|
|
APPENDIX A
301
support the organization’s policy principles and promote its policy interests.
Mr. Padgham holds a master’s degree in library and information science,
from the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., and a B.A.
in English, from Warren Wilson College in Asheville, North Carolina.
John Sislin is a Program Officer with the Board on Higher Education and
Workforce. His work focuses on topics in international affairs, higher edu-
cation, globalization, and the impact of science and technology on society
and security. His work on international affairs includes developing a system
to monitor compliance with international labor standards for the U.S. De-
partment of Labor and development of a biographical database on world
leaders with foreign education or employment experience sponsored by the
MacArthur Foundation. Dr. Sislin’s work in higher education has focused
on gender (three projects on recruiting, retaining, and advancing women in
science and engineering in higher education and academic careers) and the
role of community colleges in educating future engineers. He has worked
on program evaluations for the NIST, the United States Institute of Peace,
and NSF. Other projects include a survey of life scientists’ attitudes toward
personal responsibility regarding dual-use research and biosecurity and a
study of priorities in civil aeronautics research sponsored by NASA. Before
coming to the Academies, Dr. Sislin’s previous research focused on inter-
national and civil conflict, human rights, international security, and U.S.
foreign policy. Dr. Sislin received a B.A. from the University of Michigan
in Russian and East European Studies and a Ph.D. in Political Science from
Indiana University.
Steven Kendall is Senior Program Associate for the Committee on Science,
Technology, and Law. He is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of the
History of Art and Architecture at the University of California, Santa Bar-
bara, where he is completing a dissertation on nineteenth-century British
painting. Mr. Kendall received his M.A. in Victorian art and architecture at
the University of London. Before joining The National Academies in 2007,
he worked at the Smithsonian American Art Museum and The Huntington
in San Marino, California.
Kathi E. Hanna is a science and health policy consultant, writer, and edi-
tor specializing in biomedical research policy and bioethics. She served as
Research Director and Senior Consultant to President Clinton’s National
Bioethics Advisory Commission and as Senior Advisor to President Clin-
ton’s Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans Illnesses. More recently,
she served as the lead author and editor of President Bush’s Task Force to
Improve Health Care Delivery for Our Nation’s Veterans. In the 1980s
and 1990s, Dr. Hanna was a Senior Analyst at the congressional Office
302
APPENDIX A
of Technology Assessment, contributing to numerous science policy stud-
ies requested by congressional committees on science education, research
funding, biotechnology, women’s health, human genetics, bioethics, and
reproductive technologies. In the past decade, she has served as an analyst
and editorial consultant to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Na-
tional Institutes of Health, IOM, NAS, and several charitable foundations,
voluntary health organizations, and biotechnology companies. Before com-
ing to Washington, D.C., she was the Genetics Coordinator at Children’s
Memorial Hospital in Chicago, where she directed clinical counseling and
coordinated an international research program in prenatal diagnosis. Dr.
Hanna received an A.B. in biology from Lafayette College, an M.S. in hu-
man genetics from Sarah Lawrence College, and a Ph.D. from the School of
Business and Public Management, The George Washington University.
Sara D. Maddox is a science and health policy editor who served as se-
nior editor for reports to the President of the National Bioethics Advisory
Commission, including Ethical Issues in Human Stem Cell Research and
Research Involving Human Biological Materials: Ethical Issues and Policy
Guidance. Earlier in her career she was a writer and editor at the Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, and she has served as a science editor and writer
for reports of the Secretary’s Advisory Committee on Genetics, Health,
and Society. Ms. Maddox participated in editing Firepower in the Lab:
Automation in the Fight Against Infectious Diseases and Bioterrorism, a
publication based on a colloquium on bioterrorism and laboratory-based
data held at NAS. She has edited reports of the National Resource Council,
including Intentional Human Dosing Studies for EPA Regulatory Purposes:
Scientific and Ethical Issues and Participants and Science and Security in a
Post 9/11 World. She also was editor for IOM’s Genes, Behavior, and the
Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate.
Appendix B
Committee Meeting Agendas
MEETING 1
Washington, D.C.
JANUARY 25, 2007
8:30
Welcome and Introductions
Committee Co-chairs
Harry T. Edwards, Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the District
of Columbia Circuit
Constantine Gatsonis, Director, Center for Statistical Studies,
Brown University
8:45
Charge to Committee
David W. Hagy, Deputy Assistant Attorney General for Policy
Coordination, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of
Justice and Principal Deputy Director, National Institute of
Justice, U.S. Department of Justice
9:10
Discussion
9:30
Importance of Study to the Forensics Community
Joe Polski, Chair, Consortium of Forensic Science Organizations
9:45
Discussion
10:15
Current State of Forensics: Census of Publicly Funded Forensic
Crime Labs
Joseph L. Peterson, Director and Professor, School of Criminal
Justice and Criminalistics, California State University, Los
Angeles
303
304
APPENDIX B
Matthew J. Hickman, U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of
Justice Statistics
10:45
Discussion
11:15
Overview of Forensics Training and Education
Max M. Houck, Director, Forensic Science Initiative and
Director, Forensic Business Development, College of Business and
Economics, West Virginia University
Larry Quarino, Assistant Professor, Cedar Crest College
12:00
Discussion
12:15
Lunch
1:00
Daily Operations of Forensic Labs
Joseph A. DiZinno, Assistant Director, Laboratory Division,
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Jan L. Johnson, Laboratory Director, Forensic Science Center at
Chicago, Illinois State Police
Irma Rios, Assistant Director, City of Houston Crime Lab
2:15
Discussion
3:00
National Institute of Justice Research Program and Budget—
Future Needs and Priorities
John Morgan, Deputy Director for Science and Technology,
National Institute of Justice, DOJ
3:20
Discussion
3:45
Views from the Major Forensic Science Organizations: Issues and
Challenges
Bruce A. Goldberger, President-Elect, American Academy of
Forensic Sciences
APPENDIX B
305
Bill Marbaker, President, American Society of Crime Laboratory
Directors
Robert Stacey, President, American Society of Crime Laboratory
Directors, Laboratory Accreditation Board
Arthur Eisenberg, Board Member, Forensic Quality Services
Joe Polski, Chief Operations Officer, International Association
for Identification
James Downs, Board Member and Chair, Government Affairs
Committee, National Association of Medical Examiners
5:00
Discussion
5:30
Adjourn
JANUARY 26, 2007
8:30
Opportunities for Improvement: Critical Areas
Michael Risinger, Professor of Law, Seton Hall Law School
Peter Neufeld, Co-founder and Co-director, The Innocence
Project
David Stoney, Chief Scientist, Stoney Forensic, Inc.
9:30
Discussion
10:00
Adjourn
MEETING 2
Washington, D.C.
