Национальный доклад «Молодежь Казахстана – 2018» - часть 22

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National Report on the State and Development of the Education System of the Republic of Kazakhstan (following the results of 2017): 

E. Nurlanov, M. Amankazy, G. Nogaibaeva, A. Akhmetzhanova, G. Karbaeva, M. Dauliev, E. Korotkikh, D. Abdrasheva, M Shakenova, A. 

Duisengali, N. Kasymbekova. - Astana: IAC, 2018.- 434 p., P. 305

51 

J. Knight (2012) Internationalization: Three Generations of Crossborder Higher Education http://www.iicdelhi.nic.in/

ContentAttachments/Publications/DiaryFiles/53511July92012_IIC%20Occasional%20Publication%2038.pdf

value was − 709,519 people 

50

. According to J. Knight, 

the system of higher and postgraduate education in 

Kazakhstan is in a transitional stage from the first to the 

second stage of the development of internationalization 

(fig. 4.8) 

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. To ensure the transition to the third stage 

− positioning as an educational hub in Central Asia, 

designated among the objectives of the Strategic 

Development Plan of Kazakhstan until 2025 − it seems 

necessary to form a unified national strategy for the 

development of internationalization.

The objectives of the development of the Kazakhstan 

education system are connected with the digitization of 

the educational sector, ensuring the inclusive nature of 

the educational system, and recognizing the importance 

of non-formal education.

The digitization of the educational services sector 

began in Kazakhstan in 1997 with the processes 

of automating education. The task of digitalization 

has acquired particular relevance in connection with 

the implementation of the State Program “Digital 

Kazakhstan” since 2017. Today, Kazakhstan is heading 

for the development of network literacy, increasing the 

level of equipment of educational organizations with 

broadband Internet, interactive equipment, robotics 

classrooms, educational content is being automated, 

national IT personnel are being trained, and a digital 

education management system is being developed.

Figure 4.8

STAGES OF THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF HIGHER
EDUCATION BY J. KNIGHT STAGES MAIN FOCUS

Source: J. Knight (2012) Internationalization:

Three Generations of Crossborder Higher Education

The first stage

1

The second stage

2

The Third stage

3

Academic mobility of students and teaching staff
Student mobility to foreign universities
for education
Mobility teaching staff for teaching and research

Software mobility and providers
Mobility of educational programs
and their providers

Educational hubs
Attracting foreign students, researchers, 
educational programs, training providers, research 
companies for learning, knowledge production 
and innovation development

Figure 4.9

THE “OPEN BADGES” SYSTEM 

Electronic  badges  Open  Badges  − 

digital mini-certificates to 

confirm skills and abilities. These icons can be placed in your 
resume, on a personal website, on special platforms 
https://openbadges.org or in a social network profile. Open 
Badges is a modern mechanism for recognizing the results of 
non-formal education. Their appearance is associated with video 
games. The original implementation of the evaluation system in 
the game is attributed to Microsoft, which introduced the Xbox 
360 Gamerscore system in 2005. Today, various platforms and 
organizations offer the possibility of assigning badges for the 
development of such skills as the critical thinking “Critical 
Thinker”, the communicativeness “Communicator” and many 
others. At the same time, the standardization sector for the 
recognition of non-formal education is developing.

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Today the concept of inclusion in education is 

expanding. In modern conditions, inclusive education 

is considered as a process that ensures equal access 

to education for all students, taking into account their 

special educational needs and individual capabilities. 

In other words, inclusion is an affordable education for 

all children, incl. having health problems and difficulties 

of social adaptation in society. In order to promote the 

principles of inclusiveness in the state educational policy 

in 2017, the Unified Framework for Monitoring Inclusive 

Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan was developed, 

which offers clear mechanisms for implementing the 

policy of inclusiveness at all levels of education from 

pre-school to higher education, defines indicators for 

monitoring inclusive education and the method of their 

calculation.

The pace of change in the educational sphere is 

accelerating and today the education system is facing 

an unprecedented challenge: a formal academic or 

academic degree loses its significance for employers. 

The greatest interest of employers is caused by people 

with specific professional skills. The answer to this 

challenge in modern conditions is informal education. 

Understanding the importance of non−formal education 

in Europe came in 1999 

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.

Informal education has found widespread 

development within the framework of the Lifelong 

Learning Concepts (Lifelong Learning, LLL) and breadth 

(Life wide Learning, LWL). As educational strategies, 

these concepts appeared about three decades ago 

thanks to the efforts of UNESCO and the Council of 

Europe, and envisage the development and improvement 

of knowledge and skills of people who do not wish to stop 

at the reached level in their professional development.

Kazakhstan is looking for the optimal model of non-

formal education and recognition of qualifications. 

Unlike foreign experience, in our country the concepts 

of non-formal and spontaneous learning do not yet 

have legal status. In 2016, a joint project of the Ministry 

of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of the 

Republic of Kazakhstan and the World Bank launched 

“Developing work skills and stimulating jobs”. Within 

the framework of the project, in 2019 assessment tools 

will be developed for the recognition of non-formal and 

informal (spontaneous) training, the stages, procedures 

and methodology for the recognition of training will be 

defined. 

4.3. YOUTH IN SCIENCE: PROSPECTS AND 

INITIATIVES 

In  the  Republic  of  Kazakhstan,  according 

to  the  Statistics  Committee  of  the  Ministry  of 

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Report of the Committee on Culture and Education of UNESCO on September 6, 1999 // http://docs.cntd.ru/document/902018841

National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 

386 organizations were engaged in research and 

development in 2017, which is 3 units more compared 

to the previous year (in 2016 − 383 organizations). 

The main scientific center of the country remains 

Almaty city. Here is concentrated the largest number 

of organizations engaged in research and development 

(tab. 4.5).

The number of employees engaged in research and 

development work in 2017 was 22,081 people. Young 

scientists (up to 35 years old) made up 30 % of the 

contingent of scientific personnel. A significant number 

of scientists was noted in the field of natural sciences, 

engineering and technology.

The largest number of scientists falls on the age 

group of 25-34 years, whose share is 26 %. The number 

and proportion of this age group of scientists in the 

general contingent for the last years are gradually 

increasing. Despite a slight decrease in 2013 of workers 

in this age group, its share in the total contingent 

reached its maximum value (26.4 %) over the past six 

years (tab. 4.6).

