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Substituting this expression for dp/dt and dx ! u dt into Equation 39.21 gives where we use the limits 0 and u in the integral because the integration variable has (39.22) Recall from Chapter 7 that the work done by a force acting on a system consisting of a (39.23) This equation is routinely confirmed by experiments using high-energy particle At low speeds, where u/c (( 1, Equation 39.23 should reduce to the classical expression K ! mu 2 . We can check this by using the binomial expansion (1 # 1 2 ) # 1/2 % 1 & 1 2 & 0 0 0 for 1 (( 1, where the higher-order powers of 1 are neglected in the expansion. (In treatments of relativity, 1 is a common symbol used to represent u/c or Substituting this into Equation 39.23 gives which is the classical expression for kinetic energy. A graph comparing the relativistic K % ! " 1 & 1 2
u 2 c
2 # # 1 $ mc
2 ! 1 2 mu 2
(for u/c (( 1) * ! 1 √ 1 # u 2 c
2 ! " 1 # u 2 c
2 # # 1/2 % 1 & 1 2
u 2 c
2 1 2 1 2 K ! mc
2 √ 1 # u 2 c
2 # mc
2 ! * mc
2 # mc
2 ! (* # 1)mc
2 W ! mc
2 √ 1 # u 2 c
2 # mc
2 W ! ( t 0
m(du/dt)u dt " 1 # u 2 c
2 # 3/2 ! m ( u 0
u " 1 # u 2 c
2 # 3/2 du S E C T I O N 3 9 . 8 • Relativistic Energy 1269 Relativistic kinetic energy K/mc 2 0.5c 1.0c 1.5c 2.0c 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 u Relativistic case Nonrelativistic case Figure 39.18 A graph comparing relativistic and nonrelativistic kinetic energy of a moving particle. The energies are plotted as a function of particle speed u. In the relativistic case, u is always less than c. |