S E C T I O N 9 . 7 • Rocket Propulsion
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Conceptual Example 9.17 Exploding Projectile
A projectile fired into the air suddenly explodes into several
fragments (Fig. 9.26). What can be said about the motion of
the center of mass of the system made up of all the frag-
ments after the explosion?
Solution Neglecting air resistance, the only external force
on the projectile is the gravitational force. Thus, if the pro-
jectile did not explode, it would continue to move along the
parabolic path indicated by the dashed line in Figure 9.26.
Because the forces caused by the explosion are internal,
they do not affect the motion of the center of mass of the
system (the fragments). Thus, after the explosion, the cen-
ter of mass of the fragments follows the same parabolic path
the projectile would have followed if there had been no ex-
plosion.
Figure 9.26 (Conceptual Example 9.17) When a projectile
explodes into several fragments, the center of mass of the system
made up of all the fragments follows the same parabolic path
the projectile would have taken had there been no explosion.
Example 9.18 The Exploding Rocket
After the explosion,
where
v
f
is the unknown velocity of the third fragment.
Equating these two expressions (because
p
i
!
p
f
) gives
v
f
!
What does the sum of the momentum vectors for all the
fragments look like?
("
240
iˆ # 450jˆ) m/s
!
M(300
jˆ m/s)
M
3
v
f
#
M
3
(240
iˆ m/s) #
M
3
(450
jˆ m/s)
p
f
!
M
3
(240
iˆ m/s) #
M
3
(450
jˆ m/s)#
M
3
v
f
A rocket is fired vertically upward. At the instant it reaches
an altitude of 1 000 m and a speed of 300 m/s, it explodes
into three fragments having equal mass. One fragment con-
tinues to move upward with a speed of 450 m/s following
the explosion. The second fragment has a speed of 240 m/s
and is moving east right after the explosion. What is the ve-
locity of the third fragment right after the explosion?
Solution Let us call the total mass of the rocket M; hence,
the mass of each fragment is M/3. Because the forces of the
explosion are internal to the system and cannot affect its to-
tal momentum, the total momentum
p
i
of the rocket just be-
fore the explosion must equal the total momentum
p
f
of the
fragments right after the explosion.
Before the explosion,
p
i
!
M
v
i
!
M(300
jˆ m/s)
location of the center of mass of the system (bear plus
you), and so you can determine the mass of the bear from
m
b
x
b
!
m
p
x
p
. (Unfortunately, you cannot return to your
spiked shoes and so you are in big trouble if the bear
wakes up!)
shown, noting your location. Take off your spiked shoes,
and pull on the rope hand over hand. Both you and the
bear will slide over the ice until you meet. From the tape,
observe how far you slide, x
p
, and how far the bear
slides, x
b
. The point where you meet the bear is the fixed
9.7 Rocket Propulsion
When ordinary vehicles such as cars and locomotives are propelled, the driving force
for the motion is friction. In the case of the car, the driving force is the force exerted
by the road on the car. A locomotive “pushes” against the tracks; hence, the driving
force is the force exerted by the tracks on the locomotive. However, a rocket moving in
space has no road or tracks to push against. Therefore, the source of the propulsion of
a rocket must be something other than friction. Figure 9.27 is a dramatic photograph
of a spacecraft at liftoff.
The operation of a rocket depends upon the law of
conservation of linear momentum as applied to a system of particles, where the
system is the rocket plus its ejected fuel.