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Национальный доклад «Молодежь Казахстана – 2014» - часть 13

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National Report

Scientific-Research

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«Youth of Kazakhstan - 2014»

Center "Youth"

(52.3%) against 3,065 cases (47.7%) (Fig. 3.1).

3.1. SOCIALLY SIGNIFICANT DISEASES

Results of the NCPT study showed that the dynamics

OF THE YOUTH

of students contracting active tuberculosis is reducing,

but still remains high. Tuberculosis risk factors among

Health is occupying one of the leading places in

students are as follows: insufficient and irregular meals,

the system of human values. Taking care of health of

frequent colds, psycho-emotional overload, irrationally

the young generation is the most important strategic

organized educational and recreational activities, as well

goal of any state, because adult population health

as socio-climatic conditions of youth living conditions.

fundamentals are laid down in the growing organism.

Analysis of the regional incidence of the tuberculosis

Future achievements and prospects of socio-economic

infection spread recorded the highest prevalence in 2013

and cultural development of the state largely depend on

among the youth aged 15-29 years of Astana (39.8% of

the today’s level of the youth health.

the total number of TB registered people) and Almaty

The most challenging major threats to public health

(34.4%) cities, also Aktobe (35.6%), Mangystau (35.2%),

concerning adolescents and young people are socially

Atyrau and South Kazakhstan regions

(34.7% each)

significant diseases

(tuberculosis, HIV infection, drug

(Fig. 3.2).

addiction, sexually transmitted diseases and etc.) The

Annually 17,000 people die from cancer, 42% of them

growth of socially significant diseases among children

are of working age.

and adolescents is due to social maladjustment, low

According to forecasts of the World Health Organization,

level of hygienic knowledge, early onset of sexually

the prevalence and mortality from cancer throughout

active life and the others [1].

the entire world will increase by 1.5-2 times before 2020.

As a result of the National tuberculosis control

A similar trend of cancer growth is also apparent in the

programs implementation, according to the National

Republic of Kazakhstan [2].

Center for Problems of Tuberculosis under the MHSD

The number of cancer cases among young people at

of the RK (hereinafter - NCPT), over the past 10 years,

the beginning of 2014 showed the highest figures for

tuberculosis prevalence in the Republic of Kazakhstan

the age group of 25-29 year olds - 26.61 cases per 100

decreased by 52.4% and the mortality rate by 72.8%.

thousand people (Fig. 3.3).

At the same time, the lack of basic knowledge about

The highest number of cases of malignant neoplasms

the tuberculosis disease, preventive measures as well

as of early 2014 was recorded among the young people

as social and climatic living conditions of the youth

aged 25-29 in Aktobe (44.38 cases per 100,000 people),

seriously impoverish the health of the young generation.

Atyrau (35.53 cases per 100,000 people) and in Kyzylorda

According to the MHSD RK, at the beginning of 2014

regions (33.12 cases per 100,000 people) (Fig. 3.4).

the absolute number of young people aged 15-29 who

Children and adolescents are in the vulnerable age

were registered in the TB dispensaries reached 6,430

groups facing major behavioral risk factors, including

people. It appears that the most vulnerable are young

people aged 25 to 29 years (the proportion is 46.6%).

The comparative analysis of the tuberculosis infection

Fig. 3.2

spread among rural and urban youth identified a slight

predominance of the first over the second - 3,365 cases

Proportion of young people aged

15-29 years who are registered in the

TB dispensaries, %

Fig. 3.1

Comparative analysis of the number

25.2

Akmola region

35.6

Aktobe region

of young people aged 15-29 years

29.1

Almaty region

who are registered in the TB

34.7

Atyrau region

dispensaries (the absolute number),

24.2

East Kazakhstan region

32.4

Zhambyl region

urban/rural context

31

West Kazakhstan region

26.4

Karaganda region

Urban

1,4891,509

26.4

Kyzylorda region

1,279

Rural

33.6

Kostanay region

1,119

35.2

Mangystau region

25.6

Pavlodar region

266

311

17.3

North Kazakhstan region

207

250

34.7

South Kazakhstan region

39.8

Astana city

15-17 years

18-19 years

20-24 years

25-29 years

34.4

Almaty city

According to the MHSD RK

According to the MHSD RK

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Fig. 3.3

Fig. 3.4

The number of cancer pathology

Comparative analysis of the number

cases among young people aged

of cancer pathology cases among

15-29 years (per 100 thousand

young people aged 15-29 years

population)

by region of residence

(per 100 thousand population)

9.1

28.77 Akmola region

44.38 Aktobe region

15-17 years

19.75

Almaty region

18-19 years

35.53

Atyrau region

26.61

10.56

20-24 years

28.35

East Kazakhstan region

25-29 years

31.6

Zhambyl region

24.68 West Kazakhstan region

31.17 Karaganda region

33.12

Kyzylorda region

13.33

12.61 Kostanay region

28.42 Mangystau region

According to the MHSD RK

23.5

Pavlodar region

22.93 North Kazakhstan region

22.13

South Kazakhstan region

a desire to experience the effects of drugs and other

19.55

Astana city

psychotropic substances, alcohol, etc.

30.04

Almaty city

The prevalence of mental and behavioral disorders

among children and adolescents is increasing. Today

According to the MHSD RK

every fourth person who has mental and behavioral

disorders is a child. Furthermore, the growth rate of

such diseases among adolescents is 2 times higher than

Fig. 3.5

among adults.