APRIL 23, 2007
8:00
Welcome and Introductions
Harry T. Edwards and Constantine Gatsonis
Committee Co-chairs
306
APPENDIX B
8:10
Essential Elements of Science: Hypotheses, Falsifiability,
Replication, Peer Review
Alan I. Leshner, Chief Executive Officer, American Association
for the Advancement of Science
The Science of Statistics: Error Testing, Probabilities, Observer
Bias
Jay Kadane, Senior Statistician, Department of Statistics,
Carnegie Mellon University
9:00
Discussion
9:20
Forensic DNA
Science
Robin Cotton, Director, Biomedical Forensic Sciences Program,
Boston University School of Medicine
Policy and Politics
Chris Asplen, Vice President, Gordon Thomas Honeywell
Government Affairs and former Executive Director, U.S. Attorney
General’s National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence
10:10
Discussion
10:45
The Science of Forensic Disciplines
What is the state of the art? Where is research conducted?
Where is it published? What is the scientific basis that informs
the interpretation of the evidence? Where are new developments
coming from? What are the major problems in the scientific
foundation or methods and in the practice? What research
questions would you like to have answered?
Moderator: Constantine Gatsonis, Committee Co-Chair
APPENDIX B
307
10:50
Drug Identification
Joseph P. Bono, Laboratory Director, Forensic Services Division,
U.S. Secret Service
11:15
Discussion
11:45
Lunch
12:30
Pattern Evidence with Fingerprints and Toolmarks as Illustrations
Fingerprints
Ed German, Latent Print Examiner, U.S. Army, Retired
Toolmarks
Peter Striupaitis, Chair, International Association for Identification,
Firearm/Toolmark Committee and Member, Scientific Working
Group for Firearms and Toolmarks (SWGGUN)
1:30
Discussion
2:00
Trace Evidence with Arson and Hair as Illustrations
Arson
John Lentini, Scientific Fire Analysis, LLC
Hair
Max M. Houck, Director, Forensic Science Initiative and
Director, Forensic Business Development, College of Business and
Economics, West Virginia University
3:00
Discussion
3:45
Forensic Odontology: Bite Marks
David R. Senn, Director, Center for Education and Research in
Forensics and Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Dental
Diagnostic Science, The University of Texas Health Science
Center at San Antonio
308
APPENDIX B
4:10
Discussion
4:30
Commentators
Robert E. Gaensslen, Head of Program in Forensic Science,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago
Jennifer Mnookin, Professor of Law, University of California, Los
Angeles Law School
David Kaye, Regents’ Professor of Law and Professor of Life
Sciences, Arizona State University
5:15
Comments from the Floor
5:45
Adjourn
APRIL 24, 2007
8:00
Welcome and Introductions
Harry T. Edwards and Constantine Gatsonis
Committee Co-chairs
8:10
From Crime Scene to Courtroom: The Collection and Flow of
Evidence
Barry A. J. Fisher, Director, Scientific Services Bureau, Los
Angeles County Sheriff’s Department and former President,
American Academy of Forensic Sciences
8:45
Discussion
9:15
Practice and Standards: Scientific Working Groups
What is the process for establishing the guidelines and standards?
What are the guidelines/standards for each of these disciplines?
How is quality control/quality assurance monitored and
enforced? What recommendations have these organizations made
and have they been implemented? What is needed?
Moderator: Harry T. Edwards, Committee Co-chair
APPENDIX B
309
9:20
Drug Identification
Nelson A. Santos, Drug Enforcement Administration and Chair,
Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs
(SWGDRUG)
9:40
Discussion
10:00
Pattern Evidence: Latent Prints
Stephen B. Meagher, Fingerprint Specialist, Federal Bureau
of Investigation and Vice-Chair, Scientific Working Group on
Friction Ridge Analysis, Study and Technology (SWGFAST)
10:30
Discussion
11:00
Trace Evidence: Hair Analysis
Richard E. Bisbing, Executive Vice President, McCrone
Associates, Inc. and member, Scientific Working Group on
Materials Analysis (SWGMAT)
11:20
Discussion
11:45
Commentators
Paul C. Giannelli, Weatherhead Professor, Case Western Reserve
University School of Law
Carol Henderson, Director, National Clearinghouse for Science,
Technology and the Law and Professor of Law, Stetson University
Michael J. Saks, Professor of Law & Psychology and Faculty
Fellow, Center for the Study of Law, Science, & Technology,
Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law, Arizona State University
12:30
Comments from the Floor
1:00
Adjourn
310
APPENDIX B
MEETING 3
Washington, D.C.
JUNE 5, 2007
8:15
Welcome and Introductions
Harry T. Edwards and Constantine Gatsonis
Committee Co-chairs
8:30
Forensic Sciences: Issues and Direction
Bruce Budowle, Senior Scientist, Laboratory Division, Federal
Bureau of Investigation
9:30
Challenges for Crime Laboratories: City, County, and Private
Peter Pizzola, Director, New York Police Department Crime
Laboratory
John Collins, Director, DuPage County Sheriff’s Office Crime
Laboratory
John E. Moalli, Group Vice President and Principal Engineer,
Exponent
11:00
Emerging Issues: Cybercrime, fMRI (functional Magnetic
Resonance Imaging) and Lie Detection, and Photographic
Comparison Analysis
Eric Friedberg, Co-president, Stroz Friedberg, LLC
Hank Greely, Deane F. and Kate Edelman Johnson Professor of
Law, Stanford University
Richard W. Vorder Bruegge, Supervisory Photographic
Technologist-Examiner of Questioned Photographic Evidence,
Federal Bureau of Investigation
12:30
Working Lunch: Continuation of Morning Session
APPENDIX B
311
1:15
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS)
Interoperability
John Onstwedder III, Statewide AFIS Coordinator for the
Forensic Sciences Command, Forensic Science Center at Chicago,
Illinois State Police
Peter T. Higgins, Principal Consultant, The Higgins-Hermansen
Group
Peter D. Komarinski, Komarinski & Associates, LLC
2:15
Medical Examiner System
Randy Hanzlick, Chief Medical Examiner, Fulton County
Medical Examiner’s Center, Fulton County, Georgia and
Professor of Forensic Pathology, Emory University School of
Medicine
James Downs, Board Member and Chair, Governmental Affairs
Committee, National Association of Medical Examiners; Vice
Chair, Consortium of Forensic Science Organizations; Coastal
Regional Medical Examiner, Georgia Bureau of Investigation
Garry F. Peterson, Chief Medical Examiner Emeritus, Hennepin
County Medical Examiner’s Office, Minnesota; Chair, Standards,
Inspection and Accreditation Committee and Standards
Subcommittee and Past President, National Association of
Medical Examiners
Victor W. Weedn, Medical Examiner
4:15
Comments from the Floor
5:00
Adjourn
MEETING 4
Woods Hole, Massachusetts
SEPTEMBER 20, 2007
1:30
Welcome
Harry T. Edwards and Constantine Gatsonis
Committee Co-chairs
312
APPENDIX B
1:35
Lessons Learned From the Houston Police Department
Investigation
Michael R. Bromwich, Independent Investigator, Fried, Frank,
Harris, Shriver & Jacobson LLP
2:45
200 Exonerations: A Look at the Cases Involving Faulty
Forensic Evidence
Brandon L. Garrett, Associate Professor of Law, University of
Virginia
Peter Neufeld, Co-Founder and Co-Director, The Innocence
Project
4:15
Ethics in Forensic Science
Peter D. Barnett, Partner, Forensic Science Associates
5:00
Reducing Error Rates: A New Institutional Arrangement for
Forensic Science
Roger G. Koppl, Director, Institute for Forensic Science
Administration, Fairleigh Dickinson University
6:00
Adjourn
SEPTEMBER 21, 2007
8:15
Welcome
Harry T. Edwards and Constantine Gatsonis
Committee Co-chairs
8:20
The U.K. Forensics System
Carole McCartney, Centre for Criminal Justice Studies, School of
Law, University of Leeds
APPENDIX B
313
9:20
The Role of Forensics in Homeland Security
Charles Cooke, Bio-Specialist, Office of the Deputy Director for
Strategy and Evaluation, National Counterproliferation Center,
Office of the Director of National Intelligence
James Burans, Bioforensics Program Manager, National
Bioforensics Analysis Center, U.S. Department of Homeland
Security
Larry Chelko, Director, U.S. Army Criminal Investigation
Laboratory
Rick Tontarski, Chief, Forensic Analysis Division, U.S. Army
Criminal Investigation Laboratory
11:00
Forensics at the National Institute of Standards and Technology
Michael D. Garris, Image Group Manager, National Institute of
Standards and Technology
Barbara Guttman, Line Manager, National Software Reference
Library, National Institute of Standards and Technology
William MacCrehan, Research Chemist, Analytical Chemistry
Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology
12:20
Adjourn
MEETING 5
Washington, D.C.