In 2017, there were 5,915 research specialists under 

25 years old and 26-34 years old in universities and 

research institutes of the country. The proportion of 

women among them was 52.8 % (3,124 people). The 

proportion of women prevails in the number of doctors 

Table 4.5

THE NUMBER OF ORGANIZATIONS ENGAGED
IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN 2014-2017

Source: Committee on Statistics MNE RK

2014 y.

392

11
14
13

9
9

11
31
13

6
7

17
11

3

30
59

148

2015 y.

390

11
14
11
10

7

11
32
14

8
5

19

9
4

30
53

152

2016 y.

383

9

14
10
11

8

11
33
13
10

7

19
10

5

35
55

133

2017 y.

386

11
16
11
10

8

11
29
14

8
6

19
11

5

34
62

131

Republic of Kazakhstan

Akmola region
Aktobe region
Almaty region
Atyrau region
West Kazakhstan region
Zhambyl region
Karaganda region
Kostanay region
Kyzylorda region
Mangystau region
South Kazakhstan region
Pavlodar region
North Kazakhstan region
East Kazakhstan region
Astana city
Almaty city

Regions

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PhD (56.2 % or 144 people) and doctors in job profiles 

(69.2 % or 9 people) in the age group of 26-34 years. It is 

important to note that the ratio of the number of young 

men and women candidates and doctors of science 

was different. In the age group of 26-34, the proportion 

of women among candidates of science was 45.8 % (114 

people), among doctors of science − 23.5 % (8 people) 

(tab. 4.7).

The number of PhD doctors engaged in research 

activities is gradually increasing. In 2017, 255 PhDs 

under  the  age  of  35  were  engaged  in  scientific 

activities. The volume of the state order for the 

training of scientific personnel in the framework 

of the PhD program as the measures taken by the 

authorized body in order to involve talented young 

people in scientific activities has had a positive 

impact on the increase in the number of young 

scientists. Due to this measure, an increase in the 

number of young scientists, their productivity and 

mobility are expected in the future.

In 2018, with the support of the World Bank and the 

Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and 

Science of Kazakhstan, the program “Grants to support 

research and training of post-doctoral students (PhD)” 

was launched. The program involves funding joint 

research with foreign scientists for up to 12 months. 

It is expected that scientists who have received the 

experience of joint research abroad will subsequently 

substantially improve the quality of research conducted 

in their home country.

Table 4.7

DISTRIBUTION OF THE NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES WHO CARRIED OUT R & D BY AGE IN 2017

Source: Committee on Statistics MNE RK

Ages:

The number of employees engaged in research and
development at the end of the reporting year, in total

of them are researchers
of them are women
of them who has academic degrees
profile doctors
of them are women
Ph.D
of them are women
Doctor of Science
of them are women
Candidate of Sciences
of them are women
master
of them are women

2 192

1 627

723

1 627

42
29

8
2

366
116
539
234

25
21

3 469

2 698
1 304
1 846

133

54
17

5

587
233

1 030

497

79
57

3 871

2 961
1 793
2 096

66
33
59
37

358
196

1 369

843
244

48

1 083

909
477

1 001

4
1

37
17
32
21

239
151
192
111

4 937

3 869
2 203
2 650

57
26

250
127
177

59

1 265

757
901
587

2 304

1 865
1 007
1 026

-
-

72
37

-
-

47
22

907
508

5 824

4 735
2 521
2 938

13

9

256
144

34

8

249
114

2 386
1 386

1 909

1 180

603
377

-
-
-
-
-
-

1

-

376
226

22 081

17 205

8 991

11 290

354
141
589
316

1 818

648

4 541
2 446
3 988
2 421

2 071

1 762

567

1 383

85
19

7
3

662
152
627
235

2
1

55-62

y.o.

55-64

y.o.

45-54

y.o.

35

y.o.

35-44

y.o.

25-28

y.o.

25-34

y.o.

up to

25

y.o.

In total

of them:

of them:

of them:

65 y.o.

and older

Table 4.6

DISTRIBUTION OF THE SHARE OF WORKERS PERFORMING
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BY AGE

Source: Committee on Statistics MNE RK

2012 y.
2013 y.
2014 y.
2015 y.
2016 y.
2017 y.

Year

20 404
23 712
25 793
24 735
22 985
22 081

Total

Including the age:

3 749
4 735
5 175
5 257
5 099
4 937

35-44 y.o.

3 941
4 520
4 734
4 546
4 233
3 871

45-54 y.o.

3 437
3 958
4 267
3 889
3 592
3 469

55-64 y.o.

1 515
1 911
2 170
2 035
1 894
2 071

65 y.o. and older

2 648
2 818
2 912
2 636
2 211
1 909

up to 25 y.o.

5 114
5 770
6 535
6 372
5 956
5 824

26-34 y.o.

25,1
24,3
25,3
25,8
25,9
26,4

in %

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Within the framework of the World Bank project 

“Stimulating productive innovations” under the 

component “Increasing the potential of the technology 

transfer  office  in  universities  of  Kazakhstan”,  the 

organization of teaching English to Kazakh scientists 

is provided. Training will begin in November 2018 and 

will last a year and a half. In the short term, about 5,000 

scientists will be covered by English language instruction. 

According to the results of training, an improvement 

in the skills of the English language of Kazakhstan is 

expected, including young scientists.

Scientists are given access to the Web of Science, 

Science Direct and Scopus platforms, as well as training 

in submitting scientific articles in English to journals 

indexed by these databases. The number of such 

publications is increasing every year, mainly in the field 

of natural sciences.

The establishment of the Nazarbayev University 

has become an important investment in the process of 

training young scientists, and its students and faculty 

members are already showing significant achievements 

in the field of science.

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SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC

STATUS OF YOUTH  

CHAPTER 5

5

5.1.

  Overview of trends

 

in the youth labor market

5.2.

  Participation of youth

 

in the social and economic

 

development of the country 

5.3.

  Development of youth

 entrepreneurship 

5.4.

  Social welfare of young family

 

and vulnerable groups of youth 

5.5.

