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SECTION 13.7 • Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion 405 Example 13.6 The Change in Potential Energy A particle of mass m is displaced through a small vertical dis- Solution We can express Equation 13.12 in the form If both the initial and final positions of the particle are f " r i ! , y and r i r f $ R E 2 . (Recall that r is measured from the center of the Earth.) Therefore, the change in potential energy where we have used the fact that g !GM E /R E 2 (Eq. 13.5). Keep in mind that the reference configuration is arbitrary What If? Suppose you are performing upper-atmosphere studies and are asked by your supervisor to find the height , U $ GM E m R E
2 ,y ! mg
,y , U ! "GM E m
! 1 f " 1 i " ! GM E m ! r f " r i r i r f " $ U ! mg $y gives a 1.0% error in the change in the potential energy. What is this height? Answer Because the surface equation assumes a constant Substituting the expressions for each of these changes ,U, where r i ! R E and r f ! R E & , y. Substituting for g from Equation 13.5, we find Thus, ! 6.37 # 10 4 m ! 63.7 km , y ! 0.010R E ! 0.010(6.37 # 10 6 m) (GM E /R E
2 )R E (R E & , y) GM E ! R E & , y R E ! 1 & , y R E ! 1.010 mg
,y GM E m(,y/r i r f ) ! gr i r f GM E ! 1.010
, U surface , U general ! 1.010 7 You might recognize that we have ignored the kinetic energy of the larger body. To see that this simplification is reasonable, consider an object of mass m falling toward the Earth. Because the E v E . Thus, the Earth acquires a kinetic energy equal to where K is the kinetic energy of the object. Because M E ++ m, this result shows that the kinetic energy of the Earth is negligible. 1 2
M E v E
2 ! 1 2
m 2 M E
v
2 ! m M E K 13.7 Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion Consider an object of mass m moving with a speed v in the vicinity of a massive object 7 (13.16) E ! 1 2
mv
2 " GMm r E ! K & U |