for constructive interference
and
(18.2)
for destructive interference
This discussion enables us to understand why the speaker wires in a stereo system
should be connected properly. When connected the wrong way—that is, when the posi-
tive (or red) wire is connected to the negative (or black) terminal on one of the speakers
and the other is correctly wired—the speakers are said to be “out of phase”—one speaker
cone moves outward while the other moves inward. As a consequence, the sound wave
coming from one speaker destructively interferes with the wave coming from the other—
along a line midway between the two, a rarefaction region due to one speaker is
superposed on a compression region from the other speaker. Although the two sounds
probably do not completely cancel each other (because the left and right stereo signals
are usually not identical), a substantial loss of sound quality occurs at points along
this line.
)
r " (2n ! 1)
'
2
)
r " (2n)
'
2
S E C T I O N 18 . 2 • Standing Waves
549
Example 18.1 Two Speakers Driven by the Same Source
3.00 m
8.00 m
r
2
r
1
O
0.350 m
1.85 m
P
1.15 m
Figure 18.6 (Example 18.1) Two speakers emit sound waves to
a listener at P.
18.2 Standing Waves
The sound waves from the speakers in Example 18.1 leave the speakers in the forward
direction, and we considered interference at a point in front of the speakers. Suppose
that we turn the speakers so that they face each other and then have them emit sound
of the same frequency and amplitude. In this situation, two identical waves travel in
Figure 18.6 shows the physical arrangement of the
speakers, along with two shaded right triangles that can be
drawn on the basis of the lengths described in the problem.
From these triangles, we find that the path lengths are
and
Hence, the path difference is r
2
#
r
1
"
0.13 m. Because we
require that this path difference be equal to '/2 for the first
minimum, we find that ' " 0.26 m.
To obtain the oscillator frequency, we use Equation
16.12, v " 'f, where v is the speed of sound in air, 343 m/s:
What If?
What if the speakers were connected out of
phase? What happens at point P in Figure 18.6?
Answer In this situation, the path difference of '/2 com-
bines with a phase difference of '/2 due to the incorrect
wiring to give a full phase difference of '. As a result, the
waves are in phase and there is a maximum intensity at
point P.
1.3 kHz
f "
v
'
"
343 m/s
0.26 m
"
r
2
"
√
(8.00 m)
2
!
(1.85 m)
2
"
8.21 m
r
1
"
√
(8.00 m)
2
!
(1.15 m)
2
"
8.08 m
A pair of speakers placed 3.00 m apart are driven by the
same oscillator (Fig. 18.6). A listener is originally at point O,
which is located 8.00 m from the center of the line connect-
ing the two speakers. The listener then walks to point P,
which is a perpendicular distance 0.350 m from O, before
reaching the first minimum in sound intensity. What is the
frequency of the oscillator?
Solution To find the frequency, we must know the wave-
length of the sound coming from the speakers. With this in-
formation, combined with our knowledge of the speed of
sound, we can calculate the frequency. The wavelength can
be determined from the interference information given. The
first minimum occurs when the two waves reaching the lis-
tener at point P are 180° out of phase—in other words, when
their path difference )r equals '/2. To calculate the path dif-
ference, we must first find the path lengths r
1
and r
2
.