duces just enough free neutrons to compen-
sate for those lost to the moderator and leak-
age.
critical angle
the incidence angle, defined
by Snell’s law, where the incident wave is to-
tally reflected at the interface of two different
dielectric media.
critical band
broadly used to refer to psy-
choacoustic phenomena of limited frequency
resolution in the cochlea. More specifically,
the concept of critical bands evolved in ex-
periments on the audibility of a tone in noise
of varying bandwidth, centered around the
frequency of the tone. Increasing the noise
bandwidth beyond a certain critical value has
little effect on the audibility of the tone.
critical clearing angle
(1) following a
balanced three-phase fault at the stator ter-
minals of a synchronous machine, the maxi-
mum value of the angular position of the ro-
tor prior to the removal (clearing) of the fault
such that the rotor will obtain synchronous
speed without slipping poles following the
removal (clearing) of the fault. The corre-
sponding time for the rotor to achieve this
angle is specified as the critical clearing time.
(2) the largest allowable angular deviation
from synchronism that may be borne by a
power system such that the system remains
stable: the edge of instability.
critical damping
the least amount of
damping such that the system does not freely
oscillate. For a characteristic equation of the
form:
s
2
+ 2ζ ω
n
s + ω
2
n
,
the system is critically damped if
ζ = 1.0;
the roots of the characteristic equation are
repeated and real.
critical dimension (CD)
the size (width)
of a feature printed in resist, measured at a
specific height above the substrate.
critical frequency
the rate of picture pre-
sentation, as in a video system or motion pic-
ture display, above which the presented im-
age ceases to give the appearance of flicker-
ing. The critical frequency changes as a func-
tion of luminance, being higher for higher
luminance.
critical path
a signal path from a primary
input pin to a primary output pin with the
longest delay time in a logic block.
critical point
See
equilibrium point
.
critical race
a change in two input vari-
ables that results in an unpredictable output
value for a bistable device.
critical region
a set of instructions for
a process that access data shared with other
processes. Only one process may execute the
critical region at a time.
critical section
See
critical region
.
critically sampled
sampling that at the
Nyquist frequency.
Crosby direct FM transmitter
after its
inventor, Murray Crosby.
Also known as
the “serrasoid modulator.” Direct frequency
modulation (FM) of an inductor/capacitor
(LC) oscillator is essentially straightforward:
One of the frequency determining elements
value is varied in accordance with the base-
band information.
cross chrominance
NTSC video arti-
fact that causes luminance information to be
present in the decoded chroma signal (lu-
minance crosses into chrominance). Cross
chrominance is a result of mixing high
frequency luminance information with the
chrominance information in the composite
video signal.
An example of cross lumi-
nance is the rainbow pattern observed when
tweed or a herringbone pattern appears in a
TV scene.
cross color
See
cross chrominance
.
c
2000 by CRC Press LLC