.22

The data on divorces among young people for

2013-2015, people.

2015 years old

2014 years old

2013 years old

12 123

12 633

12 285

18 677

19 309

18 806

SOURCE: THE COMMITTEE ON STATISTICS OF THE MINISTRY

OF NATIONAL ECONOMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

men

women

Figure 1.25

Age-related death rates among

young people for 2013-2015, ‰

SOURCE: THE COMMITTEE ON STATISTICS OF THE MINISTRY

OF NATIONAL ECONOMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

14-18 years

19-23 years

24-28 years

0,62

0,57

0,46

1,14

0,98

0,96

1,64

1,29

0,35

2015 years old

2014 years old

2013 years old

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Figure 1.28

External migration of young people by age group

and sex, people.

SOURCE: THE COMMITTEE ON STATISTICS OF THE MINISTRY

OF NATIONAL ECONOMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Men

Immigrants

Emigrants

14-28

428

709

19-23

1016

1091

24-28

1269

1409

Women

Immigrants

Emigrants

14-28

412

774

19-23

1276

1365

24-28

1418

1908

Figure 1.29

The respondents’ answers to the question: «Do

you intend to move from the place you are living

now?» ( %)

THE RESULTS OF A SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF YOUNG PEOPLE

(ACCORDING TO SRC «YOUTH»)

Do not want to move to another place

60,7%

Want to move to another

region of Kazakhstan

15,5%

Want to go to another country

11,2%

Want to move to another place in

the same region they are living at

9,7%

Do not know

2,9%

Figure 1.30

The respondents’ answers to

the question: «Why do you intend to move

to another place?» ( %)

THE RESULTS OF A SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF YOUNG PEOPLE

(ACCORDING TO SRC «YOUTH»)

9,3

Do not see prospects for myself

and/or my children

Cannot find a job here and

has found it in another city

Want to get education

in another city/country

My locality is distant from the district/

regional center

There is not enough

schools/hospitals/roads...

There is a high crime level in my locality

Another reason

(nationalism, corruption, I want to...

Do not know

I want to return to my historic homeland

Bad ecology

Personal reasons

29,9

26,7

21,3

18,2

17,7

9,9

6,2

2,4

2,3

0,9

tion in 2014 is replaced by its increase in 2015. The most
vulnerable age group for men and women is 24-28 years
(Figure 1.24).

Over the past three years, mortality in the age group of

14-18 years decreased by 0.16 ‰ in 2014 and increased
by 1.03 ‰ in 2015; in the age group of 19-23 years - de-

Do not see prospects for

the people of my ethnic group

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Figure 1.31.

The respondents’ answers to the question: «Do you have the intention to go to another place from the

place where you are living now?» (in terms of the regions, %)

Desire to move to

another locality of

the same region

Desire to

move to

another

region of

Kazakhstan

Desire to

move to

another

country

No intention

to go

anywhere

Do not know

Akmola

21,8

7,7

1,3

64,1

5,1

Aktobe

6,9

15,7

20,6

56,9

Almaty

6,5

6,0

6,5

80,0

0,9

Atyrau

38,2

19,1

8,8

30,9

2,9

East-Kazakhstan

6,9

15,2

14,5

53,1

10,3

Zhambyl

3,3

16,5

9,1

70,2

0,8

West-Kazakhstan

19,4

12,5

55,6

Karaganda

13,2

19,2

25,2

36,4

6,0

Kostanay

14,7

8,4

13,7

63,2

Kyzylorda

12,4

29,2

4,5

44,9

9,0

Mangistau

11,0

17,8

11,0

56,2

4,1

Pavlodar

10,1

11,4

10,1

62,0

6,3

North-Kazakhstan

28,6

23,2

44,6

3,6

South-Kazakhstan

6,7

23,2

8,8

61,0

0,3

Astana city

2,9

12,5

8,7

71,2

4,8

Almaty city

6,6

8,5

8,1

74,9

1,9

THE RESULTS OF A SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF YOUNG PEOPLE (ACCORDING TO SRC «YOUTH»)

creased by 0.18 ‰ in 2014 and increased by 0.02 ‰ in
2015; in the age group of 24-28 years - decreased by 1.29
‰ in 2014 and increased by 0.94 ‰ in 2015 (Figure 1.25).

