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The experiment was designed to determine the velocity of the Earth relative to that of the hypothetical ether. The experimental tool used was the Michelson interfer- 2 and c & v after reflection, where c is the speed of light in the ether frame. The two light beams reflect from M 1 and M 2 and recombine, and an interference pattern is formed, as discussed in Section 37.7. The interference pattern is observed no fringe shift of the magnitude required was ever observed. 2 The negative results of the Michelson–Morley experiment not only contradicted the ether hypothesis but also showed that it was impossible to measure the absolute Light is now understood to be an electromagnetic wave, which requires no medium for its Details of the Michelson–Morley Experiment To understand the outcome of the Michelson–Morley experiment, let us assume that 2 and c & v after the beam is reflected. Thus, the time interval for travel to the right is L/(c # v), and the time interval for Now consider the light beam traveling along arm 1, perpendicular to the ether wind. Because the speed of the beam relative to the Earth is (c 2 # v 2 ) 1/2 in this case (see Fig. 39.3), the time interval for travel for each half of the trip is L/(c 2 # v 2 ) 1/2 , and the total time interval for the round trip is Thus, the time difference 't between the horizontal round trip (arm 2) and the ' t ! 't
arm 2 # ' t
arm 1 ! 2L c
! " 1 # v
2 c
2 # # 1 # " 1 # v
2 c
2 # # 1/2 $ ' t
arm 1 ! 2L (c
2 # v
2 ) 1/2 ! 2L c
" 1 # v
2 c
2 # # 1/2 ' t
arm 2 ! L c & v & L c # v ! 2Lc c
2 # v
2 ! 2L c
" 1 # v
2 c
2 # # 1 S E C T I O N 3 9 . 2 • The Michelson–Morley Experiment 1249 Telescope Ether wind M 1 M 2 M 0 v Arm 2 Arm 1 Active Figure 39.4 According to the ether wind theory, the speed of light should be c # v as the beam approaches mirror M 2 and c & v after reflection. At the Active Figures link at http://www.pse6.com, you can adjust the speed of the ether wind to see the effect on the light beams if there were an ether. 2 From an Earth observer’s point of view, changes in the Earth’s speed and direction of motion in the course of a year are viewed as ether wind shifts. Even if the speed of the Earth with respect to the |