Hummer H2. Manual - part 158

If a short in an injector coil winding is constant, an ohmmeter will accurately identify the lower resistance. The 
same is true with an open winding. Unfortunately, an intermittent short is an exception. A faulty injector with 
an intermittent short will show "good" if the ohmmeter cannot force the short to occur during testing.  

Alcohol in fuel typically causes an intermittent short, happening only when the injector coil is hot and loaded by 
a current high enough to jump the air gap between two bare windings or to break down any oxides that may 
have formed between them.  

When you measure resistance with an ohmmeter, you are only applying a small current of a few milliamps. This 
is nowhere near enough to load the coil sufficiently to detect most problems. As a result, most resistance checks 
identify intermittently shorted injectors as being normal.  

There are two methods to get around this limitation. The first is to purchase an tool that checks injector coil 
windings under full load. The Kent-Moore J-39021 is such a tool, though there are others. The Kent-Moore 
costs around $240 at the time of this writing and works on many different manufacturer's systems.  

The second method is to use a lab scope. Remember, a lab scope allows you to see the regular operation of a 
circuit in real time. If an injector is having an short or intermittent short, the lab scope will show it.  

Checking Available Voltage At the Injector 

Verifying a fuel injector has the proper voltage to operate correctly is good diagnostic technique. Finding an 
open circuit on the feed circuit like a broken wire or connector is an accurate check with a DVOM. 
Unfortunately, finding an intermittent or excessive resistance problem with a DVOM is unreliable.  

Let's explore this drawback. Remember that a voltage drop due to excessive resistance will only occur when a 
circuit is operating? Since the injector circuit is only operating for a few milliseconds at a time, a DVOM will 
only see a potential fault for a few milliseconds. The remaining 90+% of the time the unloaded injector circuit 
will show normal battery voltage.  

Since DVOMs update their display roughly two to five times a second, all measurements in between are 
averaged. Because a potential voltage drop is visible for such a small amount of time, it gets "averaged out", 
causing you to miss it.  

Only a DVOM that has a "min-max" function that checks EVERY MILLISECOND will catch this fault 
consistently (if used in that mode). The Fluke 87 among others has this capability.  

A "min-max" DVOM with a lower frequency of checking (100 millisecond) can miss the fault because it will 
probably check when the injector is not on. This is especially true with current controlled driver circuits. The 
Fluke 88, among others fall into this category.  

Outside of using a Fluke 87 (or equivalent) in the 1 mS "min-max" mode, the only way to catch a voltage drop 
fault is with a lab scope. You will be able to see a voltage drop as it happens.  

One final note. It is important to be aware that an injector circuit with a solenoid resistor will always show a 
voltage drop when the circuit is energized. This is somewhat obvious and normal; it is a designed-in voltage 
drop. What can be unexpected is what we already covered--a voltage drop disappears when the circuit is 

 

1998 Chevrolet Pickup C1500 

GENERAL INFORMATION Waveforms - Injector Pattern Tutorial

  

unloaded. The unloaded injector circuit will show normal battery voltage at the injector. Remember this and do 
not get confused.  

Checking Injector On-Time With Built-In Function 

Several DVOMs have a feature that allows them to measure injector on-time (mS pulse width). While they are 
accurate and fast to hookup, they have three limitations you should be aware of:  

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They only work on voltage controlled injector drivers (e.g "Saturated Switch"), NOT on current 
controlled injector drivers (e.g. "Peak & Hold").  

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A few unusual conditions can cause inaccurate readings.  

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Varying engine speeds can result in inaccurate readings.  

Regarding the first limitation, DVOMs need a well-defined injector pulse in order to determine when the 
injector turns ON and OFF. Voltage controlled drivers provide this because of their simple switch-like 
operation. They completely close the circuit for the entire duration of the pulse. This is easy for the DVOM to 
interpret.  

The other type of driver, the current controlled type, start off well by completely closing the circuit (until the 
injector pintle opens), but then they throttle back the voltage/current for the duration of the pulse. The DVOM 
understands the beginning of the pulse but it cannot figure out the throttling action. In other words, it cannot 
distinguish the throttling from an open circuit (de-energized) condition.  

Yet current controlled injectors will still yield a millisecond on-time reading on these DVOMs. You will find it 
is also always the same, regardless of the operating conditions. This is because it is only measuring the initial 
completely-closed circuit on-time, which always takes the same amount of time (to lift the injector pintle off its 
seat). So even though you get a reading, it is useless.  

The second limitation is that a few erratic conditions can cause inaccurate readings. This is because of a 
DVOM's slow display rate; roughly two to five times a second. As we covered earlier, measurements in 
between display updates get averaged. So conditions like skipped injector pulses or intermittent long/short 
injector pulses tend to get "averaged out", which will cause you to miss important details.  

The last limitation is that varying engine speeds can result in inaccurate readings. This is caused by the quickly 
shifting injector on-time as the engine load varies, or the RPM moves from a state of acceleration to 
stabilization, or similar situations. It too is caused by the averaging of all measurements in between DVOM 
display periods. You can avoid this by checking on-time when there are no RPM or load changes.  

A lab scope allows you to overcome each one of these limitations.  

Checking Injector On-Time With Dwell Or Duty 

If no tool is available to directly measure injector millisecond on-time measurement, some techs use a simple 
DVOM dwell or duty cycle functions as a replacement.  