The highest death rate among men and women has

been observed in the North Kazakhstan region, the lowest
mortality rate is typical for men and women living in the
city of Astana and Almaty (Figure 1.26, 1.27).

1.5

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL

MIGRATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE

Migration processes have become quite common and

significant from the point of view of socio-economic phe-
nomenon in modern society.

Kazakhstan is no exception and is also involved in

global migration trends. Migration is playing an increas-
ingly prominent role in overcoming the demographic
deficit and labor shortages in some countries, the solu-
tion of the problems related to employment and poverty
reduction of the population in other states.

According to the Committee on Statistics 7 256 peo-

ple, including 3 209 men and 4 047 women emigrated
from Kazakhstan in 2015; and 5 819 people, including
2 713 men and 3 106 women came to Kazakhstan. The
balance was (-1437) (Figure 1.28)

Youth Migration intent
Young people can be divided into 4 groups in relation

to migration: internal migrants, external migrants to the
near abroad, external migrants to the CIS countries, who
do not want to go anywhere.

According to the sociological survey conducted by

the SRC «Youth», 60.7% of young respondents do not
intend to go to another place. 15.5% of respondents
expressed the desire to move to another region of
Kazakhstan. 11.2% of young people intend to go to
another country. Distribution of answers of all respon-
dents over the republic is represented in the diagram in
Figure 1.29.

The main reasons for youth migration are: the lack of

prospects (29.9%), personal reasons (26.7%), employment
(21.3%), the desire to get an education in another city/
country (18.2%) (Figure 1.30).

Regional specifics related to migration intent looks

as follows:

More often a desire to go to another country has been

expressed by the residents of Karaganda (25.2%), North
Kazakhstan (23.2%), Aktobe (20.6%) regions.

More often a desire to move to another region of

Kazakhstan has been expressed by the young respon-
dents of Kyzylorda (29.2%), North Kazakhstan (28.6%) and
South Kazakhstan (23.2%) regions (Figure 1.31).

As we can see, the indicators are quite high, that is

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Figure 1.32

The respondents’ answers to the question: «Do you have any intention to leave the place you are living

now?» (In terms of ethnic groups, %)

THE RESULTS OF A SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF YOUNG PEOPLE (ACCORDING TO SRC «YOUTH»)

Kazakh people Russian people

Other nationalities

Desire to move to another locality of the same region they

are living in Kazakhstan

10,0

9,7

7,1

Desire to move to another region of Kazakhstan

17,3

9,2

15,2

Desire to move to another country

6,7

22,9

19,6

No intention to go anywhere

63,0

54,1

56,5

Do not know

3,0

4,0

1,6

Figure 1.33

The respondents’ answers to the question: «What

would you choose if you had the opportunity to

go to another country or to stay and live in your

own country?» (%)

THE RESULTS OF A SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF YOUNG PEOPLE

(ACCORDING TO SRC «YOUTH»)

I would stay in my own country

57,5

I would like to go to another country

for a while, but to live in my own country

26,4

I would like to leave the country for a

permanent residence in another country

11,9

Do not know

4,2

illustrative of the presence of certain issues that negatively
affect the intent of young people in these regions.

Youth Migration intent depending on national iden-

tity are characterized as follows: the majority of young
respondents, regardless of their national identity, noted
the absence of intent to go to another place.

Most of the young people, namely 57.5% expressed

their desire to remain in the country, 26.4% of young re-
spondents would like to go to another country for a while,
but to live in the country, 11.9% of respondents expressed
their desire to leave the country for a permanent resi-
dence in another country (Figure 1.33).