DECEMBER 6, 2007
8:15
Welcome and Introductions
Harry T. Edwards and Constantine Gatsonis
Committee Co-chairs
8:30
Scientific Working Group on Friction Ridge Analysis, Study and
Technology (SWGFAST)
Glenn Langenburg, Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension
314
APPENDIX B
9:15
Fingerprint Source Book
John Morgan, Deputy Director for Science and Technology,
National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice
9:45
International Association of Identification: Key Issues
Kenneth F. Martin, Crime Scene Services, Massachusetts State
Police
10:30
Forensic Science Issues at the U.S. Secret Service
Vici Inlow, Forensic Services Division, U.S. Secret Service
Deborah Leben, Forensic Services Division, U.S. Secret Service
11:10
Contextual Bias
Itiel Dror, School of Psychology, University of Southampton
12:00
Lunch
1:00
The Coroner System
Michael Murphy, Las Vegas Office of the Coroner
1:50
Survey of Non-Traditional Forensic Service Providers
Tom Witt, Bureau of Business and Economic Research, College of
Business and Economics, West Virginia University
2:30
Department of Defense Latent Print Analysis
Thomas Cantwell, Senior Forensic Analyst, Biometric Task Force
and Leader, Forensic Integrated Product Team, U.S. Department
of Defense
3:15
Comments from the Floor
3:45
Adjourn
Index
A
recommendations, 25, 215
research requirement, 261-262
Accreditation
sanctions, 196
ABA recommendation, 194
status, 199-200
and admissibility of evidence, 194
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical
ASCLD/LAB, 69, 74, 77, 169, 171, 197-
Education, 256, 261
200, 205, 206, 207-208, 214
ACE-V process, 105-106, 137, 138-139,
of certification organizations, 74-75
140, 141, 142-143
CLIA legislation, 195, 196
Admissibility of forensic evidence. See
continuing education programs, 197
also Expert testimony; Litigation;
cycle, 198
individual disciplines
data reporting standards, 21, 189
accreditation and, 194
of death investigation systems, 49-50,
appellate review standard, 10, 11, 85,
294, 246, 252, 258-259, 261-262,
92, 97, 102
265
autopsy, 9
education or training requirements for,
Daubert decision, 8, 9-10, 11-12, 90-93,
197, 231-232
95-98, 99 n.37, 101-109, 110, 127
of education programs, 75, 197, 225,
n.1, 142, 194, 204, 234, 238, 289
228-229, 237
discretion of trial judges, 10, 11, 92, 96-
inspector training, 199
97, 108
key elements, 195
education of judicial community and,
of laboratories, 6, 21, 41, 47, 48, 53,
234
68, 69, 77, 132, 136, 190, 195-200,
Federal Rule of Evidence 401, 108
205, 207
n.82
mandatory programs, 48, 194, 199-200,
Federal Rule of Evidence 702, 9-10, 89,
214
90-92, 95, 101
meaning of, 195
fingerprint analyses, 9, 12 n.24, 43, 102-
noncompliance reporting, 198-199
106, 142, 143
organizations, 16, 196, 197-200
Frye standard, 88-89, 90-91, 95, 99 n.57
proficiency testing for, 208
handwriting, 107
315
316
INDEX
judicial certification of methodologies,
Automated Fingerprint Identification System
12, 86
(AFIS)
judicial dispositions, 95-109
administrative, legal, and policy issues,
pressures on system, 4-5, 52-53
276
pretrial hearings, 92, 99 n.57
ideal system, 274-275
reliability standard, 9, 10, 12, 86, 88-89,
identification of prints, 52, 139, 269
90, 91, 109, 111, 194
interoperability challenges, 31, 51-52,
science and law, 12, 86-88
253, 270-271, 272-276
state standards, 95
recommendations, 31-32, 277-278
toolmark and firearm identification, 97,
search categories, 269-270
107-108
support from policymakers, 275-276
American Academy of Forensic Sciences
technical challenges, 273-275
(AAFS), 26, 74-75, 76, 173, 209,
vendor cooperation, 31, 276
214, 223, 225, 228, 259
Autopsies, 9, 30, 49, 50, 56, 86, 242,
American Bar Association (ABA), 194,
243, 247, 248, 249-250, 251, 252,
208-209
253, 254, 256, 257, 259, 261-264,
American Board of Criminalistics (ABC),
267-268
76, 209, 210, 227
American Board of Forensic Odontology
(ABFO), 76, 173, 174, 175, 176, 210
B
American Board of Forensic Toxicology,
Backlog of cases
76, 210
defined, 39
American Board of Medicolegal Death
impacts on criminal justice system, 37,
Investigators, 30, 210, 259, 267
77
American Board of Pathology (ABP), 28,
management and prevention, 14, 15, 61-
210, 256, 257, 259, 265
63, 64, 77, 187
American Law Institute, 29, 266
reliability of data on, 62
American National Standards Institute
resource deficiencies and, 14-15, 39-40,
(ANSI), 205, 272
62, 68-69
American Society of Clinical Pathologists,
volume, 39, 58, 66
259-260
Ballistic evidence, 44, 151, 152
American Society of Crime Laboratory
Bioforensics, 70, 281-282
Directors (ASCLD), 64, 68, 74, 76,
Biological evidence. See also Blood; DNA;
209, 214, 221, 231, 232, 233, 235
Saliva; Semen
Laboratory Accreditation Board, 69, 74,
analyses, 60, 130-132
77, 169, 171, 197-200, 205, 206,
characteristics, 128
207-208, 214
laboratories, 68, 70
Anthrax bioterroism attacks, 254, 281
reporting of results, 132
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 69,
sample data and collection, 129-130
280
summary assessment, 133
Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory,
Biotoxins and biological agents, 70
65, 67, 69, 280, 281
Bite mark analysis. See also Forensic
Arson investigations, 172-173. See also
odontology
Explosives evidence and fire debris
admissibility of evidence, 107-108, 175
Association of American Medical Colleges
analytical approaches, 64, 174-175
(AAMC), 28, 257-258, 266
distortion of skin, 174, 176
Association of Firearm and Tool Marks
errors and bias, 47, 174-175, 176
Examiners (AFTE), 76, 153, 155,
guidelines, 173-174, 175
210
reporting of results, 175-176
ASTM International, 76, 135, 169, 201
research needs, 175, 176
INDEX
317
sample data and collection, 173-174,
Charge to committee, 1-2, 5
188
Clinical Laboratory Improvement
scientific validity, 7-8, 42, 87, 173, 174,
Amendments of 1988 (CLIA), 195,
175-176, 188
196
summary assessment, 176
Codes of ethics, 212-214
uniqueness theory, 174, 176
Cognitive biases, 122-124, 149
virtopsy and, 254
Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), 40,
