Problems
213
use if merely sitting still. (In exercise physiology, power is
often measured in kcal/h rather than in watts. Here
1 kcal # 1 nutritionist’s Calorie # 4 186 J.) Walking at
3.00 mi/h requires about 220 kcal/h. It is interesting to
compare these values with the energy consumption re-
quired for travel by car. Gasoline yields about 1.30 *
10
8
J/gal. Find the fuel economy in equivalent miles per
gallon for a person (a) walking, and (b) bicycling.
Section 7.9 Energy and the Automobile
44.
Suppose the empty car described in Table 7.2 has a fuel
economy of 6.40 km/liter (15 mi/gal) when traveling at
26.8 m/s (60 mi/h). Assuming constant efficiency, deter-
mine the fuel economy of the car if the total mass of pas-
sengers plus driver is 350 kg.
A compact car of mass 900 kg has an overall motor effi-
ciency of 15.0%. (That is, 15% of the energy supplied by
the fuel is delivered to the wheels of the car.) (a) If burn-
ing one gallon of gasoline supplies 1.34 * 10
8
J of en-
ergy, find the amount of gasoline used in accelerating
the car from rest to 55.0 mi/h. Here you may ignore the
effects of air resistance and rolling friction. (b) How
many such accelerations will one gallon provide? (c) The
mileage claimed for the car is 38.0 mi/gal at 55 mi/h.
What power is delivered to the wheels (to overcome fric-
tional effects) when the car is driven at this speed?
Additional Problems
46.
A baseball outfielder throws a 0.150-kg baseball at a speed
of 40.0 m/s and an initial angle of 30.0°. What is the
kinetic energy of the baseball at the highest point of its
trajectory?
47.
While running, a person dissipates about 0.600 J of me-
chanical energy per step per kilogram of body mass. If a
60.0-kg runner dissipates a power of 70.0 W during a race,
how fast is the person running? Assume a running step is
1.50 m long.
48.
The direction of any vector A in three-dimensional space
can be specified by giving the angles 1, 2, and 3 that the
vector makes with the x, y, and z axes, respectively. If A #
A
x
ˆi
)
A
y
ˆj
+ A
z
ˆk
, (a) find expressions for cos 1, cos 2, and
cos 3 (these are known as direction cosines), and (b) show
that these angles satisfy the relation cos
2
1 )
cos
2
2 )
cos
2
3 #
1. (Hint: Take the scalar product of A with
ˆi
,
ˆj
,
and
ˆk
separately.)
A 4.00-kg particle moves along the x axis. Its position varies
with time according to x # t ) 2.0t
3
, where x is in meters
and t is in seconds. Find (a) the kinetic energy at any time
t, (b) the acceleration of the particle and the force acting
on it at time t, (c) the power being delivered to the parti-
cle at time t, and (d) the work done on the particle in the
interval t # 0 to t # 2.00 s.
50.
The spring constant of an automotive suspension spring
increases with increasing load due to a spring coil that is
widest at the bottom, smoothly tapering to a smaller diam-
eter near the top. The result is a softer ride on normal
road surfaces from the narrower coils, but the car does not
bottom out on bumps because when the upper coils col-
49.
45.
lapse, they leave the stiffer coils near the bottom to absorb
the load. For a tapered spiral spring that compresses
12.9 cm with a 1 000-N load and 31.5 cm with a 5 000-N
load, (a) evaluate the constants a and b in the empirical
equation F # ax
b
and (b) find the work needed to com-
press the spring 25.0 cm.
51.
A bead at the bottom of a bowl is one example of an ob-
ject in a stable equilibrium position. When a physical sys-
tem is displaced by an amount x from stable equilibrium,
a restoring force acts on it, tending to return the system
to its equilibrium configuration. The magnitude of the
restoring force can be a complicated function of x. For
example, when an ion in a crystal is displaced from its
lattice site, the restoring force may not be a simple func-
tion of x. In such cases we can generally imagine the
function F(x) to be expressed as a power series in x, as
F(x) # & (k
1
x ) k
2
x
2
)
k
3
x
3
)
. . .). The first term here
is just Hooke’s law, which describes the force exerted by
a simple spring for small displacements. For small excur-
sions from equilibrium we generally neglect the higher
order terms, but in some cases it may be desirable to
keep the second term as well. If we model the restoring
force as F # & (k
1
x ) k
2
x
2
), how much work is done in
displacing the system from x # 0 to x # x
max
by an applied
force & F ?
52.
A traveler at an airport takes an escalator up one floor, as
in Figure P7.52. The moving staircase would itself carry
him upward with vertical velocity component v between
entry and exit points separated by height h. However,
while the escalator is moving, the hurried traveler climbs
the steps of the escalator at a rate of n steps/s. Assume that
the height of each step is h
s
. (a) Determine the amount of
chemical energy converted into mechanical energy by the
traveler’s leg muscles during his escalator ride, given that
Figure P7.52
Ron Chapple/FPG