computer organization
describes the de-
tails of the internal circuitry of the computer
with sufficient detail to completely speci-
fies the operation of the computer hardware.
Contrast with
computer architecture
.
computer relay
a protective relay that
digitizes the current and/or voltage signals
and uses a microprocessor to condition the
digitized signal and implement the operating
logic. See
digital relay
.
computer simulation
a set of computer
programs that allows one to model the im-
portant aspects of the behavior of the spe-
cific system under study. Simulation can aid
the design process by, for example, allowing
one to determine appropriate system design
parameters or aid the analysis process by, for
example, allowing one to estimate the end-to-
end performance of the system under study.
computer torque control
computed
torque control is depicted in figure. The feed-
back controller sends its output through the
inverse dynamic model. The feedback con-
trol law comprises and independent-joint PD
controller with velocity reference, plus the
desired acceleration. In the figure
q
d
,
˙q
d
, and
¨q
d
denote desired position, velocity, and ac-
celeration vectors, respectively.
q and ˙q de-
note measured generalized position and ve-
locity vectors. Finally,
K
p
and
K
d
are posi-
tive definite constant PD controller matrices.
computer vision
See
robot vision
.
computer word
data path of a computer
(the size of virtual addresses); (1) datum con-
sisting of the number of bits that forms the
fundamental registers, etc.; (2) sequence of
bits or characters that is stored, addressed,
transmitted, and operated as a unit within a
given computer. Computer words are one to
eight bytes long, but can be longer for special
applications.
computer-aided design (CAD)
field of
electrical engineering concerned with pro-
ducing new algorithms/programs which aid
the designer in the complex tasks associated
with designing and building an integrated cir-
cuit. There are many subfields of electrical
CAD: simulation, synthesis, physical design,
testing, packaging, and semiconductor pro-
cess support.
computer-aided engineering (CAE)
software tools for use by engineers.
computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
manufacturing of components and products
when based heavily on automation and com-
puter tools.
See also
computer-integrated
manufacturing
.
computer-aided
software
engineering
(CASE)
a computer application automat-
ing the development of graphic and docu-
mentation of application design.
computer-integrated
manufacturing
(CIM)
manufacturing approach that
makes substantial use of computers to control
manufacturing processes across several man-
ufacturing cells.
See also
computer-aided
manufacturing
.
concatenated code
(1) a code that is con-
structed by a cascade of two or more codes,
usually over different field sizes.
(2) the combination of two or more for-
ward error control codes that achieve a level
of performance with less complexity than a
single coding stage would require. Serially
concatenated coding systems commonly use
two levels of codes, with the inner code being
a convolutional code and the outer code be-
ing a Reed–Solomon code. Parallel concate-
nated codes improve performance through
parallel encoding and iterative serial decod-
ing techniques. See also
turbo code
.
concentration gradient
a difference in
carrier concentration.
concentric resonator
usually a symmet-
ric laser resonator in which the mirror spacing
c
2000 by CRC Press LLC