Bloodstain pattern analysis
61, 66, 67, 100, 131-132, 197
analyses, 177-178
Computer crime investigations, 60. See also
bias in,178
Digital and multimedia analysis
certification, 178, 210
Controlled substance evidence
crime scene/event reconstruction, 177
admissibility, 9, 101-102
guidelines, 202
analyses, 60, 117, 134-135
investigators, 64
backlog of cases, 39
reporting of results, 132
certification, 210
sample data and collection, 177
characteristics, 133
scientific basis, 158-179
error sources and rates, 116-117, 135
summary assessment, 178-179
personnel and equipment shortages,
Botanical evidence, 128, 134, 161. See also
59
Trace evidence
reliability, 101, 136
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and
reporting of results, 135
Explosives (ATF)
research, 73
CEASEFIRE database, 151
sample data and collection, 86, 134
forensic laboratories, 65, 68-69
summary assessment, 135-136
Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), 14, 36, 39,
SWGDRUG standards, 134, 135-136,
55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 65, 66, 71,
203-204
208, 243 n.18
training and expertise of examiners,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 219
136
Coroners. See Medical examiners and
coroners; Medicolegal death
C
investigation system
Coverdell. See Paul Coverdell
California Association of Criminalists, 76,
Crime scene investigation
214
certification, 210
Case. See also Backlog of cases
“CSI effect,” 48, 222
defined, 36 n.3
DNA evidence, 41
CEASEFIRE database, 151
guidelines, 57
Census of Publicly Funded Crime
liability issues, 57
Laboratories, 14, 36, 39, 58, 59, 64,
practices, 7, 35, 48, 56-57, 129
66, 71, 199, 200, 208, 219
professional associations, 76-77, 210
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
research funding, 72, 73, 75
(CDC), 29, 196, 260, 263, 266
standards and oversight, 57
Public Health Information Network,
technologies, 72, 73, 75, 129, 130
260, 273
training and experience of investigators,
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
32, 33, 35, 36, 57, 60-61, 64,
(CMS), 195, 196
129 n.4, 185, 218, 220-221, 227,
Certification of examiners, 6, 16, 47, 53,
285-286
70, 74-75, 77, 78, 137, 147-148,
“CSI effect,” 48, 108, 222
171, 173, 178, 181, 190, 193, 194,
Cyber Crime Center, 69, 280
196, 208-210, 214, 231-232
Chain of custody, 36, 182, 233
318
INDEX
D
Department of Homeland Security (DHS),
13, 80. See also Homeland security;
Databases and reference libraries
National Bioforensic Analysis and
Armed Forces Repository of Specimen
Countermeasures Center; U.S. Secret
Samples for the Identification of
Service
Remains, 69
Department of Justice. See also Bureau
automotive carpet fiber, 73
of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and
CEASEFIRE, 151
Explosives
CODIS, 40, 61, 66, 67, 100, 131-132,
Computer Crime and Intellectual
197
Property Section, 181
DRUGFIRE database, 151
definition of backlogged cases, 39
Electronic Crime Portfolio, 71, 72-73
grant programs, 13, 28, 62-63, 66, 80,
EXPeRT, 67
210-211, 213, 266
Explosives Reference File, 67
judicial training program, 235
FBI, 40, 65-66, 67, 73, 131-132, 151,
leadership potential in forensic science,
197
17, 80
fingerprints, see Automated Fingerprint
missions, 17, 80
Identification System; Integrated
Office of Inspector General, 45-46, 68,
Automated Fingerprint Identification
105, 211, 212, 213, 274
System
proficiency test design, 207
funding, 73
Digital and multimedia analysis, 64
Joint Federal Agencies Intelligence DNA
certification, 181
Database, 281
computer examination, 180-182
MECISP, 263
crimes and devices associated with, 179,
NamUs, 245
180
National Automotive Paint File, 67,
education and training, 181, 220
118
sample data and collection, 180
National Violent Death Review System,
search and seizure, 181-182
263
DNA evidence
NCIC UP/MP, 244-245
accreditation of laboratories, 41, 68,
NIBIN, 151, 152, 153
132, 197-198, 200, 207
Paint Data Query database, 67, 168
admissibility, 9, 41, 99-101, 103, 104,
Standard Ammunition File, 67
107, 133
toolmarks and firearms, 67, 151, 152,
amplification, 131
153
analytical methods, 13, 130-132, 133
Western Identification Network,
ascendancy of, 4, 40-41
270-271
backlog of cases, 14, 39, 40, 72, 187,
Death investigation systems. See
219
Medicolegal death investigation
California Proposition 69, 40
system
databases and registries, 13, 40, 61, 66,
Department of Commerce, 13, 65
67, 69, 100, 131-132, 280-281
Department of Defense (DOD)
errors or fraud, 9, 47, 57, 86-87, 100,
forensic science capabilities, 13, 69-70,
121, 130, 132, 133, 184
187, 280-281, 280-281
exonerations, 37, 42, 100, 107, 109
Joint Task Force Civil Support, 260
n.87, 160
research support, 69
FBI guidelines, 40, 47, 114-115, 131-
Department of Health and Human Services,
132, 202
28, 196, 261, 265
funding, 41, 71-72, 73, 101, 187
growth in use of, 4, 41, 219
INDEX
319
hair analysis, 131, 160
“CSI effect,” 222
interpreting evidence, 41, 100, 139
curriculum, 27, 227-228, 233-234, 238
judicial education programs, 235
deficiencies in, 44-45, 78
jury comprehension of evidence,
demand for forensic practitioners and,
236-237
218-221
laboratories, 36, 40, 41, 58, 65, 68, 131,
by discipline, 220
132
doctoral programs, 223, 230
mitochondrial (mtDNA) testing, 7, 38,
funding, 62, 66, 71, 223, 230-231, 237
47, 130-131, 132, 160-161, 182,
in-service programs, 27, 227, 232
188, 227
institutions offering programs, 229
nuclear testing, 7, 38, 47, 87, 100, 115,
of judicial community, 27, 178,
128, 130-131, 139, 155, 161, 182,
234-238
188
medical examiners and coroners, 6, 49,
President’s DNA Initiative, 41, 71, 235
50, 242-243, 247-249, 255, 256,
proficiency testing, 40, 41, 132, 200,
259-260, 264-265
207
proliferation of programs, 222-223
reporting of results, 132
purposes, 217-218
research, 13, 71-72, 73, 74-75, 101, 109
quality of programs, 224-225
semen profiling, 73, 74
recommendations, 27-28, 239
SNP testing, 74, 131, 227
and reliability of evidence, 16, 129 n.4
standards and quality control, 40, 41,
requirement for accreditation or