***

The proportion of youth in the general structure of the

population is 23.2%. That is, almost every fourth resident

of the country belongs to the age group of 14-28 years
old people (inclusive).

The birth rate dynamics in 2015 was negative in com-

parison with the previous year.

The year of 2015 is characterized by a decrease in the

birth rate, because young people enter their reproductive
years, born in the early 1990s, when there was a sharp
decline in the birth rate. The decline in the birth rate in
2015 is a kind of «demographic echo» of the birth rate
decline in the early 1990s.

The most representative group in terms of quantity in

the youth structure is 24-28 years.

The highest birth rates are shown in this age group.

Family, family values are of great importance and basic
values for young people.

Specific weight ratio of rural young people is below

the percentage of the urban population.

The highest percentage of marriages, and divorces

occur at older age group of young people.

The sociological survey results allowed to determine

the specificity and the main reasons for the youth migra-
tion intent.

Youth migration processes are characterized by a neg-

ative balance. In addition to the above, a large part of the
youth expresses their desire to remain in the country.

REFERENCES

1. Программная статья Президента Республики

Казахстан Н.Назарбаева «Социальная модер-
низация Казахстана: Двадцать шагов к Обще-
ству ВсеобщегоТруда».

2. А.М.Канагатова «Вестник КАЗНУ»,2011.
3. Закон Республики Казахстан от 9 февраля 2015

года № 285-V ЗРК «О государственной моло-
дежнойполитике»

4. Гражданский кодекс Республики Казахстан от

27 декабря1994г.

5. https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/gordost-

predubejdeniya-suprugov- nazvanyi-odnimi-
prichin-275954/

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CHAPTER 2

THE REPUBLIC OF KA

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AN L

AW REGUL

ATING THE LEGAL ST

ATUS OF Y

OUTH

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2.1.

ANALYSIS OF LAW OF THE REPUBLIC

OF KAZAKHSTAN ON LEGAL STATUS OF

YOUTH AND YOUTH POLICY FUNDAMENTALS

Youth policy in Kazakhstan is based on the Law of

the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 285-V On state youth
policy adopted on 9 February 2015; the Concept of
State Youth Policy in Kazakhstan until 2020 - Kazakh-
stan 2020: The Path to the Future, approved by the
Government on 27 February 2013, and other docu-
ments. [1].

The purpose of the Law of the Republic of Kazakh-

stan «On state youth policy» is to create conditions
for the full spiritual, cultural, educational, professional
and physical development of young people, their par-
ticipation in decision-making, successful socialization
and direction of its potential for further development
of the country.

A distinctive feature of this Law from the previ-

ous Law On state youth policy as at 2004 is a legal
confirmation of status of youth organizations such
as non-governmental organizations Article 28 p. 1 in
accordance with Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan
dated 9 February 2015 On state youth policy.

The efficient implementation of youth policy is sus-

tained by the Law providing a permanent multi-pur-
pose presence of the state serving the interests of
youth, determining the content and coordination of
social and political institutions involved in work with
youth, establishing general principles of youth policy
sphere regulation and assuming its regulation by oth-
er laws and regulations.

According to article 20 National and region-

al youth forums, the republican forum is defined as
a mechanism of formation and implementation of the
state youth policy. National youth forum provides for-
mation of a national-level interaction between public
authorities and young people, dialogue and interac-
tion of state bodies with the youth and youth orga-
nizations to discuss issues of the state youth policy
implementation.

The National forum provides young people and

youth organizations the opportunity to participate in
decision-making  on  implementation  of  state  youth
policy;  it  ensures  the  discussion  of  the  state  youth
policy  implementation  and  make  recommendations
for its improvement.

Regional Youth Forum is held to create region-

al cooperation between local executive bodies and
youth.

The decisions made at the regional forum are advi-

sory in nature, and sent to the local executive body, as
well as to the National youth forum for consideration.
Decisions of the National forum in accordance with p.