  Youth Development Index of Kazakhstan –

 

“Zhastarga meirimdi meken” 

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5.1. OVERVIEW OF TRENDS IN THE YOUTH 

LABOR MARKET

The study of the socio-economic situation of young 

people associated with an analysis of the main indicators 

of the labor market, including the number of employed, 

unemployed, the labor force, and those who are not part 

of the labor force at 15-28 aged.

Analysis of processes in the field of employment and 

employment of the young population of Kazakhstan is 

one of the important areas of this report. The focus of 

the study also reflects such social problems of society 

as unemployment, self-employed youth, and the youth 

category NEET.

According to the Committee Statistics of the MNE RK, 

in the second quarter of 2018, the labor force at the age 

of 15-28 years in the labor market amounted to 2,121.2 

thousand people, of which the employed population is 

2,038.8people. The dynamics of the employed population 

shows that, compared with the fourth quarter of 2017, 

Table 5.1

EMPLOYED AT THE AGE OF 15-28 YEARS BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

Source: Committee of Statistics MNE RK 

2017 year  II quarter

2018 year  II quarter

thousand, people

2 030,1

341,9
217,7

55,0

118,5

31,7
12,5

151,6
314,1
130,6

44,5
49,1
62,9
29,6
69,3
66,9

128,0
213,1

97,3
48,8
64,8

-

-

2 038,8

276,7
221,7

48,3

129,4

30,0
14,1

149,5
335,9
137,1

45,0
52,4
60,7
43,9
61,0
73,3

133,6
229,2
109,8

38,4
70,7

-

-

Busy in the economy, total
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
Industry
Mining and quarrying
Manufacturing industry
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning
Water supply; sewage system, control over the collection and distribution of waste
Building
Wholesale and retail trade; car and motorcycle repair
Transportation and warehousing
Accommodation and Food Services
Information and communication
Financial and insurance activities
Real Estate Operations
Professional, scientific and technical activities
Administrative and support services
Public administration and defense; compulsory social security
Education
Health and social services
Arts, entertainment and recreation
Provision of other services
Activities of households employing domestic servants and producing goods 
and services for their own consumption
Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies

Types of economic activity

1) According to a sample survey of employment of the population aged 15 years and older. The upper age limit is specified in 

accordance with the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On State Youth Policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan", includes persons under 

29 years old (28 inclusive).

2) The data is generated in accordance with the new employment standards (19th ICST of the ILO).

Figure 5.1

 

THE EMPLOYED POPULATION AT 15-28 YEARS

Source: Statistic of Committee of the MNE RK 

thousand, people

2017 year II quarter

2017 year III quarter

2017 year IV quarter

2018 year I quarter

2018 year II quarter

2 030,10

2 036

2 000,40

2 024,60

2 038,80

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there is a positive trend, which reflects the growth in the 

number of employees (fig. 5.1).

Among young people employed, 1,583.1 thousand 

people or 74.6 % are hired workers, 455.6 thousand 

people (21.5 %) are self-employed.

The number of persons who are not part of the labor 

force is 1,363.9 thousand people.

The data of the Committee on Statistics of the 

MNE RK on employment in the context of economic 

sectors shows that of the number of people employed 

in the economy, 2,038.8 thousand people have the 

largest number − 335.9 thousand people (16.5 %) − are 

engaged in the wholesale and retail trade , as well as car 

and motorcycle repair. 276.7 thousand people (13.6 %) 

employed in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. 229.2 

thousand people. (11.2 %) employed in education. In the 

industry 221.7 thousand people (10.9 %).

In general analysis of data for the same periods 

(2017- 2018) shows the growth in the number of people 

employed in the economy at the 15-28 years across all 

sectors, with the exception of a significant decrease in the 

number of people employed in agriculture, forestry and 

fisheries, as well as their slight decrease in construction. 

These trends are explained by the outflow of young 

people from the countryside to the cities (tab. 5.1).

Unemployment. Since the end of 2017, there has 

been a slow decline in the number of unemployed. By 

the end of the second quarter of 2018, the number of 

unemployed amounted to 82 thousand people, i.e. 

3.9 % of the economically active young population of 

Kazakhstan are unemployed (fig. 5.2; 5.3).

According to the results of a sociological study by 

the SRC “Youth”, 42 % of the young people indicate that 

they have problems with employment (fig. 5.4). Moreover, 

the older the respondents are a number of those who 

respond in the same way: among the age group 14-18 − 

31.2 %, 19-23 − 44.1 % and 24-28 − 48.5 %.

Figure 5.2 

UNEMPLOYED POPULATION AGED 15-28 YEARS

Source: Statistic of Committee of the MNE RK 

thousand, people

2017 year II quarter

2017 year III quarter

2017 year IV quarter

2018 year I quarter

2018 year II quarter

87

85

86

84

82

2017 year I quarter

2017 year II quarter

2017 year III quarter

2017 year IV quarter

2017 year

2018 year I quarter

2018 year II quarter

Figure 5.3 

YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE

Source: Statistic of Committee of the MNE RK 

3,9

4,1

4

4,1

3,9

4

3,9

Yes, young people are constantly faced 

with problems of employment

Young people have difficulties with 

employment in their specialty. Work 

without professional skills is not hard 

to find.

I study, not looking for a job and no 

experience in finding a job, employment

The young people of my city / village have 

no problems with employment

Difficult to answer

Figure 5.4 

DISTRIBUTION OF ANSWERS TO THE QUESTION 
“DO YOU THINK THAT YOUNG PEOPLE IN YOUR 
CITY/VILLAGE ARE HAVING DIFFICULTY FINDING 
A JOB AND FINDING EMPLOYMENT?”

Source: According to the data of SRC “Youth” 

42,2

30,5

16

8,5

2,7

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Differences were not identified in the opinions of 

respondents by gender and belonging to different ethnic 

groups. At the same time, there is a significant difference in 

the opinions of the respondents without education (10 %) 

and those who have scientific degrees of the candidate, 

doctor of science, doctor of PhD (59.4 %). Most often, 

such differences in judgments noted among young people 

in Zhambyl (60.2 %), Kyzylorda (59.3 %) and Mangystau 

(56.0 %) regions. According to a sociological study 

conducted by the SRC “Youth”, 47.5 % of rural and 38.1 % 

of urban youth have problems with employment.