65, 114-115, 131-132, 197, 200, 207
certification, 197, 231-232
training and expertise, 13, 71, 132
research component, 230-231
validity and reliability, 7, 40, 41, 42, 47,
sources, 16, 66, 69, 70, 73, 197, 229
87, 99-100, 103, 104, 114-115, 121,
standardization of materials, 189
128, 130, 133, 139, 155
standards for, 201, 224, 225-226, 237
workload, 39, 40, 41, 72
status, 218-223, 231-234
Y STR testing, 131
training needs, 15-16, 218, 232-233
DNA Identification Act, 197, 200, 207
undergraduate and graduate programs,
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA),
27, 217, 220, 223, 224, 225-229,
65, 203
238
Drug identification. See Controlled
variability within and across disciplines,
substance
7, 15
DRUGFIRE database, 151
European Network of Forensic Science
Drylabbing, 45, 193
Institutes, 135, 202, 207
Evidence processing
backlogs and, 37
E
chain of custody, 36, 182, 233
computer-generated files, 182
Ear prints, 145, 149, 150
errors in, 4-5, 9, 45, 47, 57, 100
Education and training
impacts of, 37, 45
accreditation of, 75, 197, 225, 228-229,
Exclusionary evidence, 36, 51, 82, 127 n.1,
237
131, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143, 149,
advanced courses, 227
156, 157, 160, 167, 204-205
apprenticeship model, 15, 26-27, 140,
Exculpatory evidence, suppression, 45, 107
187, 217, 224, 232, 233, 238
n.81
associate degree, 148, 220-221, 225
Expert testimony. See also Admissibility
challenges and improvement
of forensic evidence; Interpretation
opportunities, 14, 224-229
of forensic evidence; Reporting of
continuing education, 197, 218, 231,
results
233-234, 236, 259-260
access to, 11, 98
320
INDEX
error or bias in, 4, 8 n.8, 9-10, 37, 87,
Research and Development Program,
42, 100, 107, 109 n.87
73
junk science, 89
Research Partnership Program, 73
reliability standard, 9-10, 93-94
SWG guidelines, 16, 40, 46, 47, 73,
rhetorical dimension, 106 n.79
114-115, 131-132, 202
technical or specialized knowledge,
workload, 66
94-95
Federal Rule of Evidence 401, 108 n.82
Explosives evidence and fire debris
Federal Rule of Evidence 702
analyses, 170-172
amendment in 2000, 92-95
certification, 171, 210
Daubert decision, 9-10, 90-92
databases and reference files, 67
Frye standard and, 88-89
education and training of examiners, 171
Fiber evidence
guidelines, 171, 172, 201
automotive carpet fiber database, 73
laboratories, 65
characteristics, 161, 163
personnel and equipment shortages, 59
guidelines, 162-163, 201
proficiency testing, 171
proficiency testing, 159, 163
reporting of results, 172
sample collection and analysis, 161,
research funding, 72, 73
162
scientific foundation, 172-173
scientific validity, 122
standard setting, 65
summary assessment, 162-163
summary assessment, 172-173
Fingerprint analyses. See Automated
Explosives Reference File, 67
Fingerprint Identification System;
Explosives Reference Tools database
Friction ridge analysis
(EXPeRT), 67
Fire debris. See Explosives evidence and fire
debris
Firearms identification. See Ballistics
F
evidence; Toolmark and firearm
identification
Falsification of evidence, 44, 45, 193
Footwear and tire impressions
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
analyses, 36, 64, 146-148
biased cases, 45-46
biases, 149
case backlogs, 66
certification in, 78, 147-148, 210
case types, 65
characteristics, 146-147, 149
Counterterrorism and Forensic Science
proficiency testing, 147-148
Research Unit, 73
reporting of results, 148-149, 150
databases and reference libraries, 40,
sample data and collection, 146
65-66, 67, 73, 131-132, 151, 197
scientific interpretation, 43, 148-149
forensic laboratories and services, 16,
scientific validity and reliability, 149
65-66, 67, 70, 73, 79, 131, 132,
SWGTREAD standards, 148-149, 150,
140-141, 202-203
203
friction ridge analysis apprenticeship,
summary assessment, 149-150
140-141
training and expertise of examiners, 145,
funding for research, 15, 66, 73, 78
147, 148
Joint Terrorism Task Force, 283
Forensic anthropology, 73, 220
Latent Fingerprint Unit, 46
Forensic art, 64, 77, 210
leadership potential in forensic science,
Forensic laboratories. See Laboratories
16, 17, 79, 80
Forensic odontology. See also Bite mark
missions, 17, 80
analyis
Quality Assurance Standards for
board certification, 173, 210
Forensic DNA Testing Laboratories,
defined, 173
114-115, 131-132
education and training, 220
INDEX
321
Forensic pathology. See also Medical
laboratory based, 3, 7, 38, 87, 128-136,
examiners and coroners
167-170, 182, 188
certification, 210, 256-257, 265
pattern/impression evidence, 136-150,
classification systems, 264
155-167, 170-179, 182, 184
defined, 256
skills and expertise, 7, 38
education and training, 29, 220, 256,
variability, 6-7, 15, 182, 188
257, 259-260
Forensic Science Education Program
practices, 257
Accreditation Commission (FEPAC),
research, 261-263
75, 225-226, 228, 229, 230 n.36
shortages of pathologists, 60, 256-258
Forensic science system. See also Pressures
Forensic photography, 64, 77, 210
on forensic science system
Forensic Quality Services (FQS), 74, 77,
capacity and quality, 37
197-198, 199
homeland security and, 5, 32-33, 52,
Forensic Resource Network, 71, 72
279-286
Forensic science, defined, 38-39
Forensic Specialties Accreditation Board,
Forensic science community. See also
74-75, 209-210
individual components
Friction ridge analysis. See also Automated
case backlogs, 61-62
Fingerprint Identification System;
challenges, 4-5
Integrated Automated Fingerprint
components, 55-77
Identification System
disparities in, 5-6, 55
ACE-V process, 105-106, 137, 138-139,
federal activities, 64-70
140, 141, 142-143
fragmentation, 14-33, 6, 77, 78
admissibility of evidence, 9, 12 n.24, 43,
governance, 16-20, 78-83; see also
102-106, 142, 143
Oversight of forensic practice
automated pattern recognition, 139,
nonlaboratory units, 63-64
140
professional associations, 16, 74-77
backlogs, 64, 66
recommendations, 19-20, 78, 81-82
bias, 105, 123
research funding, 71-75
certification, 78, 137, 210
Forensic science disciplines. See also
characteristics of prints, 136
