S E C T I O N 37. 6 • Interference in Thin Films
1193
A thin, wedge-shaped film of index of refraction n is illumi-
nated with monochromatic light of wavelength &, as illus-
trated in Figure 37.21a. Describe the interference pattern
observed for this case.
Solution The interference pattern, because it is created by
a thin film of variable thickness surrounded by air, is a series
of alternating bright and dark parallel fringes. A dark fringe
corresponding to destructive interference appears at point
O, the apex, because here the upper reflected ray undergoes
a 180° phase change while the lower one undergoes no
phase change.
According to Equation 37.17, other dark minima appear
when 2nt # m&; thus, t
1
#
&
/2n, t
2
#
&
/n, t
3
#
3&/2n, and
so on. Similarly, the bright maxima appear at locations
where t satisfies Equation 37.16,
, cor-
responding to thicknesses of &/4n, 3&/4n, 5&/4n, and so on.
If white light is used, bands of different colors are
observed at different points, corresponding to the different
wavelengths of light (see Fig. 37.21b). This is why we see
different colors in soap bubbles and other films of varying
thickness.
2nt # (m (
1
2
)&
Example 37.5 Interference in a Wedge-Shaped Film
Si
180
° phase
change
1
2
SiO
Air
n = 3.5
n = 1.45
n = 1
180
° phase
change
(a)
Figure 37.20 (Example 37.4) (a) Reflective losses from a
silicon solar cell are minimized by coating the surface of the
cell with a thin film of silicon monoxide. (b) The reflected
light from a coated camera lens often has a reddish-violet
appearance.
Kristen Brochmann/Fundamental Photographs
Investigate the interference for various film properties at the Interactive Worked Example link at http://www.pse6.com.
Example 37.4 Nonreflective Coatings for Solar Cells
Interactive
Solar cells—devices that generate electricity when exposed to
sunlight—are often coated with a transparent, thin film of
silicon monoxide (SiO, n # 1.45) to minimize reflective losses
from the surface. Suppose that a silicon solar cell (n # 3.5) is
coated with a thin film of silicon monoxide for this purpose
(Fig. 37.20). Determine the minimum film thickness that
produces the least reflection at a wavelength of 550 nm, near
the center of the visible spectrum.
Solution Figure 37.20a helps us conceptualize the path of
the rays in the SiO film that result in interference in the
reflected light. Based on the geometry of the SiO layer,
we categorize this as a thin-film interference problem. To
analyze the problem, note that the reflected light is a
minimum when rays 1 and 2 in Figure 37.20a meet the con-
dition of destructive interference. In this situation, both rays
undergo a 180° phase change upon reflection—ray 1 from
the upper SiO surface and ray 2 from the lower SiO surface.
The net change in phase due to reflection is therefore zero,
and the condition for a reflection minimum requires a path
difference of &
n
/2, where &
n
is the wavelength of the light in
SiO. Hence 2t # &/2n, where & is the wavelength in air and
n is the index of refraction of SiO. The required thickness is
To finalize the problem, we can investigate the losses in
typical solar cells. A typical uncoated solar cell has reflective
losses as high as 30%; a SiO coating can reduce this value to
about 10%. This significant decrease in reflective losses
increases the cell’s efficiency because less reflection means
that more sunlight enters the silicon to create charge
carriers in the cell. No coating can ever be made perfectly
nonreflecting because the required thickness is wavelength-
dependent and the incident light covers a wide range of
wavelengths.
Glass lenses used in cameras and other optical instru-
ments are usually coated with a transparent thin film to
reduce or eliminate unwanted reflection and enhance the
transmission of light through the lenses. The camera lens
in Figure 37.20b has several coatings (of different thick-
nesses) to minimize reflection of light waves having wave-
lengths near the center of the visible spectrum. As a
result, the little light that is reflected by the lens has a
greater proportion of the far ends of the spectrum and
often appears reddish-violet.
94.8 nm
t #
&
4n
#
550 nm
4(1.45)
#
(b)