Dubai Building Code (2021) - page 11

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 6

Ref. D.1

 UAE MINISTRY OF INTERIOR GENERAL 

COMMAND OF CIVIL DEFENCE, 2018. UAE Fire and 

Life Safety Code of Practice (UAE FLSC). United Arab 

Emirates: Ministry of Interior General Command of 

Civil Defence.

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 7

D.4  General

Vertical transportation includes elevators, escalators and moving walks. This section 

prescribes the international standards to be followed for the safety, reliability and 

energy conservation of vertical transportation (VT) systems.
It also sets out the following acceptable design methods for establishing the 

minimum number of passenger elevators in different building types:
a) 

design method 1 – prescriptive design using predefined numbers of passenger 

elevators for single occupancy building types (e.g. an apartment building with 

associated parking and retail at ground floor) (D.8); and

b) 

design method 2 – design parameters for use in performance-based vertical 

transportation design by VT Consultants (D.9).

The accessibility requirements for vertical circulation, including the provision of 

accessible elevators, are defined in 

C.5.9.3

.

D.5  Safety and reliability

Vertical transportation shall be designed, installed, tested, commissioned and 

maintained in accordance with one of the following suites of standards:
a)  ASME A17 suite of standards; or
b)  BS EN 81 suite of standards.
One suite of standards shall be selected for a project. The suites of standards shall 

not be used interchangeably.

Elevators required for firefighting shall conform to Section 2.9, Ch. 2 and Section 

3.9, Ch. 3 respectively of UAE FLSC 

[Ref. D.1]

, in addition to the chosen suite of 

standards.
In addition, enhanced handrail protection shall be provided at the entry to escalators 

and moving walks as shown in Figure D.1.

Figure D.1 

Escalator with enhanced protection to handrail

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 8

D.6  Energy conservation 

D.6.1 

Elevators

Elevators in new buildings shall include controls to conserve energy. The following 

features shall be incorporated in traction drive elevators:
a) 

AC variable voltage and variable frequency (VVVF) drives on non-hydraulic 

elevators;

b) 

energy-efficient lighting, including controls that turn off lights when the elevator 

has been inactive for a maximum of 5 min. The energy-efficient lighting shall 

provide an average luminous efficacy greater than 70 lumens per circuit Watt 

inside the elevator; and

c)  a standby condition for off-peak periods.

NOTE: Regenerative drives should be used where they are shown to save energy.

D.6.2 

Escalators and moving walks

Escalators and moving walks in new buildings shall include the following features to 

conserve energy.
a)  Reduced speed control. When no activity has been detected for a maximum of 3 

min, the escalator or moving walk shall reduce to a slower speed.

b)  Use on demand. When no activity has been detected for a maximum of 15 min, 

the escalator or moving walk shall shut down. On-demand escalators and moving 

walks shall feature energy efficient soft-start technology.

For both features, photocell activation detectors shall be placed at the top and 

bottom landing areas as shown in Figure D.2.

Figure D.2 

Escalator with detectors at top and bottom landing areas

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 9

D.7 

Location and arrangement of passenger elevators

D.7.1 

General

The location and arrangement of passenger elevators is common to both design 

methods (D.8 and D.9) for establishing the minimum number of passenger elevators 

in different building types.

D.7.2 

Location of passenger elevators

D.7.2.1 

General

Passenger elevators and multipurpose (e.g. passenger and service) elevators shall be 

located in the entrance lobby, near to the main entrance(s) of the building.
The noise from elevator hoist-ways shall not be heard in adjacent accommodation, in 

accordance with 

H.10.

Elevators shall be separated from enclosed parking areas by an air-conditioned lobby. 

The provision of air conditioning and ventilation shall be in accordance with 

H.4.

Doors from apartments or other residential accommodation (as described in D.8.8 to 

D.8.13) shall not open directly into an elevator lobby.

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 10

Figure D.3  Floor plan with elevator lobby showing maximum travel distance to an elevator

D.7.2.2 

Horizontal distances

Elevator lobbies shall be located in different building 

types in accordance with Table D.1.

Building type

Maximum travel 

distance (m)

Measured between

Accommodation 

and residential

60 (see Figure D.3)

Elevator lobby 

and the entrance 

door of the 

accommodation 

unit furthest away 

from the elevator

Open plan office

60

Elevator lobby and 

the furthest point 

on the office floor

Retail (e.g. malls, 

shopping centres)

150

Elevator lobby and 

any point on the 

floor

Assembly (e.g. 

indoor amusement 

parks, arenas)

150

Elevator lobby and 

any point on the 

floor

Educational

150

Elevator lobby and 

any point on the 

floor

Hotel

60

Elevator lobby 

and the entrance 

door of the guest 

bedroom furthest 

away from the 

elevator

Table D.1  Maximum horizontal travel distance from elevator lobbies

NOTE: Buildings with a large footprint might require 

multiple building entrances and elevator lobbies.

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 11

Figure D.4 

In-line lobby arrangement (not more than four elevators)

D.7.3 

Arrangement of passenger elevators

D.7.3.1 

General

A maximum of four elevators shall be accommodated 

in one elevator core.
A maximum of eight elevators shall share one elevator 

lobby when used with a conventional control system.

D.7.3.2 

Elevators in-line 

Elevator grouping in a line shall be arranged as shown 

in Figure D.4, up to a maximum of four elevators, with 

the following exception.
With the exception of residential buildings, the 

distance in front of an elevator in a single sided lobby 

shall be a minimum of 2.4 m. In the typical floors 

(e.g. not entrance lobby) of residential buildings, the 

distance can be reduced to the width of the corridor 

leading to the elevator lobby or 1.8 m whichever is 

greater.

NOTE: If an elevator in the group is sized for stretchers 

then a lobby of 1.8 m width might not be sufficient.

(a) Two elevators in-line

(b) Three elevators in-line

(c) Four elevators in-line

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 12

Figure D.5 

Permitted distances between elevator cores

D.7.3.3 

Elevators facing each other

Elevator grouping featuring elevators facing each 

other shall be arranged as shown in Figure D.5, up to a 

maximum of eight elevators. The distance between the 

two elevator cores shall be:
a)  whichever is greatest of:

1)  a minimum of 2.4 m; or
2)  two times the depth of the deepest passenger 

elevator cabin; or 

3) 

1.5 times the depth of the firefighting elevator 

cabin; and

b)  not greater than 4.5 m.