The number of young people aged 15-29 years who are

The number of young people aged

registered with mental and behavioral disorders due to

abuse of alcohol over two years time increased by 1.36%

15-29 years who are registered with

and constituted 30,013 cases at the beginning of 2014

mental and behavioral disorders

against 29,611 cases at the beginning of 2013 (Fig. 3.5).

due to abuse of alcohol

The overall increase was caused by the upsurge of

number of cases in 2 age categories: among people aged

18-19 years - 22.5%, and 25-29 years old -5.5%. However,

there was a decline in the number of cases among youth

Total for the

aged 15-17 - 25.1%, 20-24 years old - 2.3% (Fig. 3.5).

Republic

30,013

29,611

The most disadvantaged regions by the number of

of Kazakhstan,

persons, who are registered with mental and behavioral

15-29 years old

disorders due to abuse of alcohol, at the beginning of

2014 are Almaty city (the absolute number of persons

2013

2014

7,935), East Kazakhstan (5,430), Karaganda (2,040) and

Aktobe (2,459) regions.

1,882

When analyzing the numbers of young people with

1,771

mental and behavioral disorders due to use of drugs, it

is noted that the main category of such young people are

those aged 25-29 and they compose 56.8% of the total

15-17 years

number of registered young people aged 15-29 years. The

18-19 years

shares of young people aged 15-17, 18-19 and 20-24 years

17,479

8,881

20-24 years

are 3.4%, 6.98% and 32.9% respectively (Fig. 3.6).

25-29 years

Analysis of the research results acknowledges a slight

decrease by 9.8% in the number of young people who

are registered with mental and behavioral disorders due

to use of psychoactive substances at the beginning of

According to the MHSD RK

2014, compared with the same period of 2013. While the

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Fig. 3.6

Fig. 3.7

The number of young people aged

The number of young people aged

15-29 years who are registered

15-29 years who are registered

with mental and behavioral

with mental and behavioral

disorders due to use of drugs

disorders due to use

of psychoactive substances

374

6,302

3,342

15-17 years

18-19 years

775

15-17 years

20-24 years

18-19 years

2,555

25-29 years

23,782

20-24 years

25-29 years

3,652

12,541

According to the MHSD RK

According to the MHSD RK

absolute number of this category of youth was 42,220

people. The most common prevalence of such disorders

The lowest prevalence of HIV infection among young

was recorded among the age group of 25-29 year olds (the

people was observed in the West Kazakhstan (9.6% out

proportion is 56.3% of the total number of registered

of the total HIV-positive population living in the region)

young people). The least vulnerable were boys and girls

and Karaganda regions (10.9%) (Fig. 3.8).

aged 18-19 years, who accounted for 6.1% cases (Fig. 3.7).

In a present-day perspective, HIV infection should

Monitoring of the gender structure detected the

be considered as a complex problem, consisting of

prevalence of this type of disorder among males in all

medical, social and economic components. In general,

4 age groups.

HIV infection is one of the most important sociopath of

Comparative analysis of the spatial component of

contemporary society [5].

the prevalence rate of mental and behavioral disorders

General socio-cultural causes of HIV and AIDS among

due to use of psychoactive substances among young

young people are related to ongoing changes in the

people at the beginning of 2014 revealed the most

socio-economic relations of society. It includes the

disadvantaged regions: East Kazakhstan and Karaganda,

development of tolerance in the sphere of people’s private

where the absolute figures were

6,958 and

4,033

life; the changes to historically developed cultural and

people, respectively.

social norms of moral behavior, first of all, in the area of

Results of HIV infection epidemiological monitoring

sexual relations; lack of sexual education; young people’s

show that young people are the most vulnerable

drug usage due to drugs availability; some young people

population who require a special attention and adequate

do not have understanding of safe behavior,

measures to prevent the further spread of nosological

philosophical and moral commitment to a healthy and

forms of this disease.

safe lifestyle.

In 2012, 35.3 (32.2-38.8) million of people in the world

Creation of the Youth Health Centers (YHC) allows

were HIV-infected. This figure is higher than in the

to effectively provide youth-friendly services. The first

previous years, as more people started to receive life-

such service provider Youth Health Center "Demeu"

saving antiretroviral therapy [3].

was established in Astana with the support of UNICEF

According to a report by UNAIDS

(United Nations

in 2004. In YHC adolescents and young people can get

Programme on HIV / AIDS) on the Global AIDS Epidemic

expert advices on reproductive health, family planning,

(2013) and the report of the "United Nations Programme

prevention of sexually transmitted disease, mental

on HIV / AIDS" (2009), young people account for about

health, HIV/AIDS, prevention of alcoholism, drug

40% of all new cases of HIV infection, recorded among

addiction, smoking, good nutrition, prevention of stress

persons older than 15 years old [4].

and depression, accidents and injury, abusive treatment

The number of boys and girls aged 15-29 years in the

and violence. In addition, YHC staff provide legal

RK that are registered at the Republican Center for

consultations. Adolescents consult with psychologists

Prevention and Control of AIDS in 2013 constituted 2,494

mainly about such problems as thoughts about suicide,

persons.

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at YHC and trained to work under the peer-to-peer

Fig. 3.8

principle. It promotes the involvement of a growing

number of adolescents and youth in the process of safe

The proportion of registered

behavior and solidarity for their health formation [7].