30.5 % of respondents say that young people have 

difficulties with finding employment in their specialty while 

finding a job that does not require professional skills is not 

difficult. 29.9 % of young people surveyed are confident that 

they will find work within six or three months (29.5 %). Only 

13.9 % sure that they will find work in their specialty in the 

shortest time (fig. 5.5).

As can be seen from Figure 5.6, the problem of 

employment in the specialty is more concerned with 

the older age group of young people. This problem is 

particularly acute among young people in three regions: 

Akmola (47.4 %), North Kazakhstan (46.2 %) regions and 

Astana (49.6 %).

In the age structure of self-employed youth, there is no 

significant dynamics. The first half of 2018 marked by a 

slight increase in the number of self-employed at the age of 

16-24 years: from 184,423 people in the first quarter of 2018 

to 185,605 people in the second quarter of 2018. Over the 

same period, the number of people employed at the age of 

15 years decreased by 191 people (fig. 5.7).

Special attention in the analysis of the socio-economic 

situation of young people should be given to the NEET 

category. According to the ILO definition, this category 

includes young people who, do not study, do not work and 

do not improve their qualifications.

Figure 5.5 

DISTRIBUTION OF ANSWERS TO THE QUESTION 
“IN CASE YOU FIND YOURSELF WITHOUT WORK, 
HOW QUICKLY DO YOU THINK YOU CAN FIND 
A SUITABLE JOB FOR YOU?”

29,9

29,5

21,9

13,9

0,2

4,6

Finding a new job is a big problem for a young 

man, at best I will find a job for six months.

Job search will cause some difficulties, but within 

three months I will find a job

I study, not looking for a job and no experience in 

finding a job, employment

I will find a job in the specialty as soon as possible

Finding a new job is a big problem for a young 

person, even for a year or more.

Difficult to answer

Source: According to the data of SRC “Youth” 

Table 5.2 

SELF-EMPLOYED AT THE AGE OF 15-28 YEARS IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN 
BY SEX AND TYPE OF TERRAIN IN 2013-2018

Source: Statistic of Committee of the MNE RK 

Self-employed structure according to ILO standards

thousand people

2014 year

2013 year

2015 year

2016 year

2017 year

2018 year II quarter 

Self employed

Men
Women
Urban population
Rural population

722,1

403,7
318,4
210,2
511,9

667,3

359,8
307,5
208,1
459,2

581,6

328,0
253,6
185,5
396,1

513,0

298,6
214,4
159,3
353,7

492,5

276,1
216,4
161,8
330,7

455,6

*
*
*
*

* No data

Figure 5.6 

DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS WHO CHOSE 
THE ANSWER OPTION “YOUNG PEOPLE HAVE
DIFFICULTY FINDING EMPLOYMENT IN THEIR 
SPECIALTY. WORK WITHOUT PROFESSIONAL 
SKILLS IS NOT DIFFICULT TO FIND" 

Source: According to the data of SRC “Youth” 

17,1

14-18 age

19-23 age

24-28 age

34,3

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Taking into account the international experience and 

legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in relation to young 

people, the NEET category includes young people aged 

from 14 to 29 years old, which includes:

1) unemployed (as part of the labor force), young people 

who are not studying and not raising their qualifications;

2) economically inactive youth (persons engaged in 

housekeeping, caring for children with disabilities, sick 

relatives, young mothers on maternity leave for a period 

of 1 to 3 years, etc.).

Currently, the population of the NEET category is 

calculated by the Committee on Statistics of the MNE 

RK and based on labor market indicators, on a sample 

survey of the population using the statistical form of the 

statistical observation. The attribution of a particular person 

to the employed or unemployed population is determined 

according to the statistical form and based on the answers 

of the respondents.

The number of NEET is calculated by the following 

formula:

А+В-С

 

D+C

Where:

A − the number of unemployed youth (thousand people);

B − the number of young people who are not part of 

the workforce (thousand people);

C is the number of young people who are not part 

of the labor force due to training or advanced training 

(thousand people);

Figure 5.7 

SELF-EMPLOYED WORKERS BY AGE 
(15 YEARS AND 16-24 YEARS), IN 2013-2018

Source: Statistic of Committee of the MNE RK 

15 age

16-24 age 

2013 

2014 

2015 

2016 

2017 

2018 

I quarter 

2018 

II quarter 

1 301

2 919

837

442

407

449

258

299 738

287 489

213 217

195 257

183 912

184 429

185 605

Akmola region

Aktobe region

Almaty region

Atyrau region

West Kazakhstan region

Zhambyl region

Karaganda region

Kostanay region

Kyzylorda region

Mangystau region

Pavlodar region

North Kazakhstan region

Turkestan region

East azakhstan region

Astana city

Almaty city

Shymkent city

Figure 5.8 

SELF-EMPLOYED AT THE AGE OF 15-28 YEARS 
IN THE REGIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Source: Statistic of Committee of the MNE RK 

2018 year

I quarter

2018 year

II quarter

thousand 

24

9,4

35,1

7,9

32,2

75,3

6,2

31,7

37,3

3,9

9,2

8,2

100,9

43,4

4,3

12,8

12,8

21,1

11,4

40,6

5,2

30,5

64

5

31,2

42,1

4,7

10,5

7,9

93,8

48,4

4,5

16,2

18,6

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D − the total number of young people (thousand 

people).

In the second quarter of 2018, the share of NEET 

youth in the republic was 7.7 %, which is 0.6 % compared 

to the last quarter of 2017. This category of youth most 

represented in Karaganda (12.9 %), Turkestan (11.3 %) 

and North Kazakhstan (10.0 %) regions (tab. 5.3).

The research conducted by the SRC “Youth” in 

2017 (10 focus-groups, 10 in-depth interviews with 

representatives of NEET) made it possible to identify six 

subgroups in the structure of this category of population.

The social characteristics of youth NEET category 

in the regions have their own specifics. The results of 

a mass survey of 2,500 respondents from among the 

youth and expert interviews in Astana, conducted by the 

SRC “Youth” in 2014, make it possible to show social 

characteristics of the NEET youth in the capital:

1. Most often women involved in the household and 

raising children. 55.2 % do not study, do not work and 

do not search for work due to the presence of young 

children. For 59.2 % of young people surveyed, this 

provision seems to be socially approved.

