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eigenvalue the multiplicative scalar as- sociated with an eigenfunction or an eigen- Ax = λx, then λ is the eigenvalue associated with eigenvec- x. If A is a covariance matrix, then λ represents the variance of one of the princi- A. See also eigenvalue assignment a technique that, given a set of desired eigenvalues, has the K such that the closed-loop state equation has precisely these eigenvalues. eigenvector for a linear system A, any vector x whose direction is unchanged when operated upon by A. See also eight connected See eighteen connected See Einstein coefficients coefficients intro- duced by Einstein to represent the sponta- A, and the stimulated emis- sion or absorption coefficient, B, in the pres- ence of an electromagnetic energy density or EIRP See effective isotropically radiated EISA See elastic scattering (1) a scattering process in which energy is conserved. (2) the state in which there is no en- ergy transfer between the light wave and the elasto-optic effect the change in refractive index of a medium due to mechanical forces. elastomer a polymer material that can un- dergo reversible shape changes, expanding elbow in URD work, the termination of a buried cable where it attaches to the distribu- electret a material similar to ferro- electrics, but charges are macroscopically electric charge a basic physical quantity that is a source of electromagnetic fields. The electric charge density the fundamental, macroscopic source of the electromagnetic electric current density a source vec- tor in electromagnetics that quantifies the electric field in a region of space, if a test charge q experiences a force F then the re- gion is said to be characterized by an electric E given by E = F q electric field integral equation (EFIE) c 2000 by CRC Press LLC |