HIV-infected people aged 15-29 years

out of the total number

3.2. HEALTHY LIFESTYLE AND

of infected people

RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES AMONG

YOUNG PEOPLE

27,5

Akmola region

28,6

Aktobe region

Rapid development of modern civilization has led

16,4

Almaty region

to significant changes in the social, technological and

34,04

Atyrau region

ecological processes that require individuals to quickly

24,9

East Kazakhstan region

adapt to constantly changing environment. In such

14,8

Zhambyl region

circumstances, the support for the public health system

9,6

West Kazakhstan region

is the promotion of healthy lifestyle among young

10,9

Karaganda region

people.

37,1

Kyzylorda region

Statistics show the relevance of this problem.

22,7

Kostanay region

According to the Agency of the Sports and Physical

25,9

Mangystau region

Culture of the RK

(today Committee on sports and

17,5

Pavlodar region

physical culture of the MCS of the RK (hereinafter -

27,2

North Kazakhstan region

Committee)), the number of children, adolescents

16,4

South Kazakhstan region

and young people who lead an active lifestyle today in

17,9

Almaty city

Kazakhstan composes 18-22%. About 60% of students

27,9

Astana city

have poor health; over 40% of preinduction youth do

According to the Republican Center

not meet the requirements for the military service.

for Prevention and Control of AIDS

In Kazakhstan, the sports clubs serve four times less

pupil than the average world standards. The number

divorce of parents and parent-child relationship. YHC

of students who successfully pass the presidential

is unique because in the work center uses effective

standards tests for physical training is dropping.

techniques aimed at the safeguarding of health,

According to the Committee data, the number of pupil in

reduction of deviant behavior among adolescents,

the 5th, 9th, 11th grades and youth aged 18-24 years who

providing social support and protection of their rights

on the basis of goodwill, availability, voluntariness, trust

and confidentiality. [6]

Fig. 3.9

Overall, 76 YHC were operating in Kazakhstan in 2013.

In regions YHC were opened in municipal, district

The number of YHC in regions

organizations of primary health care, district and urban

centers of healthy lifestyle formation, as well as in

2013

2014

the youth centers affiliated with local authorities and

4

4

Akmola region

universities.

4

7

Aktobe region

In

2013,

227,444 people got consultations from the

2

2

Almaty region

experts of YHC of which 96,024 (42.2%) - men, 131,420

7

7

Atyrau region

(57.8%) - women.

The national telephone service "Hotline"

(150) is

8

8

East Kazakhstan region

operating in Kazakhstan through which anyone can

5

5

Zhambyl region

consult a gynecologist and a psychologist free of charge

4

4

West Kazakhstan region

from any corner of the country.

10

10

Karaganda region

The hotline has received 342,684 phone calls this year.

2

2

Kostanay region

So, for example 5,628 people received psychological

3

3

Kyzylorda region

assistance, 732 received legal and 652 received social

6

7

Mangystau region

assistance.

2

2

Pavlodar region

In the first quarter of 2014 year, 7 more YHC were

1

1

North Kazakhstan region

opened and this brought their total number to

83

(Fig. 3.9). The number of YHC clients visiting specialists

2

2

South Kazakhstan region

in the first quarter of 2014 reached 59,169 people. In

6

9

Almaty city

comparison with the corresponding period of

2013

10

10

Astana city

(34,188), the number of incoming requests grew and

76

83

Total

constituted 64,126 for 2014 year.

According to the MHSD RK

It should be noted that adolescent volunteers work

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passed the presidential physical fitness tests composed

63,463 people. Thus, compared with the beginning

Fig. 3.10

of 2013 the number of people who passed these tests

decreased by 4,296 people, including 7,196 people from

Data on young people’s engagement

rural areas.

with sports by region

Today, physical culture and sports are loosing

competition to such types of entertainment as computer

90,985

games, cinemas, discos, etc. The situation is exacerbated

Akmola region

by the prevalence of so-called "bad habits" among the

115,513

youth such as smoking, drinking and drug consumption.

Aktobe region

According to the Committee data, the number of

445,500

young people engaged in physical culture and sports has

Almaty region

decreased by 39.2%.

44,804

Looking at regions, the youth of Almaty and South

Atyrau region

Kazakhstan regions are actively engaged in sports

300,000

(Fig. 3.10).

East Kazakhstan region

The number of children and adolescents attending

197,351

sports clubs of various sports decreased from 2,290,014

Karaganda region

people as of early

2013 to

1,289,739 people at the

41,172

beginning of

2014 by

43.7%. The number of young

Kyzylorda region

people who attend sports clubs of various educational

90,578

institutions of secondary and higher education

Kostanay region

institutions in urban and rural areas as of early 2014

96,183

constituted 658,507 people.

Mangystau region

In this regard the government continues to improve

93,635

mechanisms to ensure guaranteed quality of youth

Pavlodar region

health services, to improve the conditions and to create

76,862

a healthy environment

[8]. The modern system of

North Kazakhstan region

measures taken by the society to form a healthy lifestyle

488,321

and promote good health while involving them in an

South Kazakhstan region

active social life must be developed and implemented

138,625

at the social, infrastructural and personal levels.

Almaty city

According to the Committee data, in 2013 in order

According to MCS RK

to develop and popularize mass sports, 35,800 sports

events were held which involved more than 6.5 million

people. The number of children and adolescents who

endorse the principles of a healthy lifestyle by means

systematically do physical exercises and sports - 318,123

of physical culture and sports, to strengthen anti-drug

people or 12.5% (in 2012 it was 269,370 people or 10.8%).

propaganda among adolescents. In school and inter-

In

2013, about 700 thousand people were engaged

school competitions 356 thousand participants were

in secondary school sport clubs,

282,300 people in

registered.