2. Young people who have not to work experience 

(43.5 %) and the necessary education (37 %), who have 

not found their vocation (34 %) and vocational work 

(21.6 %).

3. 4.0 % of respondents chose the answer “I do not 

study, I do not work, I look for work” and 4.3 %, “I do not 

study, I do not work and I DO NOT search for work”. Thus, 

8.3 % of youth surveyed were at the time of the survey 

in the NEET category, which corresponds to official 

statistics (in 2017, the share of NEET in Astana was 

8.9 %)

4. Young people who have not been employed from1 

to 2 years (56.8 %).

5. Young people who poorly informed about the 

measures of state and other support in the sphere of 

employment and employment (73.7 %).

At present, the question related to the methodology 

of calculating this category of youth continues to 

remain open. In general, the global practice of statistical 

calculation of this category of young people is very 

diverse, but the method of calculation proposed by the 

ILO remains predominant. Research by SRC “Youth” 

shows that this methodology does not fully take into 

account the country context. Certain categories of NEET 

youth have remained without consideration.

 

5.2. PARTICIPATION OF YOUTH IN THE 

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE 

COUNTRY

Young people occupy a key position in the prosperity 

of any country and is considered the main resource of 

the innovation process. The Concept of the State Youth 

Policy of Kazakhstan until 2020 “Kazakhstan 2020: the 

way to the future” states that great responsibility lies 

with young people, who will continue the relay of creative 

affairs of the older generation, raise the bar of national 

competitiveness even higher, ensure Kazakhstan’s 

prosperity and recognition in the 21st century [1 5]. 

The importance of youth participation in the socio-

economic life of the country is high and requires special 

attention from the state and society.

The program for the development of productive 

employment and mass entrepreneurship (Decree of the 

Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan of December 

29, 2016 No. 919).

The main goal of the Program is to involve self-

employed, unemployed and other unqualified persons, 

Table 5.3 

PROPORTION OF YOUNG PEOPLE AGED 15-28 IN 
THE NEET CATEGORY IN THE TOTAL POPULATION 
OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN BY REGION

Source: Committee of Statistics MNE RK 

2018 year II quarter 

12,9
11,3
10,0

9,2
8,7
8,3
8,2

7,7

7,5
7,2
6,5
6,2
6,2
6,1
6,0
4,9
4,6
3,3

Regons

Karaganda region
Turkestan region
North Kazakhstan region
Zhambyl Region
Shymkent city
Kyzylorda Region
Mangystau region

The Republic of Kazakhstan

Atyrau region
Astana city
Almaty city
Aktobe region
Pavlodar region
Akmola region
Almaty region
Kostanay region
East Kazakhstan region
West Kazakhstan region

Table 5.4 

 

FINANCING OF THE PROGRAM FOR THE 
DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT 
AND MASS ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR 2017-2021

Source: Committee of Statistics MNE RK 

2018 year

40 008 121
45 038 436

2017 year

40 008 121
45 038 436

From the republican budget
Due to general transfers

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including young people, in productive employment in 

three areas:

1)  mass  training  and  skills  training  in  popular 

professions and the basics of entrepreneurship;

2) creating conditions for mass entrepreneurship;

3)  development  of  the  labor  market  through 

employment assistance and support for labor mobility.

According to the MLSPP RK, for the implementation 

of the “Program for the Development of Productive 

Employment and Mass Entrepreneurship for 2017-2021” 

in 2018, it is planned to allocate KZT 67,392,995 from the 

Republican budget, at the expense of general transfers 

KZT 45,311,093 (tab. 5.4).

The results of the implementation of the “Program 

for the Development of Productive Employment and 

Mass Entrepreneurship for 2017-2021” for the period 

01/01/2018 − 01.10.2018 presented in table 5.5.

“Youth Practice” is an active measure to promote 

youth employment is the project. 

The project «Youth Practice» is designed specifically 

for the unemployed from the number of graduates of 

educational organizations implementing educational 

programs of technical and vocational, post-secondary, 

higher and postgraduate education in their profession 

(specialty), not older than 29 years.

According to the MLSPP RK, the monthly salary 

of project participants sent to youth practice is 25 

MCI (without deduction of taxes, mandatory social 

contributions, compensation for unused leave and

banking services). In 2018, the salary for youth practice

is 71,900 tenge. With all social contributions, participants

in youth practice receive 60,684 tenge.

The project “Mangіlіk Yel Zhastary - Indutriyalagi”

(“Serpіn-2050”) was developed in order to stimulate

educational migration of young people from labor-

intensive regions to labor-deficient regions of the country

through training in popular specialties.

In 2018, in 26 universities from 12 regions of the

region  (Akmola,  Aktobe,  Atyrau,  East  Kazakhstan, 

West

Kazakhstan,  Karaganda,  Kostanay,  Pavlodar, 

North

Kazakhstan  regions),  12,344  people  are 

trained.  As

can be seen from table 5.6, the volume 

of  allocated state  educational  orders  for  training 

students  in  higher educational  institutions  of  the 

country  over  the  past four  years  has  more  than 

tripled. In addition, the list of destinations by popular 

specialties has expanded.

Technical and vocational education. The project is

being implemented in 37 educational institutions of TVET

7 regions (Akmola, East Kazakhstan, West Kazakhstan,

Kostanay, Karaganda, Pavlodar, North Kazakhstan

regions), which are attended by 2,276 people. In 2018,

the expected release is 716 people, of which 22 in the

Akmola region − 146, East Kazakhstan region − 146,

West Kazakhstan region − 113, Karaganda region −

111, Kostanay region − 23, Pavlodar region − 174, North

Kazakhstan region − 127.