Key

01: Maximum 4.5 m and minimum 2.4 m, or a multiplier of the depth of the deepest elevator cabin

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 13

D.8 

Design method 1: prescriptive design using predefined numbers of passenger elevators

D.8.1 

General

Design method 1 allows designers to establish the minimum number of passenger 

elevators required for different single-occupancy building types, based on the 

following parameters: 
a)  building type;
b)  population;
c) 

number of floors occupied by people;

d) 

number of boarding floors;

e)  elevator grouping.

NOTE 1: Design method 1 is appropriate for single occupancy buildings with 

associated facilities such as parking or ground floor retail. Design method 2 is 

required for mixed use buildings such as a tower comprising 50% hotel and 50% 

office. 
NOTE 2: The minimum number of passenger elevators can be influenced by other 

parameters. It is the design team’s responsibility to include elevators for other 

services, not limited to firefighting elevators (see Section 2.9, Ch. 2 of 

 

UAE FLSC 

[Ref. D.1]

), evacuation elevators (see Section 3.9, Ch. 3 of  

UAE FLSC 

[Ref. D.1]

), service elevators (D.8.2) and waste elevators, as required  

by building operators, the DBC and the Authorities.
NOTE 3: Design method 2 is required for buildings whose height or population 

exceeds those given in the method 1 tables.
NOTE 4: Report templates for design method 1 and design method 2 are given in 

D.10.1 and D.10.2. A summary of the minimum information required in the design 

method 2 report is given in D.10.3.

Firefighting and service elevators are permitted to be used as passenger elevators 

provided that they are located within a group of passenger elevators.

D.8.2 

Service elevators

D.8.2.1 

Number of service elevators

The minimum number of service elevators serving all floors shall be selected using 

Table D.2. Any additional elevators to meet the design intent or the requirements of 

relevant Authorities shall be included as necessary.
Any authority requirement for clean and dirty elevators shall be met accordingly.

Building type

Classifications

Minimum

Remarks

Residential

—

One

The firefighting elevator or one of the 

passenger elevators could be used as 

a service elevator. Where a passenger 

elevator is used as a service elevator, 

scheduled operation for service mode is 

required.

Hotel

1- and 2-star

One

For keys more than 250, add one elevator 

for every 200 keys.

3-star

Two

—

4- and 5-star

Two

For keys more than 500, add one elevator 

for every 200 keys.

Hotel apartment

—

One

—

Office

—

One

The firefighting elevator or one of the 

passenger elevators could be used as 

a service elevator. Where a passenger 

elevator is used as a service elevator, 

scheduled operation for service mode is 

required.

Retail/shopping 

centres/malls

—

One

For buildings with more than 75 outlets, 

add one elevator for every 100 retail 

outlets.

NOTE: Minimum and recommended specifications for service elevators in different buildings types are 

given in D.8.8 to D.8.18.

Table D.2  Number of service elevators

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 14

D.8.2.2 

Rated speed

The rated speed of service elevators shall be selected using Figure D.6. Where 

a service elevator is grouped with passenger elevators, the rated speed shall be 

selected in accordance with D.8.6.

NOTE: It is recommended that service elevators reach the uppermost floor of a 

building within 60 s.

Hotels, hotel apartments

Retail, educational buildings

D.8.3 

Firefighting elevators

D.8.3.1 

Firefighting elevators 

Section 2.9, Ch. 2 of UAE FLSC requires at least one firefighting elevator in a mall, a 

multi-storey amusement park and any building which is high-rise, super high-rise or 

high depth. Firefighting elevators in super high-rise shall comply with D.8.3.3.
Section 2.9, Ch. 2 of UAE FLSC 

[Ref. D.1]

 requires each firefighting elevator to have 

access to every floor of the building.

As specified in Ch. 1 Table 1.9 of UAE FLSC 

[Ref. D.1]

, either the firefighting elevator 

hoistway shall be located within a fire rated shaft constructed of reinforced concrete 

(RCC) or all elevators in a common RCC shaft shall be designed as firefighting 

elevators.  

Firefighting elevators are permitted to be used as passenger elevators provided 

that they are located within their own dedicated RCC shaft and are in a group of 

passenger elevators (see D.8.7).

Section 2.9, Ch. 2 of UAE FLSC 

[Ref. D.1]

 permits firefighting elevators to be used as 

service elevators. Firefighting elevators are not permitted to be used as goods lifts.

D.8.3.2 

Rated speed of firefighting elevators

The travel time for firefighting elevators to reach the uppermost floor of a building 

shall be determined using the suite of standards chosen in D.5. 

UAE FLSC 

[Ref. D.1]

 requires that firefighting elevators serve all floors of a building.

D.8.3.3 

Firefighting elevators in super high-rise buildings

A firefighter’s elevator lobby [minimum gross area (GA) of 9 m

2

] shall be provided to 

the firefighting elevator in super high-rise buildings (see Section 2.9, Ch. 2 and Table 

1.9, Ch. 1 of UAE FLSC 

[Ref. D.1]

). The firefighting elevator lobby shall have direct 

access to the firefighting elevator and a fire-rated exit stair.
Where a firefighting elevator has two doors, the second entrance is not required to 

open into the firefighting lobby, but it shall be protected by an alternate 1 h 

 

fire-rated lobby. 

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 15

D.8.4 

Minimum number of passenger elevators

The minimum number of passenger elevators shall be established based on estimated 

population and the number of boarding floors for each building type (see D.8.8 to 

D.8.18), as shown in Figure D.7.

Hotel apartment

Retail and mall
Car park

Number of boarding

floors

Educational

Hotels

Office

Figure D.7 

Illustration for estimation of number of passenger elevators

For values beyond those shown in the charts and tables for each occupancy type, a 

VT Consultant shall be appointed to design a VT system based on design method 2 

(see D.9).

Figure D.8 

One grouping-one zone

D.8.5 

Grouping of passenger elevators and population estimation 

D.8.5.1 

Single grouping and one floor zone

For buildings with a single elevator grouping and with one zone of floors served as 

shown in Figure D.8, the population shall be estimated using the occupancy rates in 

D.8.8 to D.8.18.

