Every ohmic material has a characteristic resistivity that depends on the properties of
the material and on temperature. Additionally, as you can see from Equation 27.11, the
resistance of a sample depends on geometry as well as on resistivity. Table 27.1 gives
the resistivities of a variety of materials at 20°C. Note the enormous range, from very
low values for good conductors such as copper and silver, to very high values for good
insulators such as glass and rubber. An ideal conductor would have zero resistivity, and
an ideal insulator would have infinite resistivity.
Equation 27.11 shows that the resistance of a given cylindrical conductor such as a
wire is proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area.
If the length of a wire is doubled, then its resistance doubles. If its cross-sectional area
is doubled, then its resistance decreases by one half. The situation is analogous to the
flow of a liquid through a pipe. As the pipe’s length is increased, the resistance to flow
increases. As the pipe’s cross-sectional area is increased, more liquid crosses a given
cross section of the pipe per unit time interval. Thus, more liquid flows for the same
pressure differential applied to the pipe, and the resistance to flow decreases.
SECTION 27.2 • Resistance
837
▲
PITFALL PREVENTION
27.5 Resistance and
Resistivity
Resistivity is property of a sub-
stance, while resistance is a prop-
erty of an object. We have seen
similar pairs of variables before.
For example, density is a prop-
erty of a substance, while mass is
a property of an object. Equation
27.11 relates resistance to resistiv-
ity, and we have seen a previous
equation (Equation 1.1) which
relates mass to density.
Temperature
Material
Resistivity
a
(' ( m)
Coefficient
b
!
[(!C)
$
1
]
Silver
1.59 # 10
$
8
3.8 # 10
$
3
Copper
1.7 # 10
$
8
3.9 # 10
$
3
Gold
2.44 # 10
$
8
3.4 # 10
$
3
Aluminum
2.82 # 10
$
8
3.9 # 10
$
3
Tungsten
5.6 # 10
$
8
4.5 # 10
$
3
Iron
10 # 10
$
8
5.0 # 10
$
3
Platinum
11 # 10
$
8
3.92 # 10
$
3
Lead
22 # 10
$
8
3.9 # 10
$
3
Nichrome
c
1.50 # 10
$
6
0.4 # 10
$
3
Carbon
3.5 # 10
$
5
$
0.5 # 10
$
3
Germanium
0.46
$
48 # 10
$
3
Silicon
640
$
75 # 10
$
3
Glass
10
10
to 10
14
Hard rubber
&10
13
Sulfur
10
15
Quartz (fused)
75 # 10
16
Resistivities and Temperature Coefficients of Resistivity
for Various Materials
Table 27.1
a
All values at 20°C.
b
See Section 27.4.
c
A nickel–chromium alloy commonly used in heating elements.
An assortment of resistors used in electrical circuits.
Henry Leap and Jim Lehman