Table 5.5 

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROGRAM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT 
AND MASS ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR 2017-2021 (INFORMATION FOR THE PERIOD 01/01/2018 

-

 01.10.2018)

Source: MLSPP RK

Short-term vocational training

Regons

Youth practice 

Akmola region
Aktobe region
Almaty region
Atyrau region
East Kazakhstan region
Zhamby region
West Kazakhstan region
Karaganda region
Kostanay region
Kyzylorda region
Mangystau region
Pavlodar region
North Kazakhstan region
Turkestan region
Almaty city
Astana city
Shymkent city 

The Republic of Kazakhstan

Plan

Sent

Completed

Employment

People

1 475
2 289
5 160
1 375
2 555
4 100
1 500
2 200
1 625
1 605
1 555
1 200
1 710
5 440
1 000

700

1 760

37 249

1 689
2 466
5 520
1 411
2 433
4 169
1 616
2 965
1 649
1 547

946

1 223
1 666
5 458
1 264

625

1 760

38 407

1 378
1 785
4 371

993

1 711
2 580
1 043
1 910
1 473
1 071

669
981

1 463
3 648

583
327

1 734

27 720

1 169
1 142
3 197

480
936
932
415
787

1 306

473
130
522

1 048
2 045

78
76

959

15 695

611

2 205
1 587

994

1 291
2 306
1 515
1 120

629

2 307
1 133

569
440

4 033
1 040

712

2 079

24 571

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“With a diploma to the village

”

An important mechanism to support young 

people is the project “With a diploma to the village” 

Implemented in 2009, in accordance with the 

instructions of the President of the Republic of 

Kazakhstan N.Nazarbayev.

According to the MNE RK, in 2017, as part of the 

project “With a diploma to the village”, 5,794 lifting 

Table 5.6 

THE VOLUME OF ALLOCATED STATE EDUCATIONAL ORDERS FOR TRAINING STUDENTS 
IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE COUNTRY

Source: Local executive bodies

2014-2015 

academic year

2015-2016 academic year

2016-2017 academic year

2017-2018 academic year

1,050 grants

on pedagogical 

specialties

5,000 grants

1,500 – pedagogical specialties

3,000 – technical

300 – Agricultural Sciences

200 – veterinary medicine

3,162 grants, incl.

1,000 – pedagogical specialties

1,717 – technical

345 – agricultural sciences,

100 – health care

3,793 grants, incl.

1,550 – pedagogical specialties

1,898 – technical

345 – agricultural sciences

Table 5.7 

DATA ON EMPLOYMENT AND EMPLOYMENT OF FULL-TIME GRADUATES OF TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL 
EDUCATION ORGANIZATIONS BY OWNERSHIP FORMS AS OF JUNE 1, 2018

Source: Local executive bodies

Employment

Continue 

training

Will serve in the 

ranks of the 

Armed Forces 

of Kazakhstan

Not 

employed 

281 people, of which:
182 

-

 stayed in the training region

99 work in other regions

106 people

44 people

Returned to places of residence 

for various reasons (for health reasons, 

family creation, etc.)

8 people

41 people

Table 5.8 

INFORMATION OF THE PROJECT “WITH A DIPLOMA TO THE VILLAGE”, 2017

Source: Committee of Statistics MNE RK 

Regions

Akmola region
Aktobe region
Almaty region
Atyrau region
East Kazakhstan region
Zhambyl region
West Kazakhstan region
Karaganda region
Kostanay region
Kyzylorda region
Mangystau region
Pavlodar region 
North Kazakhstan region
South KAzakhstan region 

TOTAL:

1 068 211,9

357 368,0
697 714,1
173 578,0
833 690,5
803 189,5

1 291 875,0

597 748,5
490 104,0

1 824 245,6

663 617,0
511 309,3
656 829,8

1 020 085,0

10 989 566,13

381
447
550
112
318
452
500
351
275
200
544
434
325
905

5 794

331
114
211

52

270
241
408
184
161
559
198
166
215
303

3 413

60 514,50
70 998,00
87 356,40
17 788,96
50 825,60
71 791,14
79 415,00
54 777,02
43 678,07
31 765,50
86 403,52
68 773,70
51 619,00

143 739,00

919 445,41

Amount

Amount, thousand tenge

Amount

Amount, thousand tenge

Lifting allowances

Budget loans

2017 year

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benefits allocated in the amount of 919,445, 41 

thousand tenge. 3,413 budget loans issued in the 

amount of 10,989,566.13 thousand tenge (tab. 5.8).

As of January-April 2018, 1,334 specialists in 

the framework of the “With a diploma to the village” 

Project was allocated 4.6 billion tenge for the 

budget loans for the purchase of housing from the 

Republican budget, and 2,335 specialists received 

a lifting allowance of 393,4 million tenge (tab. 5.9).

“Zhasyl Yel”

 At the initiative of the Head of State in 2005, the 

“Zhasyl Yel” program, approved by the Resolution No.632 

of June 25, 2005 by the Government of the Republic of 

Kazakhstan was widely deployed in the Republic of 

Kazakhstan. 

In 2016 the Ministry of Education and Science of the 

Republic of Kazakhstan for 2017-2019 for more effective 

funding made a decision to send budgetary funds as 

targeted current transfers to regional budgets, budgets 

of the cities of Almaty and Astana for the maintenance of 

activity of “Zhasyl Yel” youth labor groups (hereinafter YLG).

The number of covered settlements in 2017 was 242 

cities/settlements.

The main contingent of young people participating in 

“Zhasyl Yel” initiative were students, unemployed youth, 

children of orphanages and boarding schools. 

Speaking of the contingent of youth employed in 2018 

according to 14 regions out of 16 it should be said that out 

of 22,243 people employed throughout the country 13,883 

people are rural residents, 8,360 people are urban, 6,748 

are university students, 7,615 people college students and 

4,081 students of secondary schools, 3,799 unemployed 

youth. Youth status: 2,397 are young people from large 

families, 2,482 young people from low-income families, 

89 people living in residential institutions (orphans) and 25 

young people with disabilities.

Systematic cooperation with organizations 

specializing in planting and landscaping led to more 

competent planning of the activities of youth labor groups. 

So, for example, the working season was extended to 

November, due to the seasonal features of the planting 

schedules in the regions, and the year-round work 

season was introduced in the Aktobe region. In order 

to provide employment opportunities for young people 

during training time, in many regions a special schedule 

of fighters leaving for work was introduced that does not 

disrupt the educational process. 

The total for 2018 number of employers throughout the 

country is 410 enterprises.

48,697 people involved in the implementation of 

activities for the activities of youth labor groups “Zhasyl 

Yel” and participation in the event.

The participation of young people in the socio-economic 

life of society closely linked to their plans for the future.

