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T he central topic of this chapter is angular momentum, a quantity that plays a key role in rotational dynamics. In analogy to the principle of conservation of linear mo- 11.1 The Vector Product and Torque An important consideration in defining angular momentum is the process of multiply- Consider a force F acting on a rigid object at the vector position r (Fig. 11.1). As we saw in Section 10.6, the magnitude of the torque due to this force relative to the origin r and F. The axis about which F tends to pro- duce rotation is perpendicular to the plane formed by r and F. The torque vector ! is related to the two vectors r and F. We can establish a mathe- matical relationship between !, r, and F using a mathematical operation called the vector product, or cross product: ! ! r " F (11.1) We now give a formal definition of the vector product. Given any two vectors A and B, the vector product A " B is defined as a third vector C, which has a magnitude of A and B. That is, if C is given by C # A " B (11.2) then its magnitude is C ! AB sin " (11.3) The quantity AB sin " is equal to the area of the parallelogram formed by A and B, as shown in Figure 11.2. The direction of C is perpendicular to the plane formed by A and B, and the best way to determine this direction is to use the right-hand rule illustrated A and then “wrapped” into B through the angle ". The direction of the upright thumb is the direc- tion of A " B # C. Because of the notation, A " B is often read “A cross B”; hence, the term cross product. Some properties of the vector product that follow from its definition are as follows: 1. Unlike the scalar product, the vector product is not commutative. Instead, the or- der in which the two vectors are multiplied in a cross product is important: A " B # $ B " A (11.4) 337 O r P φ x F y τ
=
r
×
F z τ Active Figure 11.1 The torque vector ! lies in a direction perpen- dicular to the plane formed by the position vector r and the applied force vector F. At the Active Figures link at http://www.pse6.com, you can move point P and change the force vector F to see the effect on the torque vector. ▲ PITFALL PREVENTION 11.1 The Cross Product is a Vector Remember that the result of tak- |