Biological evidence; Bloodstain
comparison to known prints, 138, 139
pattern analysis; Controlled
data collection and analysis, 137-140
substance evidence; Digital and
error rates, 103-104, 105, 142, 143
multimedia analysis; Explosives
funding for research, 73, 205
evidence and fire debris; Fiber
guidelines, 136-137, 141, 203, 205
evidence; Footware and tire
identification units, 200
impressions; Forensic odontology;
interpretation methods, 43-44, 139, 140-
Friction ridge analysis; Hair evidence;
141, 269
Paint and coatings evidence;
laboratories, 65, 66, 68, 136
Questioned document examination;
methods, 7-8, 51, 103, 105-106, 137,
Toolmark and firearm identification
138-139, 140, 141, 142-143
biases in, 184-185
quality and distortion issues, 7-8, 9, 86,
categories, 37, 38-39
87, 137-138, 140, 141, 145, 270
disparities between and within, 8
reporting of results, 141-142, 143
educational pathways by, 220
research needs, 73, 105, 141, 144-145
guidelines, 66; see also Scientific
scientific reliability and validity, 43, 86,
Working Groups
87, 88 n.5, 102-104, 105-106, 140,
interpretation-based, 3, 7, 87, 136-145,
142-143
184-185, 188
scores and thresholds, 141
knowledge base, 15, 77-78; see also
shortages of personnel and equipment,
Scientific method
59
322
INDEX
source determination or exclusion, 138,
National Biodefense Forensic Analysis
139, 141
Center, 281
statistical models, 139-140, 141, 145
National Counterproliferation Center,
subjectivity in, 139-140
70, 282
summary assessment, 142-145
National Response Plan, 260
training and expertise of examiners, 36,
recommendations, 33, 285-286
58, 60, 64, 136-137, 140-141
WMD threat, 282
uniqueness and persistence of prints,
Houston Police Department Crime
143-144
Laboratory, 44-45, 193
verification, 138-139
Hurricane Katrina, 253, 260, 261
Frye v. United States, 88-89, 90-91, 95, 99
n.57
I
Identification units, 46, 55, 57, 63-64, 136,
G
200
Gunshot residue analysis, 35, 65, 201, 254
Illinois State Police, 57-58
Immunological tests, 129, 130
Individualization (matching) of evidence, 7,
H
43-44, 87, 101, 117-118, 136, 184
Innocence Project, 42, 45, 46-47, 100 n.58,
Hair evidence
109 n.87
accuracy in identification, 47, 121,
Integrated Automated Fingerprint
157-159
Identification System (IAFIS), 46, 51,
admissibility, 107, 161
65-66, 270, 271, 274, 275
automated analysis and comparison,
International Association for Identification
158-159
(IAI), 64, 74, 76-77, 136, 137, 148,
characteristics, 155-156, 157
149, 150, 178, 199, 209, 210, 272
DNA analysis, 131, 160
International Organization for
proficiency testing, 159
Standardization (ISO), 21, 25, 113-
reporting of results, 159-160, 161
114, 198, 199, 200, 215
sample data and collection, 156-157
Interpretation of forensic evidence
scientific interpretation, 159-160
fingerprints, 43-44, 139, 140-141, 269
scientific reliability and validity, 8, 117-
hair, 159-160
118, 160
impression evidence, 43, 148-149
summary assessment, 160-161
improving, 184-185, 188
training and expertise of examiners, 156
individualization principle, 7, 43-44, 87,
validation study (hypothetical), 118-120,
101, 117-118, 136, 184
121
problems, 7-8, 9, 86, 100
Handwriting analysis. See Questioned
research needs, 8, 188
document examination
scores and thresholds, 141
Homeland security
bioforensics, 281-282
Disaster Mortuary Operational Response
J
Teams, 260
DOD forensic science capabilities,
Jurors
280-281
comprehension of evidence, 236-237
forensic science role, 5, 32-33, 52,
expectations about evidence, 48-49, 86,
279-286
88, 219
ME/C and, 50-51, 260-261, 265,
model instructions for, 238
283-284
Justice for All Act, 62, 210-211, 213
INDEX
323
L
General Electric Co. v. Joiner, 10, 91,
92, 93, 97
Laboratories. See also Nonlaboratory
Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 10,
service providers
12, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 108
accreditation, 6, 21, 41, 47, 48, 53, 68,
Maryland v. Rose, 105-106
69, 77, 136, 190, 195-200, 205
People v. Castro, 99, 133
ATF, 65, 68-69
United States v. Brown, 96, 97, 102
backlog of cases, 14, 15, 37, 39, 58, 61-
United States v. Crisp, 102, 103, 104,
62, 66, 68-69, 77, 219
206
configurations, 57-58
United States v Havvard, 103-104
Coverdell grant program, 62-63
Latent prints. See Friction ridge
defined, 36-37
Law Enforcement Assistance
DNA, 36, 40, 41, 58, 65, 68, 131, 132
Administration, 223, 231, 251, 252
DOD, 69-70
Lie detector tests, 64, 68, 88
error sources and rates, 44, 45, 116-117
Lip prints, 145, 149, 150
FBI, 16, 65-66, 67, 70, 73, 79, 131, 132,
Litigation. See also Admissibility of
140-141, 202-203
forensic evidence; Expert testimony;
functions, 60-61
Landmark decisions
funding, 15, 58-59, 65, 68, 77
appellate review standard, 85, 92, 97,
guidelines, 202-203
102
independence in administration, 23-24,
bias in judges and juries, 123
183-184
civil cases, 11, 89, 97-98, 107, 250
mobile, 68, 69-70
criminal cases, 9, 11, 12, 36, 45, 53,
number in U.S., 58
87, 88, 95-96, 97, 98, 106-110, 237,
outsourcing, 61
250, 254
personnel and equipment shortages, 6,
education of judicial community for, 27,
14-15, 36, 59-60, 62, 65, 66, 68, 77-
178, 234-238
78, 219
juror comprehension of and expectations
private, 36, 41, 58, 61
about evidence, 48-49, 86, 88, 218,
proficiency testing, 208
236-237
publicly funded, 36, 39, 41, 52, 55, 58-
limitations of adversary process, 10, 12,
61, 65-70, 183-184, 208
53, 85, 86, 91, 103, 110
quality assurance standards, 44-45, 193,
scientific expertise of judges and lawyers,
194
85, 87-88, 110
recommendations, 23-24, 190-191
reporting data, 21-22, 189-190
research resources, 15, 71
M
state-operated, 200
training and expertise of staff, 36, 47,
Madrid train bombing, 45-46, 104-105,
58, 59-60, 132, 136, 221
123
U.S. Secret Service, 66, 68
Mayfield, Brandon, 45-46, 104-105, 123
validation of methods, 21, 22, 114, 115,
Medical Examiner and Coroner Information
189, 197-198, 202, 206
Sharing Program (MECISP), 263
workloads, 36, 58, 60, 61, 65-66, 68
Medical examiners and coroners (ME/C),
Landmark decisions
