disturbances, that can be further processed
and studied to determine the extent of secu-
rity violations in the system.
continuity equation
axiom that charge
is a conserved quantity. In point-form, the
continuity equation is stated as
−
∂ρ
∂t
= ∇ · J,
where
ρ is the charge density and J is the
current density.
continuous duty
National Electrical
Manufacturers Association (NEMA) classi-
fication describing an application in which a
machine operates for long periods of time at
relatively constant loads.
continuous Hopfield network
a Hop-
field network with the same structure as the
discrete version, the one difference being the
replacement of the linear threshold units by
neurons with sigmoidal characteristics. Any
initial setting of the neuron outputs leads to a
motion in the network’s state space towards
an attractor which, so long as the weights in
the network are symmetric, is a fixed point.
This allows the network to be employed for
the solution of combinatorial optimization
problems (its main application) by arrang-
ing the network’s weights so that an optimal
solution lies at a fixed point of the network’s
dynamics. Compare with
discrete Hopfield
network
.
continuous rating
term often used to re-
fer to the manufacturer’s nameplate ratings
for an electrical machine, which are the rated
operating conditions guaranteed by the man-
ufacturer for continuous-duty operation. See
also
continuous duty
.
continuous signal
a continuous function
of one or more independent variables such
as time, that typically contains information
about the behavior or nature of some phe-
nomenon.
continuous spectrum
when an eigen-
value problem is defined over an infinite do-
main, the eigenvalues bunch together to form
a continuum or a continuous spectrum. This
concept is of fundamental importance for
open waveguides either of electromagnetic
or acoustic type.
continuous speech recognition
the pro-
cess of recognizing speech pronounced natu-
rally with no pauses between different words.
continuous system
See
incremental
gain
.
continuous time signal
See
signal
.
continuous time system
a process that
transforms continuous time input signals to
continuous time output signals.
See also
system
.
continuous tone image coding
a process
that converts a digitized continuous tone im-
age to a binary bit stream which has fewer
bits than the original image for the purpose
of efficient storage and transmission. See
still
image coding
.
continuous wave (CW)
periodic and usu-
ally sinusoidal wave, in contrast to a pulsed
or modulated wave.
continuous-valued logic similarity
by
using the definition of the equivalence in
continuous-valued logic, similarity between
two variables
x = (x
0
, . . . , x
n
) and y =
(y
0
, . . . , y
n
), all components of which are
continuous in the open interval
(0, 1), can be
defined as
S
C
(x, y) =
ρ
v
u
u
t
n
X
i=1
(e (x
i
, y
i
))
ρ
where
ρ takes real value.
See
equivalence in continuous-valued
logic
for definition of
e(x
i
, y
i
).
contour
the edge that separates an object
from other objects and the background. It
c
2000 by CRC Press LLC