While this is an approach of last resort, it does provide benefits. We will discuss the strengths and weaknesses 
in a moment, but first we will look at how a duty cycle meter and dwell meter work.  

 

1998 Chevrolet Pickup C1500 

GENERAL INFORMATION Waveforms - Injector Pattern Tutorial

  

How A Duty Cycle Meter and Dwell Meter Work 

All readings are obtained by comparing how long something has been OFF to how long it has been ON in a 
fixed time period. A dwell meter and duty cycle meter actually come up with the same answers using different 
scales. You can convert freely between them. See RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DWELL & DUTY CYCLE 
READINGS TABLE .  

The DVOM display updates roughly one time a second, although some DVOMs can be a little faster or slower. 
All measurements during this update period are tallied inside the DVOM as ON time or OFF time, and then the 
total ratio is displayed as either a percentage (duty cycle) or degrees (dwell meter).  

For example, let's say a DVOM had an update rate of exactly 1 second (1000 milliseconds). Let's also say that it 
has been measuring/tallying an injector circuit that had been ON a total of 250 mS out of the 1000 mS. That is a 
ratio of one-quarter, which would be displayed as 25% duty cycle or 15° dwell (six-cylinder scale). Note that 
most duty cycle meters can reverse the readings by selecting the positive or negative slope to trigger on. If this 
reading were reversed, a duty cycle meter would display 75%.  

Strengths of Dwell/Duty Meter 

The obvious strength of a dwell/duty meter is that you can compare injector on-time against a known-good 
reading. This is the only practical way to use a dwell/duty meter, but requires you to have known-good values to 
compare against.  

Another strength is that you can roughly convert injector mS on-time into dwell reading with some 
computations.  

A final strength is that because the meter averages everything together it does not miss anything (though this is 
also a severe weakness that we will look at later). If an injector has a fault where it occasionally skips a pulse, 
the meter registers it and the reading changes accordingly.  

Let's go back to figuring out dwell/duty readings by using injector on-time specification. This is not generally 
practical, but we will cover it for completeness. You NEED to know three things:  

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Injector mS on-time specification.  

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Engine RPM when specification is valid.  

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How many times the injectors fire per crankshaft revolution.  

The first two are self-explanatory. The last one may require some research into whether it is a bank-fire type 
that injects every 360° of crankshaft rotation, a bank-fire that injects every 720°, or an SFI that injects every 
720°. Many manufacturers do not release this data so you may have to figure it out yourself with a frequency 
meter.  

Here are the four complete steps to convert millisecond on-time:  

1. Determine the injector pulse width and RPM it was obtained at. Let's say the specification is for one 

millisecond of on-time at a hot idle of 600 RPM. 

 

1998 Chevrolet Pickup C1500 

GENERAL INFORMATION Waveforms - Injector Pattern Tutorial

  

2. Determine injector firing method for the complete 4 stroke cycle. Let's say this is a 360° bank-fired, 

meaning an injector fires each and every crankshaft revolution.  

3. Determine how many times the injector will fire at the specified engine speed (600 RPM) in a fixed time 

period. We will use 100 milliseconds because it is easy to use. Six hundred crankshaft Revolutions Per 
Minute (RPM) divided by 60 seconds equals 10 revolutions per second. Multiplying 10 times .100 yields 
one; the crankshaft turns one time in 100 milliseconds. With exactly one crankshaft rotation in 100 
milliseconds, we know that the injector fires exactly one time.  

4. Determine the ratio of injector on-time vs. off-time in the fixed time period, then figure duty cycle and/or 

dwell. The injector fires one time for a total of one millisecond in any given 100 millisecond period. One 
hundred minus one equals 99. We have a 99% duty cycle. If we wanted to know the dwell (on 6 cylinder 
scale), multiple 99% times .6; this equals 59.4° dwell.  

Weaknesses of Dwell/Duty Meter 

The weaknesses are significant. First, there is no one-to-one correspondence to actual mS on-time. No 
manufacturer releases dwell/duty data, and it is time-consuming to convert the mS on-time readings. Besides, 
there can be a large degree of error because the conversion forces you to assume that the injector(s) are always 
firing at the same rate for the same period of time. This can be a dangerous assumption.  

Second, all level of detail is lost in the averaging process. This is the primary weakness. You cannot see the 
details you need to make a confident diagnosis.  

Here is one example. Imagine a vehicle that has a faulty injector driver that occasionally skips an injector pulse. 
Every skipped pulse means that that cylinder does not fire, thus unburned O2 gets pushed into the exhaust and 
passes the O2 sensor. The O2 sensor indicates lean, so the computer fattens up the mixture to compensate for 
the supposed "lean" condition.  

A connected dwell/duty meter would see the fattened pulse width but would also see the skipped pulses. It 
would tally both and likely come back with a reading that indicated the "pulse width" was within specification 
because the rich mixture and missing pulses offset each other.  

This situation is not a far-fetched scenario. Some early GM 3800 engines were suffering from exactly this. The 
point is that a lack of detail could cause misdiagnosis.  

As you might have guessed, a lab scope would not miss this.  

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DWELL & DUTY CYCLE READINGS 

Dwell Meter 

(2)

Duty Cycle Meter 

1° 

1% 

15° 

25% 

30° 

50% 

45° 

75% 

60° 

100% 

(1)

These are just some examples for your understanding. It is okay to fill in the gaps.

 

1998 Chevrolet Pickup C1500 

GENERAL INFORMATION Waveforms - Injector Pattern Tutorial