243. See also Medicolegal death
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals
investigation system
Inc., 8, 9-10, 11-12, 90-93, 95-98,
best practices, 252
99 n.37, 101-109, 110, 127 n.1, 142,
caseload, 49, 244
194, 204, 234, 238, 289
historical origins, 241-242
Frye v. United States, 88-89, 90-91, 95,
jurisdiction, 49, 50, 244, 260
99 n.57
missions, 56, 243, 244-245
324
INDEX
proficiency testing, 209
National Bioforensic Analysis and
recommendations, 267-268
Countermeasures Center (NBFAC),
sample and data collection methods,
70
263-264
National Bioforensic Analysis Center, 281
shortages of MEs and forensic
National Conference of Commissioners on
pathologists, 6, 50, 60, 256-258
Uniform State Laws, 29, 242-243, 266
training and skills, 6, 49, 50, 242-
National Crime Information Center
243, 247-249, 255, 256, 259-260,
Unidentified and Missing Persons
264-265
(NCIC UP/MP), 244-245
virtopsy, 253-254
National Forensic Science Technology
Medicolegal death investigation system. See
Center (NFSTC), 70, 76, 197-198
also Forensic pathology; Medical
National Forensic Sciences Improvement
examiners and coroners
Act, 265, 266
administration and oversight, 249
National Institute of Forensic Science
biosafety capability, 254
(proposed)
conversion of coroner systems to ME
benefits, 20
systems, 49-50, 241-243, 251-252
challenges, 20
fragmentation, 49-51, 246
cost, 20, 82
funding for improvements, 28, 265-266
criteria for, 18-19, 80-81
and homeland security, 50-51, 260-261,
recommended focus, 19-20, 81-82
265, 283-284
National Institute of Justice, 219
quality control and quality assurance,
categories of forensic science disciplines,
209, 259
38
recommendations, 29-30, 267-268
Coverdell grant program, 15, 28, 62-63,
staffing and funding, 50, 247-248, 249-
77, 210-211, 213, 266
251, 252
leadership potential, 16, 79
standards and accreditation, 49-50, 294,
Office of Justice Programs, 211-212,
246, 252, 258-259, 261-262, 265
213, 245
technologies, 28, 253-255, 265
Office of Research and Evaluation, 71
variations in, 50, 56, 245-246
Office of Science and Technology, 71
Methodological issues. See Scientific method
research funding, 15, 71-73, 74-75, 78,
Michigan State Police, 44, 221
187, 230
Microbial forensics, 70, 73
Technical Working Group on Crime
Missing persons, 244-245
Scene Investigation (TWGCSI), 57
Mitochondrial (mtDNA) testing, 7, 38, 47,
National Institute of Standards and
130-131, 132, 160-161, 182, 188,
Technology (NIST), 4, 17, 24, 25,
227
31, 65, 73, 79-80, 115, 151, 201,
Model Post-Mortem Examinations Act, 29,
205, 214-215, 272, 277
242-243, 265, 266
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 28, 30,
72, 101, 187, 228, 265-266, 267
National Integrated Ballistic Information
N
Network (NIBIN), 151, 152, 153
National Science Foundation (NSF), 17, 72,
National Association of Medical Examiners
79-80, 187, 228, 230
(NAME), 26, 28, 29, 30, 50, 60, 74,
Nonlaboratory service providers, 56, 58
76, 77, 200 n.22, 209, 242, 250,
backlogs, 64
252, 253, 257, 258, 259, 263, 264,
functions, 63-64
265, 266, 267
funding, 64
National Automotive Paint File, 67
identification units, 55, 64, 136, 200
National Biodefense Forensic Analysis
skills and expertise of examiners, 64
Center, 281
workforce, 64
INDEX
325
O
research funding, 72, 75
scientific reliability, 42
Occupational Health and Safety
subjective nature of, 139-140, 153
Administration, 263-264
types, 145, 146
Odontology. See Forensic odontology
Paul Coverdell Forensic Science
Office of the Director of National
Improvement Grants Program, 28,
Intelligence, 70, 282
62-63, 210-211, 213, 266
Oversight of forensic practice. See also
Paul Coverdell National Forensic Science
Accreditation; Quality assurance
Improvement Act, 28, 62
and quality control; Standards and
Polygraph tests. See Lie detector tests
guidelines
President’s DNA Initiative, 41, 71, 235
audits of laboratories, 44
Pressures on forensic science system. See
breadth, 17
also Backlog of cases
Coverdell grant program requirements,
admissibility of evidence, 52-53
210-212, 213
AFIS compatibility issues, 51-52
governance organization, 78-83
CSI effect, 48-49
of ME/C, 249
DNA analysis, 40-41
organizations, 70
errors and fraud, 4-5, 42-43, 44-48, 57
recommendations, 81-82, 214-215
homeland security, 52
medicolegal death investigation, 49-51
questionable or questioned science, 4-5,
P
42-44
Professional associations, 16, 74-77, 78
Paint and coatings evidence
Proficiency testing, 40, 41, 47, 132, 147-
analyses, 117-118, 168-169, 170
148, 159, 163, 166 n.98, 169, 171,
databases and reference libraries, 67,
188, 194, 200, 206-208
118, 168
PROTECT Act of 2003, 66, 68
education and training of examiners,
168-169
guidelines, 169, 201
Q
proficiency testing, 169
reporting of results, 169
Quality assurance and quality control. See
research, 73
also Accreditation; Oversight of
sample data and collection, 167
forensic practice
scientific interpretation, 169
certification of examiners, 6, 16, 47, 53,
summary assessment, 170
70, 74-75, 77, 78, 137, 147-148,
validation study (hypothetical), 120
171, 173, 178, 181, 190, 193, 194,
Paint Data Query database, 67, 168
196, 208-210, 214, 231-232
Pan Am Flight 103, 279
codes of ethics, 5, 212-214
Pathology. See Forensic Pathology; Medical
DNA testing, 40, 41, 65, 114-115, 131-
examiners and coroners
132, 197, 200, 207
Pattern/impression evidence. See also
federal funding tied to, 194
Footwear and tire impressions; Fiber
mandatory, 194
evidence; Friction ridge analysis;
ME/C, 209, 259
Handwriting analysis; Toolmark and
problems with laboratories, 44-45, 193,
firearm identification
194
automated pattern recognition, 139,
proficiency testing, 40, 41, 47, 132, 147-
140, 158-159
148, 159, 163, 166 n.98, 169, 171,
certification, 76-77
188, 194, 200, 206-208
individualization principle, 43-44, 136
recommendations, 26, 215
professional associations, 76-77
standards and guidelines, 5, 6, 44, 193,
proficiency testing, 47
194, 201-206
326
INDEX
Questioned document examination,
biometric technologies, 74
163-164
DOD, 69