Key

01: Occupied floors

02: Boarding floors

03: Permitted distance between elevator cores

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 16

D.8.5.2 

Multiple lobbies serving one zone 

For buildings where two elevator groupings serve the same zone of floors, the 

groupings shall be located as shown in Figure D.9, based on the proximity of the 

lobbies to the individual units (as described in D.7.2.2).

When undertaking traffic analysis, the uneven distribution of building occupants 

between the two groupings shall be allowed for. The overall population used in the 

analysis shall be 120% of the actual building population.
The population for each elevator grouping shall be distributed based on Figure D9 

and the ratios shown in Table D.3.

Figure D.9  Two groupings – one zone

Key

01: Occupied floors

02: Boarding floors 

03: Elevator lobby group 1

04: Elevator lobby group 2

Grouping

Ratio 1

Ratio 2

Ratio 3

Ratio 4

Actual 

pop.

Pop. for 

traffic 

study

Actual 

pop.

Pop. for 

traffic 

study

Actual 

pop.

Pop. for 

traffic 

study

Actual 

pop.

Pop. for 

traffic 

study

Grouping 1

50%

60%

60%

70%

70%

80%

80%

90%

Grouping 2

50%

60%

40%

50%

30%

40%

20%

30%

Table D.3  Ratio of population for buildings with two elevator groupings

EXAMPLE: The actual population of a residential building is approximately 500 

people. Due to its large footprint, the building has two groups of elevators. 

There is no definite estimation of the population using each entrance. Under 

these conditions, the population for each group shall be estimated as below.

Actual population = 500 people
Weighted population = 500 × 120% = 600 people
Population for traffic analysis for each group = 600/2
Population for traffic analysis for each group = 300

The number of passenger elevators for each grouping shall be selected based on the 

charts in D.8.8 to D.8.18.
Where more than two elevator groupings are required, a VT Consultant shall be 

appointed.

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 17

D.8.5.3 

Multiple groupings serving different floor zones

Where multiple elevator groupings serve different floor zones, such as in Figure D.10, 

the population for each grouping shall be estimated based on the occupancy rates of 

the floors served.

When reading passenger elevator selection charts for the high zone, the low zone 

floors (not served) shall be included.

Figure D.10  Two groupings – two zones

Key

01: High zone occupied floors

02: Low zone occupied floors

03: Boarding floors

04: Elevator lobby group 1

05: Elevator lobby group 2

D.8.6 

Rated speed of passenger elevators

The rated speed of passenger elevators (see Figure D.11) shall be calculated as 

the travel distance between the top most and bottom-most floor divided by the 

minimum travel time.
The minimum travel time for different building types shall be determined from  

Table D.4.

Building type

Classification

Travel time (s)

Residential

Apartments

40 to 45

Accommodation buildings

50 to 60

Hotel

1- and 2-star

35 to 40

3-star

25 to 30

4- and 5-star

20 to 25

Hotel apartments

—

25 to 30

Office

Regular

25 to 30

Concentrated

30 to 35

Healthcare

Clinics and hospitals

25 to 30

Retail

Retail, shopping centres and malls

25 to 30

Educational

Schools and universities

25 to 30

Table D.4  Minimum travel time for different building types

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 18

 

Figure D.11 

Rated speed selection 

for passenger elevators

Hotel apartments

Retail, educational buildings

D.8.7 

Passenger elevators serving as multipurpose or swing mode 

 elevators

Some elevators are designed as passenger elevators, while also meeting the 

requirements for a firefighting elevator or the functional requirements of a service 

elevator. When these elevators are part of a passenger elevator grouping, they shall 

be included in calculations for the minimum number of passenger elevators.

Figure D.12 shows a multipurpose elevator in a passenger elevator grouping. 

Figure D.12  Passenger, service and fire-fighting elevator in a passenger elevator grouping 

Key

01: Firefighting passenger-service elevator

Table 1.9, Ch. 1 of UAE FLSC 

[Ref. D.1]

 requires that the firefighting elevator is 

located within its own fire-rated RCC shaft.

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 19

Apartment type

Occupancy rate (persons)

Studio

1.5

1 bedroom

1.8

2 bedrooms

3

3 bedrooms

4

4 bedrooms

5

For each additional bedroom/live-in 

housekeeper room

1

Table D.5  Occupancy rate for residential apartments

For buildings with more than one elevator grouping, 

the population shall be estimated in accordance with 

D.8.5.

D.8.8 

Passenger elevators in residential   

 apartments

D.8.8.1 

Population estimation

For buildings with one elevator grouping, the 

population shall be estimated based on the occupancy 

rates in Table D.5.

Figure D.13  Elevator chart for population – residential apartments

D.8.8.2 

Passenger elevator selection charts

The minimum number of passenger elevators shall be determined from Figure D.13.

Occupied

 floors

31-35

3

3

4

4

5

5

5

6

6

26-30

3

3

3

3

4

4

5

5

5

6

21-25

2

3

3

3

4

4

4

5

5

6

16-20

2

3

3

3

3

4

4

4

5

5

11-15

2

2

2

3

3

3

4

4

4

5

6-10

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

1-5

1

1

2

2

≤200

201-300 301-400 401-500 501-600 601-700 701-800 801-900 901-1,000 1,001-1,200

Population

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 20

The minimum number of passenger elevators shall be taken as the sum of the 

numbers obtained from Figure D.13 and Figure D.14.

Figure D.14  Elevator chart for boarding floors

(a) for population >700

(b) for population ≤700

Occupied

 floors

31-35

0

0

1

1

1

1

26-30

0

0

1

1

1

1

21-25

0

0

1

1

1

1

16-20

0

0

1

1

1

1

11-15

0

0

0

1

1

1

6-10

0

0

0

1

1-5

0

0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Boarding floors

Occupied

 floors

31-35

0

0

1

1

2

2

26-30

0

0

1

1

2

2

21-25

0

0

1

1

1

1

16-20

0

0

1

1

1

1

11-15

0

0

0

1

1

1

6-10

0

0

0

1

1-5

0

0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Boarding floors

D.8.8.3 

Minimum elevator specifications

Elevators shall meet the minimum specifications given in Table D.6.

