L
L-band
frequency band of approximately
1–2 GHz.
L-L
See
line to line fault
.
label
a tag in a programming language
(usually assembly language, also legal in C)
that marks an instruction or statement as a
possible target for a jump or branch.
labeling
(1) the computational problem
of assigning labels consistently to objects or
object components (segments) appearing in
an image.
(2) a technique by which each pixel within
a distinct segment is marked as belonging to
that segment. One way to label an image
involves appending to each pixel of an im-
age the label number or index of its segment.
Another way is to specify the closed contour
of each segment and to use a contour filling
technique to label each pixel within a contour.
ladder diagram
(1) the connection of the
coils and contacts used in a control circuit
shown one line after the other that looks like
a ladder.
(2) a visual language for specifying the
Boolean expressions, which are the core of
the control law of PLC.
laddertron
a microwave vacuum tube os-
cillator with a slow-wave structure coupled
to a single-cavity resonator.
lag
the inability of an imaging tube to re-
spond to instantaneous changes in light. For
measurement purposes, lag has two compo-
nents: rise lag is the response time from dark
to light, whereas decay lag is the response
time from light to dark. Lag is a very short-
term effect, and should not be confused with
image retention, image burn, or sticking.
lag circuit
a simple passive electronic cir-
cuit designed to add a dominant pole to com-
pensate the performance of a given system. A
lag circuit is generally used to make a system
more stable by reducing its high-frequency
gain and/or to improve its position, veloc-
ity, or acceleration error by increasing the
low frequency gain. A nondominant zero is
included in the lag circuit to prevent undue
destabilization of the compensated system by
the additional pole.
lag network
a network where the phase
angle associated with the input–output trans-
fer function is always negative, or lagging.
lag-lead network
the phase shift versus
frequency curve in a phase lag-lead network
is negative, or lagging, for low frequencies
and positive, or leading, for high frequencies.
The phase angle associated with the input–
output transfer function is always positive or
leading.
Lagrange formulation
a formulation
where the equations of motion are derived in a
systematic way by choosing a set of general-
ized coordinates, forming the Lagrangian of
the mechanical system (as a difference of to-
tal kinetic energy and potential energy of the
system) and by solving the Lagrange equa-
tions
d
dt
∂L
∂ ˙q
i
−
∂L
∂q
i
= τ
i
i = 1, . . . , n
where
L stands for Lagrangian, q
i
is the gen-
eralized coordinate,
˙q
i
is its derivative, and
τ
i
is a generalized force, and
n denotes num-
ber of degrees of freedom of the mechani-
cal system. Last equations establish the rela-
tions existing between the generalized forces
applied to the manipulator and the joint po-
sitions, velocities, and accelerations in so
called closed form. See also
Newton–Euler
recursive algorithm
.
c
2000 by CRC Press LLC