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Additionally, Hertz showed in a series of experiments that the radiation generated by his spark-gap device exhibited the wave properties of interference, diffraction, v " *f (Eq. 16.12), Hertz found that v was close to 3 $ 10 8 m/s, the known speed c of visible light. 34.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves The properties of electromagnetic waves can be deduced from Maxwell’s equations. One To understand the prediction of electromagnetic waves more fully, let us focus our attention on an electromagnetic wave that travels in the x direction (the direction of E is in the y direction, and the magnetic field B is in the z direction, as shown in Figure 34.2. Waves such as this one, in which the electric and magnetic fields are restricted to being parallel to a pair of perpendicu- linearly polarized waves. Furthermore, we assume that at any point in space, the magnitudes E and B of the fields depend upon x and t only, and not Let us also imagine that the source of the electromagnetic waves is such that a wave radiated from any position in the yz plane (not just from the origin as might be sug- ray as the line along which the wave travels, then all rays for these waves are parallel. This entire collection of waves is often called a plane wave. A surface connecting points of equal phase on all waves, which we call a wave front, as introduced in Chapter 17, is a geometric plane. In comparison, a point source of radia- spherical wave. We can relate E and B to each other with Equations 34.3 and 34.4. In empty space, where q " 0 and I " 0, Equation 34.3 remains unchanged and Equation 34.4 becomes (34.5) Using Equations 34.3 and 34.5 and the plane-wave assumption, we obtain the following (34.6) (34.7) Note that the derivatives here are partial derivatives. For example, when we evaluate E/+x, we assume that t is constant. Likewise, when we evaluate +B/+t, x is held constant. Taking the derivative of Equation 34.6 with respect to x and combining the + B + x " ) & 0
# 0
+ E + t + E + x " ) + B + t !
B!d
s " # 0
& 0
d
( E dt S E C T I O N 3 4 . 2 • Plane Electromagnetic Waves 1069 y E E c B z c x B Figure 34.2 An electromagnetic wave traveling at velocity c in the positive x direction. The electric field is along the y direction, and the magnetic field is along the z di- rection. These fields depend only on x and t. ▲ PITFALL PREVENTION 34.1 What Is “a” Wave? A sticky point in these types of |