TVET sport clubs and

168,500 in higher education

As of early 2014 the coverage of the students involved

organizations sports clubs.

in sports clubs amounted to only 46% or 168.5 thousand

Today 3 hours sessions of physical education per

people.

week were resumed in the curriculum of 7,261 secondary

The number of national and international award

schools which represent 98% of the total number. The

winners among young people of the Republic of

physical education at the schools is taught by 21,459

Kazakhstan at the beginning of

2014 constituted

teachers of which 14,366 people are in rural area and

(including the Paralympic Games) 5,389 people and the

20,722 possess special physical activity education.

number of Master of Sports title holders - 942 people.

Currently

427 youth sports schools, including one

According to the results of the

5th National

with national status (hereinafter - YSS) are functioning

sociological research, the same frequency of physical

throughout the country. There are

2,547 sports

education lessons attendance were registered in

disciplines, of which 1,770 are Olympic and 777 are non-

urban and rural areas of Kazakhstan that are 87.8%

Olympic sports.

and 86.3%, respectively. No obvious differences were

At the beginning of 2014, 281,841 people were trained

identified in the regular performance of physical

in YSS, which is 16,828 people more than previous year.

exercises among children from cities and villages

Also it should be noted that in the country 652 children

(69.1% and 64.3%). Urban children are more engaged in

and youth clubs function where 124,000 children and

versatile sports than rural children, 63.4% and 58.6%

adolescents are engaged in physical culture and sports.

respectively [8].

The Committee regularly hosts sporting events

Despite physical challenges

10,817 handicapped

in order to promote and develop mass sports, to

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health constituted 5.01% (in 2013 it was 3.7%). 3.9% of

Fig. 3.11

respondents said that they have poor health and they

often get sick. 1.1% of young people pointed out that

they have poor health and get sick often and for a long

Young people assess their health, %

time.

Young people mostly associate their health problems

with poor ecology

(59.5%), malnutrition

(35%) and

careless attitude towards their health (21.1%) (Fig. 3.12).

23.42

Very good,

Also, according to the youth the main causes of their

I do not get sick

poor health are the poor financial condition (19%) and

bad habits (14.5%). The negative influence of friends

(2.3%), stress (0.2%), medical errors (0.6%), accidents and

road accidents (0.4%), lack of time (0.2%), physiological

50.95

Good,

features (0.2%) and complications caused by pregnancy

I rarely get sick

and delivery (0.2%) also have an effect on health.

In recent years an excessive consumption of fast food

and energy drinks were added to the list of bad habits

along with alcohol, drugs and tobacco. Despite the

measures taken by the state and society (for instance,

social advertising, a ban on the realization of fast

food, fizzy and energy drinks in school canteens) youth

Satisfactory

19.81

of Kazakhstan have not changed its stance on these

condition of health

products.

The survey results show that the majority of Kazakh

3.91

Bad, I often get sick

youth has sharply negative attitude towards alcohol,

1.10

Very bad, I often get

drugs and tobacco. However, when it comes to fast food

sick and for a long time

and energy drinks such kind of attitude is not observed.

Only

19.4% of young people have negative attitude

0.81

Cannot say

towards fast food and 29.5% towards energy drinks (Fig.

3.13).

According to the data of SRC “Youth”

Meanwhile, it is worth to note that according to the

results of the National Online Consultations most young

people in Kazakhstan belive in the benefits of healthy

children and adolescents of the RK in 2013 systematically

were engaged in sports.

Fig. 3.12

A growing popularity of the national sports among

the young generation can be emphasized: as of early

2014, 210,137 children and adolescents were engaged in

Young people’s health is affected

national sports.

by…, %

Thus, in the present conditions the Healthy Lifestyle

means a certain kind of life for children and adolescents

59.49%

which aims at strengthening the adaptive properties of

Ecology, environment

the organism by the unity of spiritual, emotional and

35.03%

volitional qualities, actualization and realization of

Malnutrition

personal potential throughout the personal-professional

21.14%

development of the person.

Personal careless attitude

18.98%

3.3. YOUNG PEOPLE AND HEALTH

Poor financial condition

(BASED ON SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH)

14.48%

Bad habits (smoking, etc.)

The survey results show that the majority of young

8.02%

I didn't think about it

people are satisfied with their health. Compared to 2013

2.35%

results the number of respondents who indicated that

Negative influence of friends/acquaintances

they have good health increased by 3.6% and constituted

7.05%

74.37%. Of those

23.42% claim that they have good

Cannot say

health and do not get sick. Almost 51% of young people

responded that they have good health and rarely get

According to the data of SRC “Youth”,

sick. Every fifth young person (19.81%) said that they

respondents could choose any number of options,

have satisfactory condition of health (Fig. 3.11).

values less than 1% are not displayed on the diagram

The number of young people dissatisfied with their

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composed 18.9% (in 2013, the figure was 26.8%) (Fig. 3.14).

Fig. 3.13

According to the national online consultations,

89.12% of respondents noted that they "partially

Young people’s attitude…, %

agree" or “completely agree" with the statement that

it is important to eat properly and maintain a healthy

Fast food

lifestyle.

19.4%

29.3%

26.1%

***

15.1%

6.4%

3.7%

The principle of joint responsibility for the health

Energy drinks

should be an indivisible part of the state youth policy.

29.5%

The young people's motivation to lead healthy lifestyle

24.4%

should be increased and more attention should be

26.5%

10.6%

devoted to preventive measures.