Source: Committee of Statistics MNE RK 

Regions

Akmola region
Aktobe region
Almaty region
Atyrau region
East Kazakhstan region
Zhambyl region
West Kazakhstan region
Karaganda region
Kostanay region
Kyzylorda region
Mangystau region
Pavlodar region 
North Kazakhstan region
South KAzakhstan region 

TOTAL:

Amount

Amount, thousand tenge

Amount

Amount, thousand tenge

Lifting allowances

Budget loans

Table 5.9 

INFORMATION ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT “WITH A DIPLOMA TO THE VILLAGE”, 
AS OF JANUARY-APRIL 2018

100

45

121

3

105

86

107

68
53
71

207

46
71

251

1 334

350 321,0
137 722,0
430 737,5

10 822,5

361 397,5
303 202,0
365 817,6
238 580,5
187 195,3
247 214,2
705 948,0
150 720,5
232 883,0
898 137,0

4 620 698,60

192
116
340

10

101
154
309

0

48

0

178
101
188
598

2 335

32 324,10
19 481,00
57 240,40

1 683,50

17 340,10
25 925,90
52 020,25

0,00

8 080,80

0,00

29 966,30
17 003,40
31 649,95

100 673,30

393 389,00

Jan-april 2018 year

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According to the results of a sociological study 

conducted by the SRC “Youth”, the plans of young 

people for the next five years connected with obtaining 

a quality education (30.4 %), successful career (22.8 %) 

and decent work (22.8 %). Of the proposed options with 

a choice of up to three, in the next three young people 

indicated: purchase housing (17.4 %), get a diploma or 

certificate of completion of education (15.4 %) and find 

a job in the specialty (14.1 %) (tab. 5.10).

5.3. DEVELOPMENT OF YOUTH 

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

The development of youth entrepreneurship is 

one of the priorities for the development of small and 

medium-sized businesses in Kazakhstan. According 

to the experience of foreign countries, it is the main 

driving force of the economy and should contribute 

to the country’s early transition to an innovative 

development path. A feature of the youth business is a 

quick response to consumer demands - the provision of 

specific services or the release of small-scale, unique 

products for individual market segments. Young people, 

as a rule, distinguished by their creative thinking, which 

has a positive effect on entrepreneurial activity and on 

business competitiveness. 

Programs for the development of entrepreneurship 

among young people:

To date, there are many programs to support youth 

entrepreneurship in the Republic of Kazakhstan, 

namely  the  Business  Roadmap  -  2020,  within  a 

framework of which the Business Advisor project 

was developed. This project is an instrument of non-

financial support for start-ups. “DAMU” Enterprise 

Development Fund provides such programs as “Damu-

Kemek”, “Center for Support of Entrepreneurship”. 

Organizations that assist in the development of 

entrepreneurial activities in Kazakhstan:

Zhety Kazyna Group LLP: an organization that 

conducts business trainings for entrepreneurs within 

the framework of the “Business Advisor” program of 

the “Damu” Fund.

The “Business- Adviser” project is an express 

training of the population with an entrepreneurial 

initiative and existing entrepreneurs to open their 

own business.

For professional training, professional lecturers - 

trainers are involved in 14 regions of the Republic of 

Kazakhstan and the cities of Almaty, Astana. 

The main advantage of this program is the 

opportunity to participate in government programs 

to support entrepreneurs, after a certificate receipt. 

The club of young entrepreneurs named “MOST” − 

the club supports young entrepreneurs. Club events 

develop and improve the competence in business, 

enable you to start your business through the transfer 

of knowledge and contacts. 

The goal of the club is to help the emergence of a 

new generation of outstanding entrepreneurs for the 

prosperity of the world community. 

Target audience: beginners and current 

entrepreneurs aged from 22 to 29 years, living in 

Kazakhstan and Central Asia. 

The first school of Entrepreneurs is a school for 

the training of entrepreneurs, which founded in 2014.

Training is introduced by two programs: 

• Business - a breakthrough − a program to develop 

the current business;

• Business foundation is a program for own 

business building and launching.

Programs implemented taking into account three 

components: training, consulting, mentoring. 

On the instructions of the President of the Republic 

of Kazakhstan, in 2017, conditions are created for 

free receipt of the first working profession by young 

people. Content analysis of sources of secondary 

information shows that as of May 1, 2018, 56 

thousand young people took advantage of measures 

of state support for this program, the main focus of 

which is the development of specific professional 

skills based on mass education [15].

In the East Kazakhstan region, there is the only 

social and educational project in Kazakhstan on free 

Table 5.10 

DISTRIBUTION OF ANSWERS TO THE QUESTION: 
“WHAT WOULD YOU LIKE TO ACHIEVE 
IN THE NEXT 5 YEARS?”

Source: According to the data SRC “Youth” 

Get a quality education
Build a successful career
Find a decent job
Buy housing
Get a diploma or certificate of graduation
Find a job in the specialty
Creatively realized
Find an interesting job
Open your business
Find your soulmate, life partner
Change your job, get a job promotion
Expand your circle of acquaintances
To achieve general recognition among others, 
colleagues, etc.
Get children, give birth to a child
Achieve success in sports
Find good business partners
Difficult to answer
Other

30,4
27,3
22,8
17,4
15,4
14,1
13,9
12,9
12,8
12,1

8,7
8,1
7,9

7,4
4,7
4,9
3,7
0,3

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comprehensive training for young people in the basics 

of entrepreneurship. The Avangard Plus School of 

Young Entrepreneurs. The school was established 

and operates on a voluntary basis on the initiative of 

the chairman of the Council of Business Women of 

the East Kazakhstan Region [16 ].

According  to  the  Statistic  of  Committee  of 

the MNE RK, the number of registered individual 

entrepreneurs under the age of 29 years old, as of 

01.07.2018, was 124,027 people (fig. 5.9).

According to Statistic of Committee of the MNE 

RK, the number of registered individual entrepreneurs 

under the age of 29 years increased by 3,960 

individual entrepreneurs, compared with 2017. The 

decrease in the number of young entrepreneurs is 

registered in Almaty, Kostanay, Pavlodar, North 

Kazakhstan regions and Astana city (tab. 5.11).

The development of youth entrepreneurship is one 

of the priorities of the state youth policy.

