MISFIRE MONITOR
Excessive engine misfire results in increased catalyst temperature and causes an increase in HC emissions. Severe
misfires could cause catalyst damage. To prevent catalytic convertor damage, the PCM monitors engine misfire.
The Powertrain Control Module (PCM) monitors for misfire during most engine operating conditions (positive torque)
by looking at changes in the crankshaft speed. If a misfire occurs the speed of the crankshaft will vary more than
normal.
FUEL SYSTEM MONITOR
To comply with clean air regulations, vehicles are equipped with catalytic converters. These converters reduce the
emission of hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide. The catalyst works best when the Air Fuel (A/F)
ratio is at or near the optimum of 14.7 to 1.
The PCM is programmed to maintain the optimum air/fuel ratio of 14.7 to 1. This is done by making short term
corrections in the fuel injector pulse width based on the O2S sensor output. The programmed memory acts as a self
calibration tool that the engine controller uses to compensate for variations in engine specifications, sensor toler-
ances and engine fatigue over the life span of the engine. By monitoring the actual fuel-air ratio with the O2S sen-
sor (short term) and multiplying that with the program long-term (adaptive) memory and comparing that to the limit,
it can be determined whether it will pass an emissions test. If a malfunction occurs such that the PCM cannot main-
tain the optimum A/F ratio, then the MIL will be illuminated.
CATALYST MONITOR
To comply with clean air regulations, vehicles are equipped with catalytic converters. These converters reduce the
emission of hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide.
Normal vehicle miles or engine misfire can cause a catalyst to decay. This can increase vehicle emissions and
deteriorate engine performance, driveability and fuel economy.
The catalyst monitor uses dual oxygen sensors (O2S’s) to monitor the efficiency of the converter. The dual O2S’s
sensor strategy is based on the fact that as a catalyst deteriorates, its oxygen storage capacity and its efficiency are
both reduced. By monitoring the oxygen storage capacity of a catalyst, its efficiency can be indirectly calculated. The
upstream O2S is used to detect the amount of oxygen in the exhaust gas before the gas enters the catalytic con-
verter. The PCM calculates the A/F mixture from the output of the O2S. A low voltage indicates high oxygen content
(lean mixture). A high voltage indicates a low content of oxygen (rich mixture).
When the upstream O2S detects a lean condition, there is an abundance of oxygen in the exhaust gas. A function-
ing converter would store this oxygen so it can use it for the oxidation of HC and CO. As the converter absorbs the
oxygen, there will be a lack of oxygen downstream of the converter. The output of the downstream O2S will indicate
limited activity in this condition.
As the converter loses the ability to store oxygen, the condition can be detected from the behavior of the down-
stream O2S. When the efficiency drops, no chemical reaction takes place. This means the concentration of oxygen
will be the same downstream as upstream. The output voltage of the downstream O2S copies the voltage of the
upstream sensor. The only difference is a time lag (seen by the PCM) between the switching of the O2S’s.
To monitor the system, the number of lean-to-rich switches of upstream and downstream O2S’s is counted. The
ratio of downstream switches to upstream switches is used to determine whether the catalyst is operating properly.
An effective catalyst will have fewer downstream switches than it has upstream switches i.e., a ratio closer to zero.
For a totally ineffective catalyst, this ratio will be one-to-one, indicating that no oxidation occurs in the device.
The system must be monitored so that when catalyst efficiency deteriorates and exhaust emissions increase to over
the legal limit, the MIL will be illuminated.
DESCRIPTION - TRIP DEFINITION
The term “Trip” has different meanings depending on what the circumstances are. If the MIL (Malfunction Indicator
Lamp) is OFF, a Trip is defined as when the Oxygen Sensor Monitor and the Catalyst Monitor have been completed
in the same drive cycle.
When any Emission DTC is set, the MIL on the dash is turned ON. When the MIL is ON, it takes 3 good trips to turn
the MIL OFF. In this case, it depends on what type of DTC is set to know what a “Trip” is.
For the Fuel Monitor or Mis-Fire Monitor (continuous monitor), the vehicle must be operated in the “Similar Condition
Window” for a specified amount of time to be considered a Good Trip.
25 - 4
EMISSIONS CONTROL
DR/DH