5.2%

There is an urgent need for the development and

3.8%

introduction of modern technologies of identification,

Alcohol

rehabilitation and social patronage for disadvantaged

56.8%

12.0%

families and children, including personnel training,

17.8%

retraining and development.

5.0%

The effectiveness of the preventive measures will

1.0%

7.4%

depend on the quality of media support of activities that

Smoking

promote a healthy lifestyle.

63.3%

The prerequisites for the formation of a responsible

8.2%

attitude towards health as an integral part of HIV/AIDS

15.1%

3.1%

prevention measures are promotion of healthy lifestyle

1.4%

8.9%

Drugs

78.3%

Fig. 3.14

2.3%

6.9%

0.4%

Young people’s opinion about

0.5%

11.6%

medical services quality, %

Extremely negative, avoid using

0.6%

2.8%

Bad, but sometimes consume

Neutral, it is everyone's own business

18.9%

25.1%

Ok, I consume sometimes with friends

Good, I consume it almost every day

Cannot say

According to the data of SRC “Youth”

lifestyle. So, 70.84% of respondents agree that eating

properly and healthy lifestyle are important.

These figures show that there is a need of further

work in educating young people about living and eating

52.6%

healthy.

According to the survey, 25.1% of respondents are

I am totally satisfied,

completely satisfied with the quality of medical services

I trust our doctors

and trust doctors (in 2013, the figure was 17.4%). However,

I am partially satisfied, do not always find

more than half of respondents partially satisfied with the

competent doctors and medical workers

quality of medical services due to absence of competent

I am not satisfied, it is difficult to find

doctors (52.6%). In general, the number of young people

a qualified expert

who are more or less satisfied with the quality of medical

I do not get sick, so I do not know

services in Kazakhstan has increased in comparison with

Cannot say

2013. Accordingly, the reduction in the number of youth

who think that health services in Kazakhstan are of low

According to the data of SRC “Youth”

quality and there are no competent doctors in 2014

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The highest quality of secondary education was

4.1. ACCESSIBILITY AND QUALITY

registered in Almaty city (92.7) and Astana city (87.6),

OF EDUCATION FOR YOUTH

as well as in Aktobe (84.0), Akmola (84.0) and West

Kazakhstan (81.5) regions. In 2014, the average score

Key parameters reflecting the effectiveness of

of the UNT participants from Russian-language taught

education system in the young people’s socialization

schools was 81.7, from Kazakh-language taught schools

process are accessibility and quality of education for all

-74.84.

categories of youth. Furthermore, essential evaluation

Positive dynamics in the quality of secondary

criteria assessing education and science systems are

education is demonstrated by achievements of

youth engagement rate in scientific activities and the

students from Kazakhstan in International Academic

language literacy level of young people of Kazakhstan.

Olympiads. As a result, Kazakhstan ranks among top

In

2013/2014 academic year,

7,458 state general

15 countries in Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry.

education schools functioned with a total of over 2.5

In 2013, the students from Kazakhstan won 967 medals

million pupils (in 2012/2013 academic year - 7,529 schools

and certificates, including

188 gold,

298 silver,

46

with more than 2.5 million pupils) [1]. The enrolment

bronze medals and 18 certificates. According to the

of children and young people in secondary education

MES RK, in 2011-2014 the total number of International

demonstrates high rate, which increases year upon

Academic Olympiads winners and prize winners aged

year (2011 - 97.2%, 2012 - 98%, 2013 - 101.8%). 78% of the

14 to 17 constituted 2,591. The number of winners and

schools are located in rural area (urban schools compose

22%). However, 56% of pupils study in urban schools

prize winners from urban schools is more than 10 times

higher than the number of rural pupils (2,373-urban

and 44% in rural [2]. According to the National Online

schoolchildren, 218-rural schoolchildren).

Consultations results, which were used to calculate the

Youth Wellbeing Index, the international experts noted

At the stage of secondary education a particular

high literacy rate among the schoolchildren and length

significance has the access of young people to

of expected years of schooling. Most young respondents

additional education, which facilitates their successful

(63.13%) expressed satisfaction with the school system

adaptation to the life in society by developing their

in their area of residence. Comments regarding the

creative aptitudes, realizing their personal capacity and

secondary education system have many words of

providing vocational guidance for children and young

gratitude towards their school teachers.

people. According to the MES RK, enrolment of youth

The Unified National Testing (hereinafter - UNT) is an

aged 14 to 18 in additional education is characterized by

element of education quality assessment in Kazakhstan.

a positive dynamic: in 2012/2013 academic year, 244,775

According to the Ministry of Education and Science of

(69.2%), in

2013/2014 - 256,584 (70%), in 2014/2015 -

the Republic of Kazakhstan, in the period from 2004 to

290,845 (82.9%) pupils (Fig. 4.2).

2014 (hereinafter - MES RK) there has been fluctuating

It is necessary to devote attention to the enrolment

dynamics, which in the past two years has been

ratio in different forms of additional education.

characterized by gradual increase in the UNT average

The highest percentage of school age children and

score (Fig. 4.1). For instance, in 2012 the UNT average

young people are enrolled in music schools (24%), Art

score for the country was 70.9, in 2013 - 74.5 and in 2014

Schools -12%, Community Centers and Military Patriotic

reached 76.9.

