primary colors, our eyes can be made to see any color in the rainbow. Thus, the
yellow lemon you see in a television commercial is not really yellow, it is red
and green! The paper on which this page is printed is made of tiny, matted,
translucent fibers that scatter light in all directions; the resultant mixture of colors
appears white to the eye. Snow, clouds, and white hair are not really white. In fact,
there is no such thing as a white pigment. The appearance of these things is a
consequence of the scattering of light containing all colors, which we interpret as
white.
Conditions of the Eye
When the eye suffers a mismatch between the focusing range of the lens–cornea
system and the length of the eye, with the result that light rays from a near object reach
the retina before they converge to form an image, as shown in Figure 36.40a, the con-
dition is known as
farsightedness (or hyperopia). A farsighted person can usually see
faraway objects clearly but not nearby objects. Although the near point of a normal eye
is approximately 25 cm, the near point of a farsighted person is much farther away.
The refracting power in the cornea and lens is insufficient to focus the light from all
but distant objects satisfactorily. The condition can be corrected by placing a converg-
ing lens in front of the eye, as shown in Figure 36.40b. The lens refracts the incoming
rays more toward the principal axis before entering the eye, allowing them to converge
and focus on the retina.
A person with
nearsightedness (or myopia), another mismatch condition, can
focus on nearby objects but not on faraway objects. The far point of the nearsighted
eye is not infinity and may be less than 1 m. The maximum focal length of the near-
sighted eye is insufficient to produce a sharp image on the retina, and rays from a
distant object converge to a focus in front of the retina. They then continue past
that point, diverging before they finally reach the retina and causing blurred vision
S E C T I O N 3 6 . 7 • The Eye
1157
Converging
lens
Contracted
muscle
Image
behind retina
Image
at retina
(a)
(b)
Object
Near
point
Near
point
Object
Relaxed lens
Figure 36.40 (a) When a farsighted eye looks at an object located between the near
point and the eye, the image point is behind the retina, resulting in blurred vision. The
eye muscle contracts to try to bring the object into focus. (b) Farsightedness is cor-
rected with a converging lens.