Attribute

Passenger elevators

Service elevators

Minimum for 

floors ≤10

Minimum for 

floors >10

Recommended 

for floors >10

Minimum

Recommended

Rated 

capacity (kg)

750 

1,050 

1,350 

1,275 

1,600 

Rated 

capacity 

(persons)

10 

14 

18 

17 

21 

Number of 

car doors

One

One

One

One

One

Cabin size,  

w × d (mm)

1,200 × 1,500 1,600 × 1,500 2,000 × 1,500 1,200 × 2,300 1,400 × 2,400

Cabin height, 

h (mm)

2,300

2,300

2,300

2,500

2,500

Door size,  

w × h (mm)

900 × 2,100

1,100 × 2,100 1,100 × 2,100 1,100 × 2,100 1,200 × 2,100

Door type

Two-panel centre opening

Two-panel centre opening

Table D.6 

Minimum specifications for elevators in residential apartment buildings

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 21

D.8.9 

Passenger elevators in staff  

 accommodation

D.8.9.1 

Population estimation

For buildings with one elevator grouping, the 

population shall be estimated based on the occupancy 

rates in Table D.7. If the population required by the 

owner/developer and approved by the Authority is 

higher, the higher requirement shall be followed.

Apartment type

Occupancy rate (persons)

Studio

2

1 bedroom

2

2 bedrooms

4

3 bedrooms

6

For each additional bedroom

2

Table D.7  Occupancy rate for staff accommodation

For buildings with more than one elevator grouping, 

the population shall be estimated in accordance with 

D.8.5.

Occupied

 floors

26-30

4

4

4

5

5

21-25

3

3

4

4

5

5

16-20

3

3

3

4

4

4

5

11-15

2

2

3

3

3

3

4

4

6-10

1

1

2

2

2

3

3

1-5

1

1

2

2

≤200

201-300 301-400 401-500 501-600 601-700 701-800 801-900 901-1,000

Population

D.8.9.2 

Passenger elevator selection chart

These requirements assume that staff accommodation buildings are a maximum of two storeys. The 

minimum number of passenger elevators shall be determined from Figure D.15. 

Figure D.15  Elevator chart for population – staff accommodation

Attribute

Minimum

Recommended

Passenger

Passenger and service

Rated capacity (kg)

750 

1,275 

Rated capacity (persons)

10 

17 

Number of car doors

One

One

Cabin size, w × d (mm)

1,200 × 1,500

1,200 × 2,300

Cabin height, h (mm)

2,300

2,500

Door size, w × h (mm)

900 × 2,100

1,100 × 2,100

Door type

Two-panel centre opening

Two-panel side opening

Table D.8 

Minimum specifications for elevators in staff accommodation

D.8.9.3 

Minimum elevator specifications

Elevators shall meet the minimum specifications in Table D.8.

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 22

D.8.10  Passenger elevators in labour accommodation

D.8.10.1  Population estimation and passenger elevator selection

These requirements assume that labour accommodation buildings have a maximum 

of six occupiable floors and that stairs are the primary means of circulation. 

The population shall be estimated based on a rate of eight persons per room, or the 

rate required by the owner/developer and permitted by the Authorities.
The provision shall be the higher of either:
a)  one elevator for every 1,000 labourers; or
b)  one elevator for every two entrances to the building.

D.8.10.2 

Minimum elevator specifications

Elevators shall meet the minimum specifications in Table D.9.

Attribute

Minimum

Recommended

Passenger

Passenger and service

Rated capacity (kg)

750 

1,275 

Rated capacity (persons)

10 

17 

Number of car doors

One

One

Cabin size, w × d (mm)

1,200 × 1,500

1,200 × 2,300

Cabin height, h (mm)

2,300

2,500

Door size, w × h (mm)

900 × 2,100

1,100 × 2,100

Door type

Two-panel centre opening

Two-panel side opening

Table D.9 

Minimum specification for elevators in labour accommodation

D.8.11  Passenger elevators in student accommodation

D.8.11.1  Population estimation

The population shall be estimated based on the occupancy rates in Table D.10. If 

the population required by the owner/developer and permitted by the Authorities is 

higher, the higher requirement shall be used.

Apartment type

Occupancy rate (persons)

Studio

2

1 bedroom

2

2 bedrooms

4

3 bedrooms

6

For each additional bedroom

2

Table D.10  Occupancy rate for student accommodation

D.8.11.2  Passenger elevator selection chart

The minimum number of passenger elevators shall be determined from Figure D.16.

Figure D.16  Elevator chart for population – student accommodation

Occupied

 floors

16-20

3

4

4

4

5

11-15

3

3

4

4

4

4

6-10

2

2

3

3

3

3

4

1-5

1

2

2

2

≤200

201-300 301-400 401-500 501-600 601-700 701-800

Population

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 23

Attribute

Minimum

Recommended

Passenger

Passenger and service

Rated capacity (kg)

750 

1,275 

Rated capacity (persons)

10 

17 

Number of car doors

One

One

Cabin size, w × d (mm)

1,200 × 1,500

1,200 × 2,300

Cabin height, h (mm)

2,300

2,500

Door size, w × h (mm)

900 × 2,100

1,100 × 2,100

Door type

Two-panel centre opening

Two-panel side opening

Table D.11 

Minimum specifications for elevators in student accommodation 

D.8.11.3 

Minimum elevator specifications

Elevators shall meet the minimum specifications in Table D.11.

D.8.12  Passenger elevators and escalators in hotels

D.8.12.1  Population estimation

Hotel buildings include guest rooms and common spaces. The guest population shall 

be estimated based on the occupancy rates in Table D.12.

Building type

Occupancy rate (persons)

4- and 5-star

1.8 per room

3-star

1.5 per room

1- and 2-star

1.5 per room

Public areas

Occupancy rate (m

2

 per person)

Meeting rooms

1.2 

Ballrooms

1.5 

Restaurants

1.5 

Food and beverage outlets

1.5 

Table D.12  Guest occupancy rate for hotels

Table D.13  Occupancy rate for public areas

It is highly recommended to provide separate elevators for use by the public. Where 

there is no provision for public elevators, public populations shall be added to the 

hotel guest population and access control measures shall be added to elevator 

controls to ensure authorized access to the guest floors/rooms. 

The public population shall be estimated based on the occupancy rates in Table D.13.

For buildings with more than one elevator grouping, the population shall be 

estimated in accordance with D.8.5.

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 24

D.8.12.2  Passenger elevator selection chart

The minimum number of passenger elevators shall be 

determined from Figure D.17, Figure D.18 or Figure 

D.19, depending on the hotel’s star rating. 

Occupied

 floors

26-30

4

5

6

6

7

21-25

3

4

4

5

5

6

6

16-20

3

4

4

4

5

5

6

11-15

3

3

3

4

4

5

5

6-10

2

2

3

3

3

4

4

4

1-5

2

2

2

≤200

201-300 301-400 401-500 501-600 601-700 701-800 801-900 901-1,000

Population

Occupied

 floors

26-30

4

5

5

7

7

8

21-25

4

5

5

6

6

7

16-20

3

4

4

5

5

6

6

11-15

3

3

4

4

4

5

6-10

2

2

3

3

4

4

4

1-5

2

2

2

≤200

201-300 301-400 401-500 501-600 601-700 701-800 801-900 901-1,000

Population

Figure D.17  Elevator chart for population – 1- and 2-star hotels

Figure D.18  Elevator chart for population – 3-star hotels

Figure D.19  Elevator chart for population – 4- and 5-star hotels

Occupied

 floors

26-30

6

6

7

7

21-25

5

5

6

6

7

16-20

4

5

5

6

7

11-15

3

3

4

4

5

5

6

6-10

2

3

3

4

4

5

5

5

1-5

2

2

2

≤200

201-300 301-400 401-500 501-600 601-700 701-800 801-900

Population

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 25

D.8.12.3 

Minimum elevator specifications

Elevators shall meet the minimum specifications in Table D.14, Table D.15 or Table 

D.16, depending on the hotel’s star rating.

J.5

 describes access control requirements between hotel floors. 

Attribute

Passenger elevators

Service elevators

Minimum

Recommended

Minimum

Recommended

Rated capacity (kg)

1,050 

1,350 

1,275 

1,600 

Rated capacity (persons) 14 

18 

17 

21 

Number of car doors

One

One

One

One

Cabin size, w × d (mm)

1,600 × 1,500

2,000 × 1,500

1,200 × 2,300

1,400 × 2,400

Cabin height, h (mm)

2,300

2,300

2,500

2,500

Door size, w × h (mm)

1,100 × 2,100

1,100 × 2,100

1,100 × 2,100

1,300 × 2,300

Door type

Two-panel centre opening

Two-panel side opening

Attribute

Passenger elevators

Service elevators

Minimum

Recommended

Minimum

Recommended

Rated capacity (kg)

1,350 

1,600 

1,600 

1,600 

Rated capacity (persons) 18 

21 

21 

21 

Number of car doors

One

One

One

One

Cabin size, w × d (mm)

2,000 × 1,500

2,100 × 1,600

1,400 × 2,400

1,400 × 2,400

Cabin height, h (mm)

2,300

2,500

2,500

2,500

Door size, w × h (mm)

1,100 × 2,100

1,100 × 2,300

1,300 × 2,300

1,300 × 2,300

Door type

Two-panel centre opening

Two-panel side opening

Attribute

Passenger elevators

Service elevators

Minimum

Recommended

Minimum

Recommended

Rated capacity (kg)

1,350 

1,600 

1,600 

2,000 

Rated capacity (persons) 18 

21 

21 

26 

Number of car doors

One

One

One

One

Cabin size, w × d (mm)

2,000 × 1,500

2,100 × 1,600

1,400 × 2,400

1,500 × 2,700

Cabin height, h (mm)

2,400

2,600

2,500

2,800

Door size, w × h (mm)

1,100 × 2,100

1,100 × 2,100

1,300 × 2,300

1,400 × 2,300

Door type

Two-panel centre opening

Two-panel side opening

Table D.14 

Minimum specifications for elevators in 1- and 2-star hotels

Table D.15 

Minimum specifications for elevators in 3-star hotels

Table D.16 

Minimum specifications for elevators in 4- and 5-star hotels

D.8.12.4 

Minimum escalator specifications

Escalators providing circulation between public floors shall meet the minimum 

specifications in Table D.17.

Attribute

Minimum

Recommended

Practical capacity (people per hour)

4,500

4,500

Number of flat steps*

Floor height ≤6 m: Two

Three

Floor height >6 m: Three

Step width (mm)

1,000

1,000

Angle of inclination

Floor height ≤6 m: 35°

30°

Floor height >6 m: 30°

*Steps refers to the depth of an escalator step or equivalent length of moving walk.

Table D.17 

Minimum specifications for escalators

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 26

D.8.13  Passenger elevators in hotel apartments

D.8.13.1  Population estimation

The population shall be estimated based on the occupancy rates in Table D.18.

Apartment type

Occupancy rate (persons)

Studio

1

1 bedroom

1.5

2 bedrooms

2.5

3 bedrooms

3.5

For each additional bedroom

1

Table D.18  Guest occupancy rate for hotel apartments

D.8.13.2  Passenger elevator selection charts

The minimum number of passenger elevators shall be determined from Figure D.20.

Figure D.20  Elevator chart for population – hotel apartments

Occupied

 floors

26-30

3

4

4

5

5

6

6

21-25

3

3

3

4

4

5

5

6

16-20

3

3

3

3

4

4

5

5

11-15

2

3

3

3

3

4

4

4

5

6-10

2

2

3

3

3

4

1-5

2

2

2

3

3

3

≤200

201-300 301-400 401-500 501-600 601-700 701-800 801-900 901-1,000

Population

(a) for population >700

(b) for population ≤700

Occupied

 floors

26-30

0

0

1

1

2

21-25

0

0

0

1

2

16-20

0

0

0

0

1

11-15

0

0

0

0

0

6-10

0

0

0

1-5

0

0

1

2

3

4

5

Boarding floors

Occupied

 floors

26-30

0

0

1

1

1

21-25

0

0

0

1

1

16-20

0

0

0

0

1

11-15

0

0

0

0

0

6-10

0

0

0

1-5

0

0

1

2

3

4

5

Boarding floors

The number of additional passenger elevators for the number of boarding floors shall 

be determined from Figure D.21. The minimum number of passenger elevators shall 

be taken as the sum of the numbers obtained from Figure D.20 and Figure D.21.

