tions, thereby promoting understanding and
simplifying computation.
linear approximation
any technique used
for the purpose of analysis and design of non-
linear systems. For example, one way of an-
alyzing the stability of a system described by
nonlinear differential equations is to linearize
the equations around the equilibrium point of
interest and check the location of the eigen-
values of the linear system approximation.
linear block code
a block coding scheme
for which the mapping can be described by a
linear transformation of the message block.
The transformation matrix is referred to as
the generator matrix.
linear code
a forward error control code
or line code whose code words form a vec-
tor space. Equivalently, a code where the
element-wise finite field addition of any two
code words forms another code word.
linear constant-coefficient equation
a
general
Nth-order linear constant-coefficient
differential equation is of the form
N
X
0
a
k
d
k
y(t)
dt
k
=
M
X
0
b
k
d
k
x(t)
dt
k
while an
Nth-order linear constant-coefficient
difference equation is of the form
N
X
0
a
k
y[n − k] =
M
X
0
b
k
x[n − k]
Linear constant-coefficient equations at ini-
tial rest are linear time invariant and causal,
and can be conveniently analyzed using
transform techniques.
linear dynamic range of Bragg cell
regime of cell operation where the amplitude
of the principal diffracted beam is approx-
imately proportional to the acoustic signal
amplitude modulating the acousto-optic in-
teraction medium.
linear filter
a filter whose output signal
is a linear function of the input (that is, input
and output are related via a convolution). See
also
convolution
,
linear system
.
linear generator
See
linear machine
.
linear interpolation
linear interpolation
is a procedure for approximately reconstruct-
ing a function from its samples, whereby
adjacent sample points are connected by a
straight line.
linear least squares estimator (LLSE)
the linear estimator
ˆx = Ky + c,
where matrix
K and vector c are cho-
sen to minimize the expected squared error
E
( ˆx − x)
T
( ˆx − x)
.
The general LLSE
solution to estimate a random vector
x based
on measurements
y is given by
ˆx(y) = E[x] + cov(x, y)
· cov(y, y)
−1
· (y − E[y])
where “cov” represents the covariance op-
eration. See also
least squares
,
covariance
,
expectation
,
minimum mean square estimator
.
linear load
an electrical load with a cur-
rent that is linearly proportional to the voltage
supplied.
linear machine
a machine in which the
moving member constitutes linear motion in-
stead of the more conventional rotary motion.
Each of the rotary machine types can be pro-
duced in linear versions. The most widely
known use of linear motors are in the field
of transportation, where the stator is usually
the moving vehicle and the conducting rotors
are the rails. In these machines, the induced
currents provide levitation in addition to pro-
viding the main propulsion.
linear medium
(1) medium in which the
constitutive parameters are not functions of
the electric or magnetic field amplitudes.
c
2000 by CRC Press LLC