Forward converter.
foundry
for semiconductor manufactur-
ing, a vendor providing wafer processing.
four connected
See
pixel adjacency
.
four-level laser
laser in which the most
important transitions involve only four en-
ergy states; usually refers to a laser in which
the lower level of the laser transition is sepa-
rated from the ground state by much more
than the thermal energy kT (contrast with
three-level laser).
four-point starter
a manual motor starter
that requires a fourth terminal for the holding
coil. Because of its independent holding coil
circuit, it is possible to vary the current in the
field circuit independently of the holding coil
circuit. The disadvantage is that the motor
starter holding relay will not drop out with
loss of the field; however, proper overcurrent
protection should shut down the motor in the
event of field loss.
four-quadrant operation
(1) a signed
representation of electrical or mechanical
variables in the phase plane in order to sit-
uate the different modes for energy transfer.
This term can be used both for power elec-
tronics and electrical machines. For electri-
cal variables, the four-quadrant operation is
defined by the voltage–current (or current–
voltage) characteristic with the two variables
expressed as instantaneous or mean values.
For mechanical variables, the term is defined
by the torque–speed (or speed–torque) char-
acteristic with the same time-domain repre-
sentation as previously explained. The en-
ergy transfer is defined with electrical power
in the voltage–current curve and with me-
chanical power in the torque–speed curve.
The four-quadrant operation is related to re-
c
2000 by CRC Press LLC