SECTION 26.2 • Calculating Capacitance
801
Example 26.2 The Cylindrical Capacitor
A solid cylindrical conductor of radius a and charge Q is
coaxial with a cylindrical shell of negligible thickness, radius
b , a, and charge $ Q (Fig. 26.6a). Find the capacitance of
this cylindrical capacitor if its length is !.
Solution It is difficult to apply physical arguments to this
configuration, although we can reasonably expect the capac-
itance to be proportional to the cylinder length ! for the
same reason that parallel-plate capacitance is proportional
to plate area: stored charges have more room in which to be
distributed. If we assume that ! is much greater than a and
b, we can neglect end effects. In this case, the electric field
is perpendicular to the long axis of the cylinders and is
confined to the region between them (Fig. 26.6b). We must
first calculate the potential difference between the two cylin-
ders, which is given in general by
where
E is the electric field in the region between the
cylinders. In Chapter 24, we showed using Gauss’s law that
the magnitude of the electric field of a cylindrical charge
distribution having linear charge density - is E # 2k
e
-
/r
(Eq. 24.7). The same result applies here because, accord-
ing to Gauss’s law, the charge on the outer cylinder does
V
b
$
V
a
# $
"
b
a
E+d
s
Figure 26.6 (Example 26.2) (a) A cylindrical capacitor consists
of a solid cylindrical conductor of radius a and length !
surrounded by a coaxial cylindrical shell of radius b. (b) End
view. The electric field lines are radial. The dashed line
represents the end of the cylindrical gaussian surface of radius
r and length !.
b
a
!
(a)
(b)
Gaussian
surface
–Q
a
Q
b
r
not contribute to the electric field inside it. Using this re-
sult and noting from Figure 26.6b that
E is along r, we find
that
Substituting this result into Equation 26.1 and using the fact
that - # Q /!, we obtain
(26.4)
where !V is the magnitude of the potential difference
between the cylinders, given by !V #
#V
a
$
V
b
# #
2k
e
-
ln(b/a), a positive quantity. As predicted, the capaci-
tance is proportional to the length of the cylinders. As we
might expect, the capacitance also depends on the radii of
the two cylindrical conductors. From Equation 26.4, we
see that the capacitance per unit length of a combination
of concentric cylindrical conductors is
(26.5)
An example of this type of geometric arrangement is a coax-
ial cable, which consists of two concentric cylindrical conduc-
tors separated by an insulator. You are likely to have a
coaxial cable attached to your television set or VCR if you
are a subscriber to cable television. The cable carries electri-
cal signals in the inner and outer conductors. Such a geom-
etry is especially useful for shielding the signals from any
possible external influences.
What If?
Suppose b " 2.00a for the cylindrical capacitor.
We would like to increase the capacitance, and we can do
so by choosing to increase ! by 10% or by increasing a
by 10%. Which choice is more effective at increasing the
capacitance?
Answer According to Equation 26.4, C is proportional to !,
so increasing ! by 10% results in a 10% increase in C. For
the result of the change in a, let us first evaluate C for
b # 2.00a:
#
0.721
!
k
e
C #
!
2k
e
ln(b/a)
#
!
2k
e
ln(2.00)
#
!
2k
e
(0.693)
C
!
#
1
2k
e
ln(b/a)
!
2k
e
ln(b/a)
C #
Q
!
V
#
Q
(2k
e
Q
/!)ln(b/a)
#
V
b
$
V
a
# $
"
b
a
E
r
dr # $2k
e
-
"
b
a
dr
r
# $
2k
e
-
ln
$
b
a
%
Cylindrical and Spherical Capacitors
From the definition of capacitance, we can, in principle, find the capacitance of any
geometric arrangement of conductors. The following examples demonstrate the use of
this definition to calculate the capacitance of the other familiar geometries that we
mentioned: cylinders and spheres.