12 of the final provision 4 Procedure of the National

youth forum approved by Decree of the Minister of
Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan
dated 23 April 2015 No. 233 [2], and are advisory in
nature, but the Rules lack the information on which
authorized body shall receive the decisions and rec-
ommendations.

According to Article 21 Advisory and consultative

bodies on the state youth policy, the Youth Policy
Council under the President of the Republic of Kazakh-
stan is a consultative and advisory body, the authority,
organization and operation of which are determined
by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan and
operate in akimats of different levels.

Advisory and consultative bodies are focused on

the possibility of representation of young people in
the discussion and resolution of issues affecting their
rights and interests, initiating recommendations and
proposals, examining the status of the state youth
policy  implementation  in  terms  of  protection  of
rights  and  freedoms  of  young  people  aged  14-29
years.  Councils  for  youth  affairs  have  been  estab-
lished at the local level under the akims on all lev-
els. The working bodies of the Councils have deter-
mined the Offices for youth policy of the regions, in
East-Kazakhstan and Kyzylorda regions — the inter-
nal policy offices [3].

The Advisory and consultative bodies are primarily

focusing on awareness-raising and outreach to youth
organizations and youth associations, the creation of
various platforms for dialogue with the Council, such
as  «Youth Public Chamber» (practice of Almaty city),
and  support  for  youth  entrepreneurship,  the  devel-
opment  of  student  construction  teams  and  support
programs  Zhasyl  El,  projects    «With  diploma  to  the
village»,    «Employment  2020»;  seminars  held  for  ru-
ral youth organizations to promote and increase the
activity  in  implementation  of  social  services  in  the
sphere of youth policy, as well as for leaders of yard
clubs [4].

Youth organizations are institutionalized within

the framework of government policy.

According to Article 23 of the Youth Resource

Centres, the latter are legal entities that are subject
to state registration in justice authorities, have their
payment accounts, which legally enshrines the status
and function as a full-fledged subject of political, legal
and economic relations [3]. Youth Resource Centres
are established by local agencies to provide services
and resources for youth and youth organizations.

Youth Resource Centres provide information and

methodical,  consulting  support  for  youth  initiatives,
monitoring and analysis of the situation among the
youth.  Creation,  maintenance  and  coordination  of
Resource  centres  is  within  the  competence  of  local
executive bodies. The main purpose of the Resource

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centres is to provide services for support and devel-
opment of young people and youth organizations.

Young people obtain information on employment,

education, training, leisure, tourism and sport. In ad-
dition, the centres provide psychological and educa-
tional services and engaged in organization of leisure
for youth.

Perhaps, based on the results of examination by

leading lawyers, amendments shall be introduced to
the Civil Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, defining
the status, rights and fundamentals of activities of the

Youth Resource Centres (YRC).

According to Article 24 of Research and Develop-

ment Centre «Youth», RDC Youth was created for the
purpose of scientific and methodological support to
implement the state youth policy, conduct research
on youth, conduct sociological measurements on key
public policy issues, and carry out fundamental and
applied research on key directions of state policy in
accordance with the age groups.

RDC Youth shall be financed by budgetary funds.

Establishment  of  an  independent  centre  for  study
of  actual  problems  of  Kazakhstan’s  youth  increas-
es awareness and understanding of youth problems,
to accumulate their interests and work out effective
measures  to  solve  them,  to  create  efficient  mecha-
nisms  to  implement  and  identify  interests  of  young
people  by  age,  as  the  interests  of  14  year  old  and

20 — 28 year old few are not likely to overlap, interests

of young people from village differ from interest of
young people from cities, including students, young
workers, and others.

Thus, the legal framework of youth policy has

poorly defined mechanism for the participation of
youth and youth organizations for self-representation
and lobbying their interests in government, especially
at the level of regional and local authorities and giv-
ing them right of legislative initiative. In our opinion,
it is necessary to create conditions and incentives for
autonomous decision-making by youth in response
to their own problems. Also, implementation of youth
policy has a weak interagency cooperation, non-trans-
parency of the state bodies’ activities in the sphere of
state youth policy.