Training Clubs - 12% [3]. The enrolment ratio in science

and technical additional education is very low. The

percentages of children and young people obtaining

Fig. 4.1

additional education in such institutions as Centers for

Average score of the UNT

participants by years

Fig. 4.2

2004

52.3

Enrolment of youth aged 14-18

2005

60.4

in additional education (people)

2006

63.2

2007

71.1

2008

68

2009

74.9

256,584

290,845

244,775

2010

84.8

2011

86.7

2012

70.9

2013

74.5

2012-2013

2013-2014

2014-2015

2014

76.9

Source: MES RK

Source: MES RK

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«Youth of Kazakhstan - 2014»

Center "Youth"

Young Technicians and Young Naturalist Centers are only

3% и 2%, respectively. This imbalance has an impact

Fig. 4.3

on career choices, when school leavers apply to higher

education institutions. The applicants choose mainly

Young people’s attendance

educational programs in Law and Business (41%), almost

of additional education institutions

twice less choose technical professions

(24%). The

imbalance in education system causes disproportions

(sport and music schools, clubs,

between labor supply and demand [4]. Moreover, to

leagues, etc.), %

achieve harmonization of supply and demand there

is a need for transition to a fundamentally new level

and approaches regarding vocational guidance among

21.7

pupil. According to the National Online Consultations,

Yes, I attend regularly

82.7% of young people in Kazakhstan used various

training opportunities outside their school or work last

30.7

year. Online training/Distance education has become a

Yes, but not regularly because

common way of obtaining knowledge (19.28%).

of overloaded curriculum

Among the reasons impeding the access to additional

education, young respondents mentioned overloaded

13.1

curriculum, lack of additional education institutions

I'd like to attend, but there is

in their area, high cost and dissatisfaction with the

no education institutions in my area

services offered at these institutions, lack of interest in

additional education (Fig. 4.3).

7.4

According to the MES RK, enrolment ratio of young

I'd like to attend, but it is too

people aged 14-24 in technical and vocational education

expensive for our family

institutions was on average 16.2% (as of 01.01.2014). In

2013 and 2014, the highest rates of enrolment in technical

5.7

and vocational education by regions were registered in

I'd like to attend, but I'm not

Almaty city - 22.9% and 22%, respectively. In 2013 and

satisfied with the quality

2014, the lowest rates of the youth enrolment in technical

and vocational education were observed in Almaty (9.8%

21.4

and 9.4%), South Kazakhstan (13.1% and 13.2%), Zhambyl

No, I see no value in it

(15.9% and

14.2%) regions. Across the country, the

access of the young people to technical and vocational

According to the data of SRC “Youth”

education is unequal, since only 20% of TVE institutions

and colleges are located in rural area [5]. This factor

negatively impacts employment opportunities of rural

youth and significantly reduces their competitiveness

Academic mobility is the most popular global tendency

on the labor market, as well this makes worse the

in higher education. According to the UNESCO, within the

conditions of socio-economic adaptation for society.

program of academic mobility, in 2014, 43,039 students

Schooling of young people at universities is conducted

departed from Kazakhstan, which represents 1.2% of

gradually in the framework of three-tier system of

the total student youth. Students from Kazakhstan

higher education (bachelor’s degree, master’s degree,

mainly travel to study to the Russian Federation (29,865)

PhD degree). According to the MES RK, in 2013-2014 the

Kyrgyzstan

(3,107), the Great Britain

(2,014), the USA

total number of bachelor’s degree students constituted

(1,877), Czech Republic (979), Turkey (851) and Germany

527.2 thousand students; Master's degree

-

28,102

(694) (Fig. 4.5).

students and PhD degree - 1,533 students. One of the

The number of foreign students who arrived to

key indicators of Kazakhstan education and science

Kazakhstan for study purposes constitutes 8,989 people,

system integration into global education system is youth

including from Uzbekistan (2,898), Russian Federation

participation in the "Bolashak" scholarship program. So,

(1,993), China

(1,145), Moldova

(628), Tajikistan

(397),

according to JSC "Center for International Programs", at

Kyrgyzstan (354), Turkey (250), etc. [6].

present 1,297 young people aged 18-28 are scholars of

Education plays a special role in adaptation to modern

this program, which constitutes 63% of the total (2,061).

society life for socially vulnerable segments of the youth.

According to the MES RK, the most popular specialties

According to the MES RK, enrolment percentage of

with the "Bolashak" scholars (18-28 years) were particular

orphanage and foster care leavers aged 18-28 years old

specialties (Fig. 4.4).

into technical and vocational, higher and postgraduate

The most popular destination countries among

education constitutes up to 98%.

scholars are the Great Britain (560 scholars - 43%), the

The education accessibility principle is realized

USA (432 - 33%), Germany (49-4%), Ireland (29-2%) and

by taking into account intellectual development,

Switzerland (28-2%).

psycho-physiological peculiarities of each student

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National Report

Center "Youth"

«Youth of Kazakhstan - 2014»

219

Fig. 4.5

Fig. 4.4

Destination countries chosen

The most popular specialities

by students from Kazakhstant

among Bolashak scholars

to obtain education

aged 18-28 in 2014

210

3,107

144

137

2,014

70

67

29,865

1,877

979

851

Information Technologies and Systems.

694

Informatics. Information Security

Мanagement and Administration

Russian Federation

on different fields

Kyrgyzstan

(education, human resources,

Great Britain

technologies, innovations)

USA

Czech Republic

Economics. Accounting and Audit. Finances.