Figure D.21  Elevator chart for boarding floors – hotel apartments

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 27

D.8.13.3 

Minimum elevator specifications

Elevators shall meet the minimum specifications in Table D.19. 

Part J

 describes 

access control requirements between floors.

Attribute

Passenger elevators

Service elevators

Minimum

Recommended

Minimum

Recommended

Rated capacity (kg)

1,050 

1,350 

1,600 

1,600 

Rated capacity (persons) 14 

18 

21 

21 

Number of car doors

One

One

One

One

Cabin size, w × d (mm)

1,600 × 1,500

2,000 × 1,500

1,400 × 2,400

1,400 × 2,400

Cabin height, h (mm)

2,300

2,300

2,500

2,500

Door size, w × h (mm)

1,100 × 2,100

1,100 × 2,100

1,200 × 2,300

1,300 × 2,300

Door type

Two-panel centre opening

Two-panel side opening

Table D.19 

Minimum specifications for elevators in hotel apartments

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 28

D.8.14 

Passenger elevators and escalators in office buildings

D.8.14.1  Passenger elevator selection

For buildings with one elevator grouping, the number of passenger elevators shall be 

determined based on the number of boarding floors, the number of occupiable floors 

and GA, using Figure D.22.

Figure D.22  Elevator chart for office building

Figure D.22 assumes an occupancy rate of 10 m

2

 per person on 80% of the GA. For 

higher occupancy, a VT Consultant shall be appointed. 

For buildings with more than one elevator grouping serving all floors or zones, a VT 

Consultant shall be appointed.

Boarding floors

1

2-4 5-8

1

2-4 5-8

1

2-4 5-8

1

2-4 5-8

1

2-4 5-8

1

2-4 5-8

1

2-4 5-8

1

2-4 5-8

1

2-4 5-8

1

2-4 5-8

Occupied

 floors

19-20

4

6

6

5

7

7

6

8

8

7

9

9

8

10 11

8

11 12

9

12 13

17-18

4

6

6

5

7

7

6

7

8

6

8

9

7

10 10

8

11 11

9

12 13

15-16

4

5

6

5

6

7

5

7

8

6

8

9

7

9

10

8

10 11

9

12 12

13-14

4

5

6

5

6

7

5

7

8

6

7

8

7

8

10

7

9

10

9

10 11

11-12

3

5

5

4

5

6

4

5

6

5

6

7

6

7

8

6

7

9

7

9

10

9

10 11

9-10

3

4

4

3

5

5

4

5

6

4

5

6

5

6

7

6

7

8

6

7

8

7

9

10

8

10 11

7-8

2

3

3

3

4

4

3

5

5

4

5

6

5

6

7

5

7

8

5

7

8

5-6

2

2

3

2

3

3

2

3

3

3

4

5

4

5

5

4

6

6

3-4

1

2

2

3

2

3

3

4

1-2

1

2

2

2

GA in m

2

≤2,500

2,501-5,000

5,001-7,500

7,501-10,000

10,001-12,500 12,501-15,000 15,001-17,500 17,501-20,000 20,001-22,500 22,501-25,000

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 29

Attribute

Passenger elevators

Service elevators

Minimum

Recommended

Minimum

≤5 floors

>5 floors

≤5 floors

>5 floors

≤5 floors

>5 floors

Rated 

capacity (kg)

1,050 

1,275 

1,350

1,600 

1,275 

1,600 

Rated 

capacity 

(persons)

14 

17 

18 

21

17

21 

Number of 

car doors

One

One

One

One

One

One

Cabin size,  

w × d (mm)

1,600 × 

1,500

1,900 × 

1,500

2,000 × 

1,500

2,100 × 

1,600

1,200 × 

2,300

1,400 × 

2,400

Cabin height, 

h (mm)

2,300

2,300

2,300

2,300

2,400

2,600

Door size,  

w × h (mm)

1,100 × 

2,100

1,100 × 

2,100

1,100 × 

2,100

1,100 × 

2,100

1,100 × 

2,100

1,200 × 

2,300

Door type

Two-panel centre opening

Two-panel centre opening

Table D.20 

Minimum specifications for elevators in office buildings

D.8.14.3 

Minimum escalator specifications

When escalators are used for occupant circulation between parking floors and office 

floors, they shall meet the minimum specifications in Table D.21.

Attribute

Minimum

Recommended

Practical capacity (people per hour)

4,500

4,500

Number of flat steps*

Floor height ≤6 m: Two

Three

Floor height >6 m: Three

Step width (mm)

1,000

1,000

Angle of inclination

Floor height ≤6 m: 35°

30°

Floor height >6 m: 30°

*Steps refers to the depth of an escalator step or equivalent length of moving walk.

Table D.21 

Minimum specifications for escalators

D.8.15  Circulation in retail, shopping centres and malls

D.8.15.1  Primary and secondary modes of circulation

Escalators are used by approximately 80% of people. Where shopping trolleys will 

be used, inclined moving walks shall be provided instead of escalators. Where moving 

walks are not feasible, elevators of sufficient capacities to accommodate passengers 

with trolleys and return of trolleys may be provided.

Elevators are a secondary mode of circulation, used by people with specific 

requirements. Elevators shall be located next to escalators and moving walks. The 

maximum distance between sets of elevators/escalators/moving walks shall be  

100 m.
Escalators and moving walks shall not replace elevators as the means of circulation 

for people of determination using wheelchairs.

D.8.14.2 

Minimum elevator specifications

Elevators shall meet the minimum specifications in Table D.20.

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 30

D.8.15.2  Population estimation

The population shall be estimated based on a rate of one person per 5 m

2

 of gross 

leasing area and public circulation area.

D.8.15.3  Selection tables

The minimum number of escalators and elevators shall be determined from  

Table D.22.