2.2.

FOREIGN EXPERIENCE AND LAWS

OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

The benchmark in the sphere of youth policy is

the experience of countries of the Organisation for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD),
an association, which includes the 35 politically and
economically developed states, most of them are- EU
member states (Figure 2.1).

According to OECD standards for improving the

competitiveness of human capital the annual govern-
ment spending on education shall be 5-6% of GDP.

Western developed countries implement two main

strategies of youth policy. The first provides for a sep-
arate state aid for the least socially protected and

«disadvantaged» youth categories with strict regula-

tion of spending and categories in need of assistance.

The second is based on the State’s responsibility

for integration of all young people and calls for the
development of social programs available to all young
people. In any case, participation (including financial)
in implementation of strategic objectives takes both
the state and the various structures of civil society.

Gained a number of successful practices. Thus, im-

plementation  of  Japanese  youth  policy  is  character-
ized by joint and mutually beneficial actions of state
bodies  and  public  institutions,  as  well  as  clear  allo-
cation  of  their  responsibilities.  This  country  focuses
on the influence of Internet resources and other mass
media  on  youth  consciousness.  A  policy  is  held  to
limit youth access to unsafe and undesirable Internet
websites.

In Asian countries, special attention is paid to edu-

cation and youth employment. The state youth policy
of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), for example,
is carried out in full compliance with the decisions of
the Communist Party of China, which focuses on all
areas of youth life.

In Germany, there are more than 90 supra-regional

youth organizations including around a quarter of all
young people in the country.

The United States introduced the mechanisms of

public and private partnerships, private charitable
organisations and commercial sector are involved to
participate in implementation of youth programs. The

American educational institutions have autonomous

bodies to help young people acquire the necessary
social, cultural, communication and management
skills.

Many countries have effectively functioning spe-

cial youth centres and services that are based on pub-

lic security.

For example, in major cities of Turkey operate in-

formation  and  cultural  youth  centres,  in  Germany  -
youth advisory bureaus. These centres are combined
in  a  network  and  have  a  standard  basic  package  of
services, the information exchange system and its up-
date.  In  Spain,  Portugal  and  Scandinavian  countries
also implemented a ramified social and state system
of social assistance service for youth.

Despite the similarity of forms and implementa-

tion methods of the European concept of youth pol-
icy, two of its priority development strategies can be
distinguished.

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Figure 2.2

Structure of local agencies for youth affairs in Germany [10].

AGENCY FOR YOUTH AFFAIRS

advises on problematic situations of

young people and families

makes proposals for the improvement of

youth services

plans youth aid

supports volunatry help to youth

Current

management

withtin the charter

and decisions of

representative

body and youth aid

commission

Youth aid commission assist youth in all areas,

in particular:

Management

The first is based on the state leading role in the

sphere of youth policy (France, Germany).

The second shall be in the parity of the state and

civil society in the sphere of youth policy (UK, Swe-
den).

Thus, the main task of modern state youth policy is

the alignment of social status of various youth groups.

Analysis of international experience of youth policy

shows that the most efficient result in implementation
of youth policy has been achieved by Germany and

Japan.

Youth policy in Germany is considered to be one

of the best in Europe to address youth employment
issues. Today the country has the lowest youth un-
employment rate (7.7 percent) compared to other EU

countries (22.2 percent), the highest rate - in Spain
(53.2 percent) and Greece (52.4 percent) [6].

Youth policy in Germany is primarily based on spe-

cial role of the state, and secondly, the transfer of de-
partments’ functions to public organisations (in this
case the role of the Federal Centre is reduced).

Youth policy in Germany is legally based on Con-

stitution, Civil Code, Criminal Code, Federal Law On
social assistance for children and young people, and
laws related specifically to the problems of children
and young people and the federal plan [7].

