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n the preceding chapter, we used light rays to examine what happens when light
passes through a lens or reflects from a mirror. This discussion completed our study of
geometric optics. Here in Chapter 37 and in the next chapter, we are concerned with
wave optics or physical optics, the study of interference, diffraction, and polarization of
light. These phenomena cannot be adequately explained with the ray optics used in
Chapters 35 and 36. We now learn how treating light as waves rather than as rays leads
to a satisfying description of such phenomena.
37.1 Conditions for Interference
In Chapter 18, we found that the superposition of two mechanical waves can be
constructive or destructive. In constructive interference, the amplitude of the resultant
wave at a given position or time is greater than that of either individual wave, whereas
in destructive interference, the resultant amplitude is less than that of either individual
wave. Light waves also interfere with each other. Fundamentally, all interference associ-
ated with light waves arises when the electromagnetic fields that constitute the individ-
ual waves combine.
If two lightbulbs are placed side by side, no interference effects are observed
because the light waves from one bulb are emitted independently of those from the
other bulb. The emissions from the two lightbulbs do not maintain a constant phase
relationship with each other over time. Light waves from an ordinary source such as a
lightbulb undergo random phase changes in time intervals less than a nanosecond.
Therefore, the conditions for constructive interference, destructive interference, or
some intermediate state are maintained only for such short time intervals. Because the
eye cannot follow such rapid changes, no interference effects are observed. Such light
sources are said to be
incoherent.
In order to observe interference in light waves, the following conditions must be met:
• The sources must be
coherent—that is, they must maintain a constant phase
with respect to each other.
• The sources should be
monochromatic—that is, of a single wavelength.
As an example, single-frequency sound waves emitted by two side-by-side loudspeak-
ers driven by a single amplifier can interfere with each other because the two speakers
are coherent—that is, they respond to the amplifier in the same way at the same time.
37.2 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
A common method for producing two coherent light sources is to use a monochro-
matic source to illuminate a barrier containing two small openings (usually in the
shape of slits). The light emerging from the two slits is coherent because a single
As with the hummingbird feathers
shown in the opening photograph,
the bright colors of peacock feathers
are also due to interference. In both
types of birds, structures in the
feathers split and recombine visible
light so that interference occurs for
certain colors.
Conditions for interference
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Kolar
, Richard/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes