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S E C T I O N 16 . 3 • The Speed of Waves on Strings 497 radial force on the element is 2T sin $. Because the element is small, $ is small, and we & $. Therefore, the total radial force is F r ! 2T sin $ & 2T$ The element has a mass m ! + ,s. Because the element forms part of a circle and sub- m ! + ,s ! 2+R$ If we apply Newton’s second law to this element in the radial direction, we have This expression for v is Equation 16.18. Notice that this derivation is based on the assumption that the pulse height is small relative to the length of the string. Using this assumption, we were able to use the approxi- & $. Furthermore, the model assumes that the tension T is not affected by the presence of the pulse; thus, T is the same at all points on the string. Finally, this proof without any change in pulse shape. v ! √ T/+ 2T
$ ! 2+R
$
v 2 R
9:
v ! √
T F r ! ma ! mv 2 R ∆s R O (a) (b) O v θ ∆s θ R θ T T Figure 16.11 (a) To obtain the speed v of a wave on a stretched string, it is convenient to describe the motion of a small element of the string in a moving frame of reference. (b) In the moving frame of reference, the small element of length ,s moves to the left with speed v. The net force on the element is in the radial direction because the hori- zontal components of the tension force cancel. Quick Quiz 16.7 Suppose you create a pulse by moving the free end of a taut string up and down once with your hand beginning at t ! 0. The string is attached at its |