Turkey

Electronics and Radio Engineering

Germany

Source: UNESCO web-site

Construction and Architecture

Source: JSC "Centre for International Programs"

[8]. Sociological surveys conducted by SRC "Youth"

aimed at assessment of language proficiency among

young people of Kazakhstan revealed that 71.2% of young

via development of inclusive education. Throughout

people claimed fluency in Kazakh and 73% fluent in

the country, there are 138,513 children under the age

Russian language. Only 13.7% of young respondents are

of 18 years with disabilities, which represent 2.8% of

capable to speak, read and write in English language.

all minors, including

93,740 children of school age.

From 35% to 45% of young respondents aged 14-17 and

25,000 children attend

106 specialized schools and

26-27, respectively, admitted that they "lack knowledge

1,219 specialized classes at general education schools.

of English language".

Currently, 17 rehabilitation centers, 133 psychological and

A significant event for education system of Kazakhstan

special education units, 558 speech therapy facilities

has been the introduction of English Language Subject

provide qualified pedagogical correction support for

starting from the first grade of general education

children with disabilities. More than 62,000 students

school from

1st September

2013. An increase in

enrolled in special education programs. Furthermore, in

the number of schools teaching subjects in three

178 technical and professional colleges special training

languages has also contributed to successful promotion

for 3,000 persons with disabilities is provided. Access to

of multilingual education among young people. In

education for children with disabilities is provided via

2013/2014 academic year, there were

90 schools

distance education, including e-learning system [7].

offering multilingual education for students, including

A key factor of successful socialization of the youth in

15 Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools, 29 Kazakh-Turkish

society is language competence, which is supported at

Lyceums, 33 specialized schools for gifted children, 13

all stages of education in the framework of continuing

general education schools.

education. As a practical guide to action for all citizens

The results of sociological survey revealed the need

of Kazakhstan serve the words of the President,

for multiple levels of education attainment, as well as

N.A. Nazarbayev:

“Kazakhstan must be perceived

high regard among young people towards education

by the world as a highly educated country, the

(Fig. 4.6).

population of which uses three languages. The Kazakh

The preferences of young people in choosing to obtain

is the official language, Russian is the language of

education in country or abroad, capital and regional

interethnic communication and English is the language

cities reveal general satisfaction of young people with

of successful integration into the global economy”

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National Report

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«Youth of Kazakhstan - 2014»

Center "Youth"

Kazakhstan education system. Sociological survey

indicated a sufficiently high degree of trust among young

Fig. 4.7

people of Kazakhstan (54.3%) to national educational

system (Fig. 4.7).

Young people prefer to obtain

The tendencies concerning youth attitude to

education, %

implementation of educational policy require support,

stimulation and attention from the state education

30.6

30.0

authorities and society at large.

24.3

4.2. YOUNG PEOPLE IN SCIENCE

14.0

AND INNOVATIONS: VECTORS

OF DEVELOPMENT

Over the past three years, the science in Kazakhstan

has undergone far-reaching changes. There has been

change in scientific paradigm and conceptual approach

Abroad

to research, which became targeted at the noticeable

In home town

According to the

result.

In the capital

data of SRC “Youth”,

New mechanisms in science policy contribute to

the diagram does not

I possess sufficient

stabilization of the human resources situation in

display values less

education level

than 1%

scientific sphere, stimulate research initiatives of

scientists, expand their opportunities for research

projects implementation. Thus, the article 14 "Measures

of scientists’ social protection" of the Law

"On

Science" adopted on February

18,

2011 enlist social

benefits provided to researchers, including the young

researchers. The article

15 "Measures to encourage

scientists, scholars of scientific organizations" of the

Fig. 4.6

Law permits to give awards and scholarships funded by

the republican budget:

Young people consider sufficient

- in accordance with the Government of the Republic

for successful life, %

of Kazakhstan Decree №830 dated July 19, 2011 "About the

Prizes for Science and the State Scientific Scholarships"

6 nominal prizes in the field of science,

75 public

research fellowships, including 50 for talented young

16.3

scientists who have contributed to the development of

science and technology are awarded.

- in accordance with the Head of State instructions in

13.2

2015 the State Prize in Science and Technology named

after al-Farabi will be awarded (seven prizes each 100

53.6

thousand USD).

7.7

The 2014-2018 Strategic Plan of the MES identified a

number of indicators and measures aimed at supporting

7.4

and motivating pupils, undergraduate, graduate and

postgraduate students.

1.4

The Concept of the State Youth Policy of Kazakhstan

until

2020 and "Kazakhstan

2020: The Way in the

Future", approved by the Government of the Republic

of Kazakhstan Decree №191 dated February 27, 2013,

Higher education

established regulatory framework to ensure and improve

Master's degree

research component of the state youth policy; to carry

Specialized secondary, technical

out systemic youth policy research support, based on

and vocational education

objective monitoring programs and diagnostics. For a

Secondary education

comprehensive study of the young people status, as well

Doctoral studies

as formation of an objective vision of social and cultural

Do not care about education,

processes in April 2012 the Scientific-research Center

other human qualities are more important

"Youth" was established by the Order of the President of

the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev. The

According to the data of SRC “Youth”

Center conducts basic and applied research about young

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Scientific-Research

National Report

Center "Youth"

«Youth of Kazakhstan - 2014»

221

the primary resource for formation of new researchers

Fig. 4.8

are the individuals who possess an academic Master's

degree. Therefore, almost a three-fold increase in

The size of state order

the State Order for 2013/2014 academic year - 7,065

(compared to

2,639 for

2009/2010 academic year)

for academic staff training in 2014

potentially increased the number of people who are

by traning programs

eligible to conduct research activities professionally in

34,165

the future.