Population (persons)

Escalator

Elevator

Less than 600

Optional

One set of two elevators

600 to 4,500

One group

One set of two elevators

4,501 to 8,000

Two groups

Two sets of two elevators

For every additional 4,000

Add one group

Add one set of two elevators

Population (persons)

Moving walk

Elevator

Less than 600 + trolley movement

Yes

One set of two elevators

600 to 3,600

One group

One set of two elevators

3,601 to 7,200

Two groups

Two sets of two elevators

For every additional 3,000

Add one group

Add one set of two elevators

Table D.22  Escalator and elevator selection chart for retail

Table D.23  Moving walks and elevator selection chart for retail

The minimum number of moving walks and elevators shall be determined from  

Table D.23.

D.8.15.4 

Minimum specifications 

Escalators shall meet the minimum specifications in Table D.24.

Attribute

Minimum

Recommended

Practical capacity (people per hour)

4,500

4,500

Number of flat steps*

Floor height ≤6 m: Two

Three

Floor height >6 m: Three

Step width (mm)

1,000

1,000

Angle of inclination

Floor height ≤6 m: 35°

30°

Floor height >6 m: 30°

*Steps refers to the depth of an escalator step or equivalent length of moving walk.

Attribute

Minimum

Recommended

Practical capacity (people per hour)

3,600 minimum

3,600

Number of flat steps*

Not applicable

Three

Pallet width (mm)

1,000 minimum

1,000

Angle of inclination

12° maximum

10° or 11°

*Steps refers to the depth of an escalator step or equivalent length of moving walk.

Table D.24 

Minimum specifications for escalators

Table D.25 

Minimum specification for moving walks in retail buildings

Moving walks shall meet the minimum specifications in Table D.25.

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 31

Table D.26 

Minimum specifications for elevators in retail buildings

Elevators shall meet the minimum specifications in Table D.26.

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 32

D.8.16  Passenger elevators in car parking buildings

D.8.16.1  Population estimation

These requirements assume that car parking buildings have a maximum of five floors above or below ground. The 

population shall be estimated based on the car occupancy rates in Table D.27.

For car parking connected to retail/shopping centres/malls with multi-level entries, a VT Consultant shall 

 

be appointed.

Types of car parking facility

Occupancy rate (persons)

Independent car parking building

1.5 per car

Parking in retail/shopping centre/mall 

3.0 per car

Table D.27  Occupancy rate for car parking building

For buildings with more than one elevator grouping, the population shall be estimated in accordance with D.8.5.

D.8.16.2  Passenger elevator selection chart

The minimum number of passenger elevators shall be determined from Figure D.23.

Figure D.23 

Elevator chart for car parking building

D.8.16.3 

Minimum elevator specifications

Elevators shall meet the minimum specifications in 

Table D.28.

Attribute

Minimum

Recommended

Rated capacity (kg) 1,275 

1,600 

Rated capacity 

(persons)

17 

21 

Number of car 

doors

One

One

Cabin size, w × d 

(mm)

1,200 × 2,300

1,400 × 2,400

Cabin height, h 

(mm)

2,300

2,500

Door size, w × h 

(mm)

1,100 × 2,100

1,200 × 2,100

Door type

Two-panel side 

opening

Two-panel side 

opening

Table D.28 

Minimum specifications for passenger elevators in car 

parking buildings

Parking

 floors

9

3

3

3

4

4

4

8

3

3

3

3

4

4

7

3

3

3

3

3

3

4

6

2

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

5

1

2

2

2

3

3

4

1

1

2

2

2

3

1

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

≤200

201-300 301-400 401-500 501-600 601-700 701-800 801-900 901-1,000

Population

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 33

Attribute

Minimum

Recommended

Rated capacity (kg)

750 

1,275 

Rated capacity (persons)

10 

17 

Number of car doors

One

One

Cabin size, w × d (mm)

1,200 × 1,500

1,200 × 2,300

Cabin height, h (mm)

2,300

2,500

Door size, w × h (mm)

900 × 2,100

1,100 × 2,100

Door type

Two-panel centre opening

Two-panel centre opening

Table D.29 

Minimum specifications for passenger elevators in schools

Table D.30  Number of passenger elevators in classroom buildings of universities

Table D.31 

Minimum specifications for elevators in university classroom buildings

D.8.17  Passenger elevators in schools

These requirements assume that the school building is a maximum of five storeys, 

and elevators are for service applications and people of determination only. Two 

elevators that meet the minimum specifications in Table D.29 shall be provided. 

D.8.18  Passenger elevators in universities

These requirements relate to multi-storey classroom buildings. For other university 

building types, the minimum number and specifications for elevators shall be in 

accordance with D.8.8 to D.8.17 as required.
The minimum number of elevators shall be determined from Table D.30. Where 

classroom buildings have multiple entrances, a minimum of two elevators shall be 

provided at each entrance.

Number of people

Number of elevators

For first 400 people

Two elevators

For every additional 300 people

One additional elevator

Elevators shall meet the minimum specifications in Table D.31.

Attribute

Passenger elevators

Service elevators

Minimum

Recommended

Minimum

Recommended

Rated capacity (kg)

1,350 

1,600 

1,600 

2,000 

Rated capacity (persons) 18 

21 

21 

26 

Number of car doors

One

One

One

One

Cabin size, w × d (mm)

2,000 × 1,500

2,100 × 1,600

1,400 × 2,400

1,500 × 2,700

Cabin height, h (mm)

2,400

2,400

2,500

2,500

Door size, w × h (mm)

1,100 × 2,100

1,100 × 2,100

1,200 × 2,100

1,400 × 2,300

Door type

Two-panel centre opening

Two-panel side opening

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 34

D.9  Design method 2: design parameters for use in performance-based vertical transportation design

D.9.1 

General

Design method 2 relies on a series of interrelated parameters, all of which shall be 

included in the VT design.
It is the design team’s responsibility to include elevators for other services, not 

limited to firefighting and evacuation elevators (D.8.3), service elevators (D.8.2) and 

waste elevators, as required by building operators, the DBC and the Authorities.

NOTE: A report template for design method 2 is given in D.10.2. A summary of the 

minimum information required in the report is given in D.10.3.

