SECTION 6.5 • Numerical Modeling in Particle Dynamics
169
The acceleration is determined from the net force acting on the particle, and this
force may depend on position, velocity, or time:
(6.12)
It is convenient to set up the numerical solution to this kind of problem by num-
bering the steps and entering the calculations in a table. Table 6.3 illustrates how to do
this in an orderly way. Many small increments can be taken, and accurate results can
usually be obtained with the help of a computer. The equations provided in the table
can be entered into a spreadsheet and the calculations performed row by row to deter-
mine the velocity, position, and acceleration as functions of time. The calculations can
also be carried out using a programming language, or with commercially available
mathematics packages for personal computers. Graphs of velocity versus time or posi-
tion versus time can be displayed to help you visualize the motion.
One advantage of the Euler method is that the dynamics is not obscured—the
fundamental relationships between acceleration and force, velocity and acceleration,
and position and velocity are clearly evident. Indeed, these relationships form the
heart of the calculations. There is no need to use advanced mathematics, and the basic
physics governs the dynamics.
The Euler method is completely reliable for infinitesimally small time increments,
but for practical reasons a finite increment size must be chosen. For the finite differ-
ence approximation of Equation 6.10 to be valid, the time increment must be small
enough that the acceleration can be approximated as being constant during the incre-
ment. We can determine an appropriate size for the time increment by examining the
particular problem being investigated. The criterion for the size of the time increment
may need to be changed during the course of the motion. In practice, however, we usu-
ally choose a time increment appropriate to the initial conditions and use the same
value throughout the calculations.
The size of the time increment influences the accuracy of the result, but unfortu-
nately it is not easy to determine the accuracy of an Euler-method solution without a
knowledge of the correct analytical solution. One method of determining the accuracy
of the numerical solution is to repeat the calculations with a smaller time increment
and compare results. If the two calculations agree to a certain number of significant
figures, you can assume that the results are correct to that precision.
a(x, v, t) !
!
F(x, v, t)
m
Step
Time
Position
Velocity
Acceleration
0
t
0
x
0
v
0
a
0
!
F(x
0
, v
0
, t
0
)/m
1
t
1
!
t
0
( 0
t
x
1
!
x
0
(
v
0
0
t
v
1
!
v
0
(
a
0
0
t
a
1
!
F(x
1
, v
1
, t
1
)/m
2
t
2
!
t
1
( 0
t
x
2
!
x
1
(
v
1
0
t
v
2
!
v
1
(
a
1
0
t
a
2
!
F(x
2
, v
2
, t
2
)/m
3
t
3
!
t
2
( 0
t
x
3
!
x
2
(
v
2
0
t
v
3
!
v
2
(
a
2
0
t
a
3
!
F(x
3
, v
3
, t
3
)/m
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
n
t
n
x
n
v
n
a
n
The Euler Method for Solving Dynamics Problems
Table 6.3
Example 6.15 Euler and the Sphere in Oil Revisited
Consider the sphere falling in oil in Example 6.10. Using
the Euler method, find the position and the acceleration of
the sphere at the instant that the speed reaches 90.0% of
terminal speed.
Solution The net force on the sphere is
!F ! 'mg ( bv