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the beam reflected from the lower plane travels farther than the beam reflected from (38.13) This condition is known as Bragg’s law, after W. L. Bragg (1890–1971), who first derived the relationship. If the wavelength and diffraction angle are measured, Equa- 38.6 Polarization of Light Waves In Chapter 34 we described the transverse nature of light and all other electromag- An ordinary beam of light consists of a large number of waves emitted by the atoms of the light source. Each atom produces a wave having some particular orientation E, corresponding to the direction of atomic vibration. The direction of polarization of each individual wave is defined to be the direction in which E vector in the yz plane, making any possible angle with the y axis. Because all directions of vibration unpolarized light beam, represented in Figure 38.29a. The direction of wave propagation in this figure is As noted in Section 34.2, a wave is said to be linearly polarized if the resultant electric field E vibrates in the same direction at all times at a particular point, as shown in Figure 38.29b. (Sometimes, such a wave is described as plane-polarized, or simply E and the direction of propagation is called the plane m " 1, 2, 3, $ $ $ 2d sin ! " m
% S E C T I O N 3 8 . 6 • Polarizaion of Light Waves 1225 Bragg’s law a Figure 38.26 Crystalline structure of sodium chloride (NaCl). The blue spheres represent Cl ' ions, and the red spheres represent Na , ions. The length of the cube edge is a " 0.562 737 nm. ▲ PITFALL PREVENTION 38.4 Different Angles Notice in Figure 38.27 that the θ Incident beam Reflected beam Upper plane Lower plane d θ θ d sin θ Figure 38.27 A two-dimensional description of the reflection of an x-ray beam from two parallel crystalline planes separated by a distance d. The beam reflected from the lower plane travels farther than the one reflected from the upper plane by a distance 2d sin ! . z y E c B x Figure 38.28 Schematic diagram of an electromagnetic wave propagating at velocity c in the x direction. The electric field vibrates in the xy plane, and the magnetic field vibrates in the xz plane. |