tioned. Let
e
c
i
,c
j
be the percentage of pat-
terns of class
c
i
that are erroneously recog-
nized as patterns of class
c
j
. The matrix
E .=
e
c
i
,c
j
∈ R
n,n
is called a confusion
matrix. Of course
n
X
j=1
e
c
i
,c
j
= 1
congestion
a state of a packet-based sys-
tem where too many packets are present in
the network and the overall performance de-
grades. To resolve the congestion, the system
must employ some form of congestion con-
trol. See also
preventive congestion control
and
reactive congestion control
.
conical diffraction
a scattering phe-
nomenon in photorefractive crystals in which
the scattered beam forms a cone of light.
When a laser beam of finite transverse
cross section passes through a photorefrac-
tive crystal, beam fanning often occurs. The
hologram formed by the incident beam and
the fanned light consists of a multitude of
gratings because the fanned light spans a
wide solid angle in space. When such a mul-
titude of gratings is read out by a laser beam,
only a subset of these gratings matches the
Bragg condition with readout beam.
The
wave vectors of the Bragg-matched read-
out beams form hollow cones in momentum
space. Therefore, conical diffractions are ob-
served most of the time when fanning occurs.
Conical diffraction is also often referred to as
conical scatterings.
conical scattering
See
conical diffraction
.
conjugate symmetric transform
a prop-
erty of a real-valued function that relates to
its Fourier transform. If
x(t) is a real-valued
function and its Fourier transform has the
property that
X(−w) = X
∗
(w), where
∗
de-
notes the complex conjugate. The transform
X(w) is said to be conjugate symmetric.
conjunction rule of inference
a rule of
reasoning which states that if two proposi-
tions
A and B are both individually true, then
the combined proposition “
A AND B” is also
true.
connect/disconnect bus
See
split trans-
action
.
connected component
a maximal-sized
connected region. Also termed “blob.”
connectedness
a graph or subgraph is
said to be connected if there is at least one
path between every pair of its vertices.
connection matrix
in a network of gen-
eral topology, the connection matrix identi-
fies how the circuit elements are connected
together.
connection weight
in neural networks,
within the processing element, an adaptive
coefficient associated with an input connec-
tion. It is also referred to as synaptic efficacy.
connection-oriented service
a mode of
packet switching in which a call is estab-
lished prior to any information exchange tak-
ing place. This is analogous to an ordinary
phone call, except that no physical resources
need to be allocated.
connectionist model
one of many names
given to the learning systems. The notion
of learning systems has been developed in
the fields of artificial intelligence, cyber-
netics and biology. In its most ambitious
form learning systems attempt to describe or
mimic human learning ability. Attainment
of this goal is still far away. The learning
systems that have actually been implemented
are simple systems that have strong relations
to adaptive control. The learning systems
are also known under the names of neural
nets, parallel distributed processing models,
etc. Examples of learning systems most com-
monly used are perceptron, Boltzmann ma-
chine, Hopfield network. An interesting fea-
c
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