analyses, 60, 64, 164-165
on error and bias sources, 24, 191
certification in, 78, 210
FBI, 15, 66, 73, 78
guidelines, 201, 202
in forensic pathology, 261-263
handwriting analysis, 107, 136, 163,
funding, 15, 18, 22, 66, 71-75, 78, 80,
164, 165, 166, 167
101, 105, 141, 144-145, 187, 189,
ink and paper examination, 164-165,
190, 205, 230-231, 262
167, 201
laboratory resources, 15, 71
laboratories, 65, 68
microbial forensics, 70
personnel and equipment shortages, 59
needs, 8, 22-23, 24, 53, 72, 109, 110,
proficiency testing, 166 n.98
186, 187-188, 189, 190, 191
reporting of results, 166
NIJ, 15, 71-73, 74-75, 78, 187, 230
scientific interpretation, 166, 167
NIST, 79
scientific reliability, 166-167
recommendations, 22-24, 190
summary assessment, 166-167
student exposure to, 230-231
training, 201
validation of new methods, 22-23, 52,
types of analyses, 163-164
77-78, 113-116, 118-119, 121, 187-
188, 189, 190
R
S
Recommendations
accreditation and certification, 25, 215
Sample and data collection methods. See
AFIS interoperability, 31-32, 277-278
also individual disciplines
code of ethics, 26, 215
ME/C, 263-264
education and training, 27-28, 239
Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and
governance of forensic science
Related Agencies Appropriations Act
community, 19-20, 78
of 2006, 1
homeland security-related, 33, 285-286
Scientific method
laboratory autonomy, 23-24, 190-191
between-individual variability, 118, 184
medical examiner/coroner systems, 29-
bias source, 24, 45-46, 57, 86, 112, 116,
30, 267-268
122-124, 184-185, 191
protocol development, 24-25, 214-215
classification conclusions, 117, 118, 120,
quality assurance and quality control,
121, 184-185
26, 215
DNA analysis, 114-115, 184
research, 22-24, 190
elements of good practice, 113
standardized reporting of results, 22,
error rates, 24, 86, 117-122, 184, 191
189-190
in forensic science, 113, 116-122, 188
Reference Firearms Collection, 67
fundamental principles, 45, 112-125
Reporting of results. See also individual
improving, 112, 114, 184-185
disciplines
individualization (matching) conclusions,
ASTM standards, 201
43-44, 87, 101, 117-118, 121
content and language, 186
ISO/IEC 17025 standard, 21, 22, 114,
methodological issues, 21, 22, 112, 114,
115-116, 189, 197-198, 202, 206
115-116, 124, 125, 186, 189, 197-
measurement error, 116-117, 121
198, 202, 206
predictive values, 120
standardization, 21-22, 185-186,
recommendations, 24-25, 214-215
189-190
reporting results, 21, 22, 112, 114, 115-
Research
116, 124, 125, 186, 189, 197-198,
accreditation requirement, 261-262
202, 206
INDEX
327
self-correcting nature of science, 125
for education and training, 201, 224,
sensitivity, 119, 120
225-226, 237
specificity, 119-120
FBI, 114-115, 131-132
uncertainty and error, 9, 21-22, 47, 116-
funding for development, 73
122, 184-185
harmonization of, 16, 78
validation of new methods, 22, 52, 77-
ISO/IEC 17025, 21, 22, 114, 115-116,
78, 113-116, 118-119, 121, 187-188,
189, 197-198, 202, 206
190
lack of, 6, 14
within-individual variability, 118, 184
NIST, 201-202
Scientific Working Group
for policy and procedure development,
for Analysis of Seized Drugs, 134, 135-
201-202
136, 203-204
purpose, 201
on Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
sanctions for noncompliance, 205
(SWGBPA), 178, 202
working groups, 79; see also Scientific
on Crime Scene Investigation, 57
Working Group
of DNA Analysis (SWGDAM), 202
Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine,
for Firearms and Toolmarks
264
(SWGGUN), 202, 204
on Forensic Analysis of Chemical
Terrorism (SWGFACT), 202
T
on Forensic Analysis of Radiological
Technical Working Group
Materials (SWGFARM), 203
for Analysis of Seized Drugs
for Forensic Document Exmination
(TWGDRUG), 203
(SWGDOC), 202
on Crime Scene Investigation (TWGCSI),
on Friction Ridge Analysis, Study and
57
Technology (SWGFAST), 136-137,
for Education and Training in Forensic
141, 203, 205
Science (TWGED), 209, 225
on Materials Analysis (SWGMAT), 157,
for Fire and Explosives (TWGFEX),
162-163, 169, 202, 24-205
171, 172
on Microbial Genetics and Forensics
on Friction Ridge Analysis (TWGFAST),
(SWGMGF), 203
205
scoring system for reporting results, 21,
Technology transfer, 70, 76
186
Toolmark and firearm identification, 3, 38,
on Shoeprint and Tire Tread Evidence
136, 188. See also Ballistic evidence,
(SWGTREAD), 148-149, 150, 203
44
Semen, 73, 74, 128, 129, 130, 131
accreditation in, 68
Sexual assaults, 9, 61, 86, 131, 173
admissibility of evidence, 97, 107-108
Shoeprint. See Footwear and tire
analyses, 37, 38, 42, 145, 152
impressions
certification programs, 210
Standard Ammunition File, 67
class characteristics, 152
Standardization
databases and reference libraries, 67,
of educational materials, 189
151, 152, 153
reporting of results, 22, 189-190
error rates, 154
Standards and guidelines. See also
generation of marks, 150-151
individual disciplines
guidelines, 153, 155, 202, 204
for admissibility of evidence, 9-10, 12,
individual characteristics, 150, 152
86, 88-89, 90, 91, 93-94, 95, 109,
laboratories for, 60, 65, 68
111, 194
personnel and equipment shortages, 59
ASTM, 201
research needs, 154
data reporting, 21, 189
sample data and collection, 151-152
328
INDEX
scientific interpretation, 7, 42, 43, 153-
U
154, 155
scientific validity and reliability, 107-
U.S. Army. See Army
108, 154
U.S. Secret Service
subclass characteristics, 152
forensic laboratory, 66, 68
summary assessment, 154-155
USS Cole bombing, 280
training and skills, 153, 232
uncertainty and bias, 184
units, 64
V
Toxicology services, 59, 72, 73, 254-255
Voice identification, 47
Trace evidence. See also Fiber evidence;
Hair evidence; Paint
and coatings evidence, 60, 65
W
certification, 210
guidelines, 201
West Virginia State Police laboratory, 44
laboratories, 65, 68
Western Identification Network, 270-271
organic chemical analysis, 73
World Trade Center attacks, 131, 260, 279
personnel and equipment shortages, 59
research, 73
Trans World Airlines Flight 800, 279-280
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