cost function
a nonnegative scalar func-
tion that represents the cost incurred by an
inaccurate value of the estimate. Also called
penalty function.
Costas loop
a carrier synchronization
loop in a digital communications receiver that
uses a quadrature phase detector in place of
a conventional square-law device.
cotree
the complement of a tree in a net-
work.
Cotton–Mouton effect
second-order
anisotropic reciprocal magnetooptic effect
that causes a linearly polarized incident light
to transmit through as an elliptically polar-
ized output light wave when the propagation
direction of the incident light is perpendicu-
lar to the direction of the applied magnetiza-
tion of the magnetooptic medium. It is also
known as magnetic linear birefringence.
Coulomb blockade
the situation in which
a particle has insufficient thermal energy to
allow the necessary energy exchange during
a tunneling process. Hence, the bias supply
must supply energy to the electron to account
for the stored energy change in tunneling,
which requires
V > e/2C, where C is the
capacitance (
eV << kBT ).
Coulomb force
electric force exerted on
an electrically charged body, which is pro-
portional to the amount of the charge and the
electric field strength in which the charged
body is placed.
Coulomb’s Law
the force of repul-
sion/attraction
between
two
like/unlike
charges of electricity concentrated at two
points in an isotropic medium is proportional
to the product of their magnitudes and in-
versely proportional to the square of the dis-
tance between them and to the dielectric con-
stant of the medium.
Coulomb, Charles
(1763–1806) Born:
Angouleme, France
Coulomb is best known for his study of
electric charge and magnetism resulting in
Coulomb’s Law, as well as his studies in fric-
tion. Coulomb also invented the torsion bal-
ance in 1777. He used this device in many
experiments. Coulomb began his career in
the military, but resigned when the French
Revolution began. His experience as a mil-
itary engineer involved him in a wide vari-
ety of different projects. It also gave him
time to continue his own experimental work.
Coulomb’s law states that the force between
two charges is proportional to the product
of the charges and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between the two
charges. Coulomb is honored by having his
name used as the unit of electric charge, the
coulomb.
counter
(1) a variable or hardware regis-
ter that contains a value that is always incre-
mented or decremented by a fixed amount,
and always in the same direction (usually in-
cremented by one, but not always).
(2) a simple Moore finite state machine
that counts input clock pulses. It can be wired
or enabled to count up and/or down, and in
various codes.
counter-EMF
a voltage developed in an
electrical winding by Faraday’s Law that op-
poses the source voltage, thus limiting the
current in the winding.
counter-EMF starter
a type of DC-motor
starter that reduces the resistance in the start-
ing circuit as the voltage across the armature
rises.
counter-propagation learning
See
hi-
erarchical feature map
.
counter-rotating field theory
mathemat-
ical theory in which a magnetic field with
stationary spatial direction but sinusoidally
varying magnitude is decomposed into two
constant-magnitude fluxes rotating in oppo-
site directions. The angular velocity,
ω, of
the rotating fluxes equals the time-domain
c
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