2. A controlled resistor (usually an FET
operating in a triode regime) that is also part
of the feedback circuit (the DC control signal
is obtained with a rectifier and a filter of large
time constant).
3. An automatic gain control circuit where
the DC control signal obtained from a recti-
fier and filter is used to change the bias of
oscillator active element.
amplitude-modulated link
a transmitter–
receiver system that utilizes amplitude-
modulation for the transmission of signal fre-
quencies.
amplitude-shift keying (ASK)
a mod-
ulation technique in which each group of
source bits determines the amplitude of the
modulated carrier.
AMPS
See
advanced mobile phone
system
.
AMR
See
automated meter reading
.
analog
See
analog signal
,
analog data
.
analog data
data represented in a contin-
uous form with respect to continuous time,
as contrasted with digital data represented in
a discrete (discontinuous) form in a sequence
of time instant.
analog multiplier
a device or a circuit
that generates an analog output signal that is
proportional to the product or multiplication
of two analog input signals.
analog optical computing
optical com-
puting that involves two-dimensional analog
operations such as correlation and complex
spatial frequency filtering primarily based
on the property of lens to perform two-
dimensional Fourier transform.
In analog
optical computing, operations to be per-
formed are matched with and based on al-
ready known optical phenomena.
analog signal
a signal represented in a
continuous form with respect to continuous
time, as contrasted with digital signal repre-
sented in a discrete (discontinuous) form in
a sequence of time instant. See also
analog
data
.
analog signal conditioning
an interface
between the sensor or transducer output,
which represents an analog or physical world,
and the analog-to-digital converter.
analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion
a
method by which a continuously varying sig-
nal (voltage) is sampled at regularly occur-
ring intervals. Each sample is quantized to a
discrete value by comparisons to preestab-
lished reference levels.
These quantized
samples are then formatted to the required
digital output (e.g., binary pulse code words).
The A/D converter is “clocked” to provide
updated outputs at regular intervals. In order
not to lose any baseband information, sam-
pling must occur at a rate higher than twice
the highest incoming signal frequency com-
ponent. See also
Nyquist rate
.
analog-to-digital (A/D) converter
a de-
vice that changes an analog signal to a digital
signal of corresponding magnitude. This de-
vice is also called an encoder, ADC, or A/C
converter.
analysis-by-synthesis coding
refers to
the class of source coding algorithms where
the coding is based on parametric synthetiza-
tion of the source signal at the encoder. The
synthesized signal is analyzed, and the pa-
rameters that give the “best” result are cho-
sen and then transmitted (in coded form).
Based on the received parameters the signal
is resynthesized at the receiver.
analysis filter
a filter in the analysis sec-
tion of a sub-band analysis and synthesis sys-
tem.
c
2000 by CRC Press LLC