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SECTION 8.2 • The Isolated System–Conservation of Mechanical Energy 221 Therefore, equating these two expressions for the work done on the book, (8.5) Now, let us relate each side of this equation to the system of the book and the Earth. For where U g is the gravitational potential energy of the system. For the left-hand side of Equation 8.5, because the book is the only part of the system that is moving, we see book " ! K, where K is the kinetic energy of the system. Thus, with each side of Equation 8.5 replaced with its system equivalent, the equation becomes (8.6) This equation can be manipulated to provide a very important general result for solv- (8.7) On the left, we have a sum of changes of the energy stored in the system. The We define the sum of kinetic and potential energies as mechanical energy: We will encounter other types of potential energy besides gravitational later in the text, (8.8) where U represents the total of all types of potential energy. Let us now write the changes in energy in Equation 8.7 explicitly: (8.9) For the gravitational situation that we have described, Equation 8.9 can be written as As the book falls to the Earth, the book–Earth system loses potential energy and gains ki- Equation 8.9 is a statement of conservation of mechanical energy for an iso- lated system. An isolated system is one for which there are no energy transfers across
1 2 mv 2 f % mg y f "
1 2 mv 2 i % mg y i K f % U f " K i % U i (K f # K i ) % (U f # U i ) " 0 E mech ! K % U E mech " K % U g ! K % !U g " 0 ! K " #
! U g mg y b # mg y a " #
(mg y a # mg y b ) " #
(U f # U i ) " # !U g ! K book " mg y b # mg y a Quick Quiz 8.4 In an isolated system, which of the following is a correct statement of the quantity that is conserved? (a) kinetic energy (b) potential energy Mechanical energy of a system The mechanical energy of an isolated, friction-free system is conserved. ▲ PITFALL PREVENTION 8.2 Conditions on Equation 8.6 Equation 8.6 is true for only one ▲ PITFALL PREVENTION 8.3 Mechanical Energy in an Isolated System Equation 8.9 is not the only state- |