The purpose of the Federal Law On social assis-

tance for children and young people is to help young
people to integrate to society. The young person is
helped as follows: assistance in individual and social

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development, consulting and assistance to parents
in the upbringing of children, ensure safety of young
people, create favorable life conditions for young
people, children and families. [8] The Law on Youth in
Germany has a social character and is aimed at inte-
gration of young people in society.

A distinctive feature of youth policy

in Germany is:

- availability of a coherent mechanism for social in-

clusion of young people not only in social processes,
but also in businesses;

- youth policy is implemented at three levels: na-

tional level of federation, regional level of federal
state and local level of municipalities or rural districts.

The laws and reports on situation of children and

young people are adopted on the federal level. Fed-
eral states (regional level) promote youth assistance
organizations through consulting and training. Cities
and regions (local level) contribute, plan and promote
youth services (Figure 2.2).

Youth work is conducted in the following areas:

- first form - a mobile work, which includes street

work, individual assistance, group and community
work with youth;

- second form - a reference group, they mainly car-

ry out the analysis of youth needs and make adjust-
ments to the local legislation;

- third form - ambassadors of the municipalities/

districts - can be designated as representatives [9].

It should be noted that public authorities and

voluntary organisations providing support and as-
sistance to young people also provide assistance to
local youth, with priority given to non-state actors to
work with children and young people. 84% of public
funds for care services for children and young people

are paid by the municipalities (cities, communities and
regions) [11].

Thus, Germany’s youth policy, based on the social

and private partnership, with the involvement of civil
society organizations and active participation of fed-
eral authorities in addressing the challenges faced by
young people, has proven its effectiveness. The Ger-
man government, on the one hand, uses youth organ-
isations as a key tool of youth participation in politics,
on the other hand, to solve social problems of young
people and involving young people in social and po-

litical life of society.

Japan
Youth policy in Japan is considered to be efficient,

since today the country sees the lowest crime rate
among young people (9.9%). At the same time on
each of the serious crimes (murder, robbery, rape, as-
sault) Japan’s indicators are the lowest among all the
member countries of the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD) [12].

Japan is an Asian country, where, first, the educa-

tion of young people affected by the age-old national
traditions  of  the  society  system,  such  as  respect  for
elders, family, community, a sense of attachment to
a particular social group, self-denial for the good of
the  team,  and  secondly,  the  formation  of  the  legal
youth  policy  system  was  influenced  by  Anglo-Amer-
ican model.

The youth policy of Japan is legally based on the

Constitution, the Act On promotion and support for
children and youth (2010), the National Youth Devel-
opment Policy (2008), White Paper on Youth (2013),
and other documents. The Act On promoting the de-
velopment and support of children and youth, «em-
phasizes socialization and integration into society
of the young people, the ideas of a healthy lifestyle,
birth problems, youth and juvenile crime prevention
and support of youth social independence. [13]

The main characteristic of Japanese model: youth

policy is coordinated by state structure represented
by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science
and Technology. There is also Youth Development As-
sistance Committee on the basis of the Cabinet, at the
national level - the National Council of Youth Organi-

zations, and on the national, regional and local levels

- the National Assembly of Youth Development. The

activities  of  youth  organizations  is  strictly  regulated
and  segmented  by  sectors.  For  example,  the  Youth
Environmental League of Japan is one of the largest
nationwide  networks  of  youth  groups  engaged  in
environmental activities. ASEAN Youth Network in Ja-
pan also consists of youth and student organizations
representing young people from the ASEAN countries
[14].

The main characteristics of youth policy in

Germany:

presence of a special body - the Federal

Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens,

Women and Youth

high percentage of participation of young

people (about 70%) in the activities of more

than 90 national youth associations

age-peculiarity of youth

In Germany, the youth is divided into young

people between 14 and 18 years old and young

adults from 18 to 27 years

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Национальный доклад «Молодежь Казахстана – 2016» - часть 17