continuous-time and discrete-time state ag-
gregation is obtained by linear transforma-
tion of the original state represented by an
aggregation matrix
G endowed with the fol-
lowing properties:
GA = A
∗
G; GB = B
∗
; CG
0
= C
∗
;
where
A, B, C are original system matrices
(respectively state, input, and output ones)
and
A
∗
, B
∗
, C
∗
are aggregated system ma-
trices. The aggregation is an eigenvalues-
preservation approach and it provides order
reduction by neglecting some of the system
modes.
For uncertainties, the aggregation defines
some deterministic measures for a set of un-
certain variables. For stochastic model of
uncertainty the aggregation may be given by
mean value, higher stochastic models or other
statistical characteristics, while set member-
ship uncertainties could be aggregated by
their maximal or minimal values, mass center
of the set or higher inertial moments.
AGI
See
address generation interlock
.
Aiken, Howard Hathaway
(1900–1973)
Born: Hoboken, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Aiken is best known as the inventor of
the Mark I and Mark II computers. While
not commercially successful, these machines
were significant in the development of the
modern computer. The Mark I was essen-
tially a mechanical computer. The Mark II
was an electronic computer. Unlike UNI-
VAC ( See
Eckert, John Presper
) these ma-
chines had a stored memory. Aiken was a
professor of mathematics at Harvard. He was
given the assignment to develop these com-
puters by the Navy department. Among his
colleagues in this project were three IBM sci-
entists and Grace Hopper. It was while work-
ing on the Mark I that Grace Hopper pulled
the first “bug” from a computer.
air bridge
a bridge made of metal strip
suspended in air that can connect components
on an integrated circuit in such a way as to
cross over another strip. Air bridges are also
used to suspend metalization in spiral induc-
tors off of the semi-conducting substrate in a
way that can lead to improved performance
in some cases.
air capacitor
a fixed or variable capacitor
in which air is the dielectric material between
the capacitor’s plates.
air circuit breaker
a power circuit
breaker where the power contacts operate in
air. Some versions employ an air blast to
extend and clear the arc on contact opening,
while others employ arc chutes with mag-
netic or thermal assists.
air core transformer
two or more coils
placed so that they are linked by the same flux
with an air core. With an air core the flux is
not confined.
air gap
See
magnetic recording air gap
.
air ionization chamber
a device used to
monitor neutron flux.
air line
a coaxial transmission line in
which the volume between the inner and
outer conductors are air-filled.
air terminal
a lightning rod; any device
which extends upward into the air from a
structure for purposes of lightning protection.
air-blast circuit breaker
a circuit breaker
in which the arc which forms between the
contacts on opening is extinguished with a
blast of high-pressure air.
air-gap line
the line that is obtained by
continuing the linear portion of the saturation
curve of a synchronous machine or a DC ma-
chine. The figure shows a plot of generated
voltage vs. field current at constant machine
speed. Initially, an increase in field current
yields a linear increase in the generated volt-
age, but as the iron becomes saturated, the
voltage rolls off. The air-gap line gives the
c
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