D.9.2 

Population estimation

D.9.2.1 

General

The occupancy rate tables referred to in D.8.8 to D.8.18 guide the estimation 

of population for various building types. The VT Consultant shall use the most 

appropriate method for estimating population.
If the population required by the owner/developer and permitted by the Authority is 

higher, the higher requirement shall be followed.

D.9.3 

Handling capacity and traffic pattern

D.9.3.1 

Handling capacity

The handling capacity of elevators shall not exceed the values given in Table D.32 and 

Table D.33.

Type

Classification

Handling capacity HC5%

Residential

Apartments

7%

Student accommodation

8%

Staff accommodation

6%

Hotel

1- and 2-star

10%

3-star

11%

4- and 5-star

12% to 15%

Hotel apartment

Hotel apartment

10%

Car parking

Office/mall

8% to 10%

Office

Regular

12%

Concentrated

12%

Healthcare

Clinics and hospitals

8% to 10%

Educational

Universities

16% to 20%

Retail

Retail, shopping centres and malls

8% to 10%

Table D.32 

Handling capacity (HC5%)

Type

Classification

Handling capacity HC5%

Office

Regular

13%

Concentrated

13%

Table D.33 

Handling capacity (HC5%) during lunch break

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 35

D.9.3.2 

Traffic pattern

Different building types experience different circulation patterns at different times of 

day. The traffic pattern adjustments given in Table D.34 shall be used in the design.

Building type

Classification

Traffic pattern

Residential

Morning

35% up/65% down

Evening

50% up/50% down

Hotel

Morning

50% up/50% down

Evening

50% up/50% down

Hotel apartment

Evening

50% up/50% down

Car parking

Evening

50% up/50% down

Office

Morning peak – single tenant

85% up/10% down/5% inter-floor

Morning peak – multi-tenant

85% up/15% down

Lunch peak – single tenant

45% up/45% down/10% inter-floor

Lunch peak – multi-tenant

50% up/50% down

Healthcare

Patients

50% up/50% down

Visitors

50% up/50% down

Staff

40% up/40% down/20% inter-floor

Educational

Morning

100% up

Breaks

40% up/40% down/20% inter-floor

Retail

Weekend evening

40% up/40% down/20% inter-floor

Building type

Classification

Average waiting time (s)

Residential

Apartment

≤40

Student accommodation

≤45

Staff accommodation

≤45

Hotel

1- and 2-star

≤40

3-star

≤35

4- and 5-star

≤30

Hotel apartments

≤35

Car parking

Parking in malls/offices/residences

≤40

Office

Regular

≤35

Concentrated

≤35

Healthcare

Clinics and hospitals

≤40

Educational

Universities

≤40

Retail

Retail, shopping centres and malls

≤40

Table D.34 

Traffic pattern

Table D.35  Average waiting time 

D.9.4 

Average waiting time

The values in Table D.35 shall be used as the basis for elevator specifications.

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 36

D.9.5 

Capacity factor

The capacity factor of elevator cars shall not exceed the values in Table D.36. A 

maximum capacity factor of 70% shall be used for panoramic elevators.
Figure D.24 illustrates elevator car capacity factors.

Figure D.24 

Occupancy in elevator car

Building type

Classification

Recommended

Residential

Apartments

60% to 80%

Accommodation

80%

Hotel

1- and 2-star

80%

3-star

60%

4- and 5-star

50%

Hotel apartments

60%

Car parking

Parking in malls/offices

80%

Office

Regular

80%

Concentrated

80%

Healthcare

Clinics

60% to 80%

In-patient facilities

50%

Educational

Universities

80%

Retail

Retail, shopping centres and mall

50%

Table D.36  Capacity factor

(a) overcrowded car with capacity factor approx. 

80%

(b)  less crowded car with capacity factor approx. 

60%

Dubai Building Code

Part D: Vertical transportation

D 37

Boarding floors

Number of parking spaces Population 

Boarding bias  

Podium 2

100

150

15%

Podium 1

100

150

15%

Basement floor B1

100

150

15%

Basement floor B2

100

150

15%

Ground floor

—

1,000 minus the sum of above

40%

Table D.37 

Example population distribution at boarding floors

D.9.6 

Boarding floors

Car parking floors above or below the main boarding floor become boarding floors 

for car occupants and distribute the total building population. The population of 

podium and basement parking floors shall be estimated based on a rate of 1.5 

persons per car.
Table D.37 gives an example population distribution for a residential building with a 

total population of 1,000 people and four parking floors (100 parking spaces each).

D.9.7 

Magnet floors

A magnet floor is a floor likely to attract traffic from multiple other floors. Examples 

include staff dining rooms, restaurants, gyms and conference suites.

NOTE: Magnet floors should have dedicated elevators. If dedicated elevators are not 

provided, the population of the magnet floors shall be estimated and added to the 

building population to help determine the required number of passenger and service 

elevators.

Access control to residential and office floors in the building shall be provided.

D.9.8 

Factors influencing VT system efficiency

D.9.8.1 

Door timing

Shorter door timings improve the efficiency of an elevator. The most efficient door 

parameters shall only be included in the design calculations when they can be fulfilled 

by the manufacturer.

NOTE: Table D.38 gives door timings for different elevator operations.

Building 

type

Classification

Door timing (s)

Door 

open

Door 

close

Dwell 

time

Pre-

opening*

Residential

Apartments <120 m in height

2.2

3.2

3 to 5

0

Apartments ≥120 m in height

1.9

2.8

Student accommodation

2.2

3.2

Staff accommodation

2.2

3.2

Hotel

1- and 2-star

2.2

3.2

3-star

1.9

2.8

4- and 5-star

1.9

2.8

Hotel apartments <120 m in height

2.2

3.2

0

Hotel apartments ≥120 m in height

1.9

2.8

Car parking

Mall/residences/offices

2.2

3.2

Office

Regular

1.9

2.8

0.5

Concentrated

1.9

2.8

Healthcare

Clinics and hospitals

2.2

3.2

0

Educational Schools and universities

2.2

3.2

Retail

Retail, shopping centres and malls

2.2

3.2

* This is generally recommended in office buildings. This is not recommended in hotels and residential 

buildings considering the comfort levels of elders and children.

Table D.38  Door timing based on two-panel centre opening (900 mm wide to 1,100 mm wide)