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33.4 Capacitors in an AC Circuit Figure 33.9 shows an AC circuit consisting of a capacitor connected across the v $ !v C " 0, so that the magnitude of the source voltage is equal to the magni- tude of the voltage across the capacitor: ! v " !v C " ! V max sin #t (33.13) where !v C is the instantaneous voltage across the capacitor. We know from the defini- tion of capacitance that C " q/!v C ; hence, Equation 33.13 gives q " C !V max sin #t (33.14) where q is the instantaneous charge on the capacitor. Because i " dq/dt, differ- (33.15) Using the trigonometric identity we can express Equation 33.15 in the alternative form (33.16) Comparing this expression with Equation 33.13, we see that the current is /2 rad " 90° out of phase with the voltage across the capacitor. A plot of current and voltage versus time (Fig. 33.10a) shows that the current reaches its i C " # C ∆V max
sin " # t $ % 2 # cos #t " sin " # t $ % 2 # i C " dq dt " # C ∆V max cos #t S E C T I O N 3 3 . 4 • Capacitors in an AC Circuit 1041 C ∆v C ∆v = ∆V max sin t ω Active Figure 33.9 A circuit consisting of a capacitor of capacitance C connected to an AC source. At the Active Figures link at http://www.pse6.com, you can adjust the capacitance, the frequency, and the maximum voltage. The results can be studied with the graph and phasor diagram in Figure 33.10. Current in a capacitor (a) a d f b c e i C t ∆v C , i C I max ∆V max ∆v C T ∆v C ∆V max i C I max ω t ω (b) Active Figure 33.10 (a) Plots of the instantaneous current i C and instantaneous voltage !v C across a capacitor as functions of time. The voltage lags behind the current by 90°. (b) Phasor diagram for the capacitive circuit, showing that the current leads the voltage by 90°. At the Active Figures link at http://www.pse6.com, you can adjust the capacitance, the frequency, and the maximum voltage of the circuit in Figure 33.9. The results can be studied with the graph and phasor diagram in this figure. |