The national chamber of entrepreneurs of the 

Republic  Kazakhstan  “Atameken”  implements 

and participates in projects on entrepreneurship 

education. 

“Tool “Bastau” will be the basis for training new 

entrepreneurs and individuals with entrepreneurial 

activity in the new program of productive employment 

and mass education (in years 2017-2025). In 2017 

were identified 80 rural districts in 14 regions of 

Kazakhstan, in 2018 all the 160 rural districts will be 

covered. It is planned that in 2017 through the tool 

“Bastau” will be trained 15 thousand people, in 2018 

− 18 thousand, in 2019 − 22 thousand, in 2020 − 26 

thousand, in 2021 − 30 thousand people”, − concluded 

the representative of NCE Baurzhan Orazgaliev.

22 % (713 people) of those who started a business 

belong to the category of young people (from 17 to 

29 years old).

At first half of 2018 two training streams, 12 645 

people, of which 24.8 % (3 134 человек) – youth.

In the fourth direction of the unified Program 

“Business Road Map 2020” − “Non-financial support 

measures”, the “Business School” component is 

being implemented.

The following training was conducted on the 

“Business School” component for 2017:

- on the project “Business Advisor” 19,076 people. Of 

these, between the ages of 18 and 29 years old − 4,962;

- according to the “Business Growth” project, 19,076 

people, of whom 421 are between the ages of 18 and 29;

- on “Project training with the application of the 

principles of mentoring” 1,100 people, of whom between 

the ages of 18 and 29 years old − 249. According to 

the project “School of a Young Entrepreneur” − 1,035 

students were trained.

In the first half of 2018, the following components 

were trained in the Business School component:

- on the project “Business Advisor” 10,541 people. 

Of these, between the ages of 18 and 29 years old − 

2,708;

- according to the Business Growth project, 1,161 

people, of whom 211 years old between 18 and 29 

years old;

Figure 5.9

THE NUMBER OF REGISTERED INDIVIDUAL 
ENTREPRENEURS UNDER THE AGE OF 29 YEARS, 
01/01/2018

Source: Statistic of Committee of the MNE RK 

124 027

TOTAL 

27 334

96 693

                   Сity                 Village

Table 5.11 

 

THE NUMBER OF REGISTERED INDIVIDUAL 
ENTREPRENEURS UNDER THE AGE OF 29 YEARS, 
FOR THE PERIOD 01.07.2017. 

-

 07.07.2018

Source: Statistic of Committee of the MNE RK 

120 067

4 633
6 563
9 899
4 972
7 498
4 441
4 571
9 172
5 957
4 895
5 705
3 852
2 665

-

14 619
16 927
13 698

-

124 027

4 639
6 797
9 837
5 455
7 706
4 669
5 236
9 252
5 475
5 444
6 189
3 725
2 377
8 079

-

14 204
18 074

6 869

The Republic of Kazakhstan

Akmola region
Aktobe region
Almaty region
Atyrau region
East Kazakhstan region
West Kazakhstan region
Zhambyl Region
Karaganda region
Kostanay region
Kyzylorda Region
Mangystau region
Pavlodar region
North-Kazakhstan region
Turkestan region
South Kazakhstan region
Astana city
Almaty city
Shymkent city

01.07.

2017 year 

01.07.

2018 year

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- on “Project training with the application of the 

principles of mentoring” 224 people, of whom at the 

age of 18 to 29 years old − 58.

On June 10, 2018, ¼ finals of this competition 

held in Astana in the format of a festival. In this 

competition, about 5,000 start-up projects from 

across the country were announced covering 10,000 

participants. 

ENACTUS  is  a  non-profit  organization  that 

is a community of business leaders, students 

and academic leaders who use the power of 

entrepreneurship to transform lives and creates 

a more sustainable world. The main idea of the 

ENACTUS project is to unite the efforts of the student, 

academic and business leaders for the development 

of entrepreneurship, the introduction of original 

ideas that can improve the economic efficiency of 

companies and the quality of life of people, and the 

involvement of young people in social and economic 

life.

72,000 students are entrepreneurial, values-

driven social innovators across 1,730 campuses in 

36 countries, positively impacting the lives of 1.3 

million people each year. Guided by educators and 

supported by business leaders, teams of students 

conduct needs assessments in their community, 

identify potential solutions to complex issues and 

implement community impact projects. These results 

in communities benefiting from collaboration and 

fresh innovation, plus students gain the valuable 

experience to advance their personal and professional 

lives.

According to the data of a sociological study 

conducted  by  the  SRC  “Youth”,  among  young 

people, there is an urgent issue of awareness of 

the development of youth entrepreneurship in 

the republic. More than a quarter of young people 

surveyed  (25.7 %)  know  nothing  about  youth 

entrepreneurship (fig. 5.10).

To the question: “Do you plan to open your own 

business in the next three years, to do business?” 

51.3 % of respondents answered negatively, 32.3 % 

of respondents did not think about it. 17 % of urban 

and 14.5 % of rural youth responded positively to this 

question.

Among the respondents who chose the answer 

“yes,  we  plan”  (16.5 %),  one  third  would  like  to 

organize their business in the field of trade (34.3 %), 

20.1 % in the service sector.

47.5 % of young people surveyed believe that 

Figure 5.11

THE MOST PREFERRED AREAS FOR THE 
ORGANIZATION OF THEIR BUSINESS BY YOUNG 
PEOPLE IN THE CONTEXT OF EMPLOYMENT

Source: According to the data SRC “Youth” 

Study 

Work 

Not study  

Stuady and work 

Not study, not working, not lookong for work

Trade

32,7

32

31,4

56,7

35,3

Services

16,8

24

18,6

30

29,4

Figure 5.10

DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS' ANSWERS TO 
THE QUESTION: “WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT 
THE DEVELOPMENT OF YOUTH ENTREPRENEURSHIP 
IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN?”

Source: According to the data SRC “Youth” 

25,7

22,4

18,8

11,7

8,1

3,8

9,4

0,3

I do not know anything about youth 

entrepreneurship

The development of youth entrepreneurship is

The development of youth entrepreneurship is

The state creates good conditions for 

development

Difficult to answer

Youth entrepreneurship in the country is not 

developed

Don't develop youth entrepreneurship

Other