|
|
|
39.10 The General Theory of Relativity Up to this point, we have sidestepped a curious puzzle. Mass has two seemingly differ- Gravitational property F g ! m g g Inertial property F ! m i a The value for the gravitational constant G was chosen to make the magnitudes of m g and m i numerically equal. Regardless of how G is chosen, however, the strict propor- tionality of m g and m i has been established experimentally to an extremely high degree: a few parts in 10 12 . Thus, it appears that gravitational mass and inertial mass may indeed be exactly proportional. But why? They seem to involve two entirely different concepts: a force of mutual gravitational attraction between two masses, and the resistance of a single mass to In Einstein’s view, the dual behavior of mass was evidence for a very intimate and basic connection between the two behaviors. He pointed out that no mechanical ) S E C T I O N 3 9 . 10 • The General Theory of Relativity 1273 (b) F (a) (c) (d) F Figure 39.19 (a) The observer is at rest in a uniform gravitational field g, directed downward. (b) The observer is in a region where gravity is negligible, but the frame is accelerated by an external force F that produces an acceleration g directed upward. According to Einstein, the frames of reference in parts (a) and (b) are equivalent in every way. No local experiment can distinguish any difference between the two frames. (c) In the accelerating frame, a ray of light would appear to bend downward due to the acceleration of the elevator. (d) If parts (a) and (b) are truly equivalent, as Einstein proposed, then part (c) suggests that a ray of light would bend downward in a gravitational field. |