The most popular academic degree among

postgraduate students in Kazakhstan has become Doctor

of Philosophy (PhD), who study predominantly at largest

universities of the country and full-time.

According to the Committee of Science RK, in 2013,

functioned 29 dissertation councils in 13 HEI, in 2014 in

7,065

24 HEI 52 dissertation councils. PhD study program was

656

completed by 465 students, of those 217 were awarded

the scientific PhD degree.

Bahcelor's

Master's

Since 2008, scientists have the opportunity to obtain

degree

degree

PhD program

professional training in leading universities and research

program

program

centers of the UK, the USA, Canada, Australia, Germany,

Ireland, Spain, Italy, France, the Czech Republic, the

people, participates in the development of research

Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Switzerland,

projects and programs in the field of state youth policy.

Sweden, Norway China, Malaysia, Singapore, Japan and

In addition, within the framework of the Action Plan

South Korea.

for implementation of the Youth Wing "Zhas Otan" (Party

Also it worth to note the increase in the state order

"Nur Otan") Strategy until 2020 (approved by the First

for doctoral studies in 2013/2014 academic year - 656

Deputy Chairman of "Nur Otan" in December 2012) "Nur

scholarships (156 scholarships more than in 2012/2013

Otan" YW "Zhas Otan", central and local government

and 6.5 times more than in 2008/2009 academic year)

bodies scheduled activities aimed to promote science

(Fig. 4.8).

among young people:

The positive factor demonstrating rejuvenation of

- create a pool of young and talented scientists,

scientific personnel in the Republic of Kazakhstan

national scientific and engineering personnel, including

is evident through increase in the number of young

Kazakhs who were educated abroad under the program

scientists under the age of 29. Thus, while in 2013 year 27

"Bolashak" (2014-2015 years);

persons obtained a PhD degree, during the first half of

- assistance in creating a Young Scientists database

2014 year 47 persons were awarded a PhD degree.

(2018);

In the field of science and innovation the MES RK

- assist with "Nazarbayev University" research

has strengthened the scientific component of master's

experience promotion among young scientists (2014-

and doctoral studies through integration of education

2015 years);

and science. Special educational programs are offered

- assist young scientists with internships, including in

by Kazakh National University named after al-Farabi,

foreign research centers,to further practical application

RI "Gylym Ordasy" in humanities and natural sciences,

of knowledge (2014);

KazNTU named after K. Satpayev, RI "Parasat", KazNAU,

- facilitate the creative laboratories establishment at

RI of the Ministry of Agriculture, KATU named after S.

universities of the country for the science development

Seifullina, RI "KazAgroInnovation". In the framework

(2017);

of the project the state funds PhD -100 scholarships,

- create a launching pad for the practical application

Master’s - 350 scholarships.

of young scientists’ innovative projects to popularize the

Starting from September

2014 for the first time

achievements of young scientists in the media (2015).

on the basis of "Gylym Ordasy" (Academy of Science)

According to the Statistics Committee of the Ministry

started training Masters and PhD researchers by the RI

of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 341

of Science Committee of the MES RK in partnership with

scientific organizations were registered in the country

the Kazakh National University named after al-Farabi.

in 2013. The number of employees engaged in scientific

According to the Committee of Science of the MES

research and development in 2011 composed 18 thousand,

RK, young scientists and doctoral students take part

in 2012 - 20.4 thousand, in 2013 - 23.7 thousand. The

in research projects implementation, the projects

share of scientists under the age of 25 years increased

with obligatory participation of young scientists under

from 2,212 people in 2011 up to 2,818 people in 2013. The

35 years at the rate of 30% of project payroll. The

share of scientists from 25 to 34 years old increased from

project cost estimates account for internships and

4,275 people in 2011 to 5,770 people in 2013.

professional development of young researchers (12 to

The youth of the country is becoming actively engaged

20% of the budget). International scientific programs

in the new system of research training under which

with the participation of scientists from Kazakhstan

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«Youth of Kazakhstan - 2014»

Center "Youth"

Fig. 4.9

Main forms of social partnership in the development of education and science

JSC “Samruk Energy”:

- collaboration with the MES RK on the

development of National Classification System,

professional standards, academic curricula and

NAC JSC “Каzаtоmprоm”:

education programs

- implementation of "Youth Internship" program

- financing the education of students on relevant

- internships for young specialists

specialties

- contests promoting professional skills,

- summer school for young workers and students;

innovations and inventions among young

annual training of the best students and teachers

specialists

of schools from uranium mining settlements at

Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools

- contest of innovative and research projects

among young specialists followed by realization

of the best projects

JSC “KEGOC” “NDC SО”:

- development of competencies and career

guidance among school pupil

- improving education curricula and assistance

NC JSC “Kazakhstan Temir Zholy”:

in developing student projects

- professional assistance and social support

for young specialists

- educational grants for the "Magistral" program,

personal scholarships of the president of KTZh

- cooperation with relevant educational institutions

- involvement of young workers into innovative

training on “Project-Management” program

NC JSC “KazMunayGas”:

- cooperation with Youth Committee of “Kazenergy”

Association at Kazakh National Technical University

named after К. Satpayev

- launch of degree program МВА in Oil and Gas

JSC “KEGOC”:

- cooperation with universities and institutions

of TVE in RK and neighboring and far abroad

countries on introduction of dual education system

JSC “Kazpost”:

- social partnership in the framework

of developing dual education system

JSC “Kazakhtelecom”:

- “Innovative ideas” contest among young postal

workers

- the pilot project “Pooling of ideas”

with involvement of young specialists

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