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Because V f # V i , we conclude that %S is positive. This positive result indicates that both the entropy and the disorder of the gas increase as a result of the irreversible, It is easy to see that the gas is more disordered after the expansion. Instead of being concentrated in a relatively small space, the molecules are scattered over a larger Because the free expansion takes place in an insulated container, no energy is transferred by heat from the surroundings. (Remember that the isothermal, reversible Entropy Change in Calorimetric Processes A substance of mass m 1 , specific heat c 1 , and initial temperature T c is placed in thermal contact with a second substance of mass m 2 , specific heat c 2 , and initial temperature T h # T c . The two substances are contained in a calorimeter so that no energy is lost to the surroundings. The system of the two substances is allowed to reach thermal equilib- First, let us calculate the final equilibrium temperature T f . Using the techniques of Section 20.2—namely, Equation 20.5, Q cold ! " Q hot , and Equation 20.4, Q ! mc %T, we obtain Solving for T f , we have (22.14) The process is irreversible because the system goes through a series of nonequilib- rium states. During such a transformation, the temperature of the system at any time is h is slowly cooled to the temperature T f as it comes into contact with a series of reservoirs differ- ing infinitesimally in temperature, the first reservoir being at T h and the last being at T f . Such a series of very small changes in temperature would approximate a reversible process. We imagine doing the same thing for the cold substance. Applying Equation where we have assumed that the specific heats remain constant. Integrating, we find that (22.15) where T f is given by Equation 22.14. If Equation 22.14 is substituted into Equation 22.15, we can show that one of the terms in Equation 22.15 is always positive and the Finally, you should note that Equation 22.15 is valid only when no mixing of differ- ent substances occurs, because a further entropy increase is associated with the increase % S ! m 1 c
1 ln
T f T c & m 2 c 2 ln T f T h % S ! % 1
dQ
cold T & % 2
dQ
hot T ! m 1 c
1
% T f T c
dT T & m 2 c
2 % T f T h
dT T T f ! m 1 c
1 T c & m 2 c 2 T h m 1 c
1 & m 2 c 2 m 1 c
1
(T f " T c ) ! "m 2 c
2
(T f " T h ) m 1 c
1 %T c ! " m 2 c
2
%T h S E C T I O N 2 2 . 7 • Entropy Changes in Irreversible Processes 689 |