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Part two
Toponymic data transfer standards
and formats
***
Introduction
Annexes
A. Master list of Roman characters
B. Section I. List of countries, languages and writing systems
B. Section II. Tables of characters
C. Draft toponymic data exchange standard
Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
Introduction
At the eighteenth session of the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, held
in Geneva in August 1996, the Working Group on Toponymic Data Exchange Formats and
Standards was formed to investigate and advise on the requirements, standards and formats that
were available for the encoding, processing, international exchange, and promotion of nationally
standardized geographical names for international use.
Experts at the eighteenth session of the Group of Experts recognized that many countries
had made significant progress in the recording of geographical names files and databases in
support of map and gazetteer production and for the purpose of meeting other administrative,
toponymic, national and international needs. However, this was being achieved through different
and individualized approaches and in the absence of internationally agreed formats and standards
for the coding, processing and exchange of names data. It was felt that the introduction of an
internationally agreed digital format for gazetteers and the use of international standards for the
encoding of character sets could assist in the international standardization of geographical
names.
One of the main tasks of the Working Group was to assess the completeness and the
utility of existing standards for the exchange of geographical names. This was achieved by
conducting a worldwide survey, on a country and language basis, of the main writing and
romanization systems required for the recording, processing, standardization, exchange and
promotion of nationally approved geographical names for international use.
The survey identified for each country, language, writing system and romanization
system, the availability of 8-bit ISO 8859 and 16-bit ISO 10646/Unicode codes for each
character, concentrating on the encoding requirements for Roman and romanized characters,
since these constituted the principal vehicle for international names exchange and
standardization. However, the survey also included a reference to the 16-bit ISO 10646/Unicode
codes for the non-Roman scripts where available, since these were considered essential for
national names recording and standardization purposes as well as with regard to a possible future
requirement for international use.
The following international text encoding standards were examined:
(a) ISO/IEC1 8859: 1987. International Organization for Standardization. Information
processing-8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets (Geneva, 1987);
(b) ISO/IEC 10646-1: 1993. International Organization for Standardization. Information
technology-Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Sets (UCS) (Geneva, 1993); (16-bit
codes sometimes referred to as wide ASCII2);
1 International Electrotechnical Commission.
2 American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
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Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
(c) The Unicode Standard, Version 2.0: 1996. The Unicode Consortium, Addison-
Wesley Developers Press, Reading, Massachusetts (http://www.unicode.org).
The Unicode coding standard is identical to the ISO/IEC 10646 standard and the two are
maintained and revised in parallel. The analysis in the report therefore treated Unicode and
ISO/IEC 10646 as a single 16-bit standard.
The Unicode Consortium comprises the principal hardware and software corporations
acting together to promote the standard and to introduce applications software that is consistent
with the standard. This standard is a fixed-width uniform encoding scheme for written characters
and text. The repertoire of this international character code for information processing includes
characters for the major scripts of the world. The character encoding treats alphabetic characters,
ideographic characters, and symbols identically, which means that they can be used in any
mixture. The ISO 10646/Unicode standard builds upon the ISO 8859-1 standard, but uses a 16-
bit encoding to support full multilingual text. No escape sequence or control code is required to
specify any character in any language.
The Working Group’s findings were presented to the Seventh United Nations Conference
on the Standardization of Geographical Names, held in New York in January 1998 (see
document E/CONF.91/CRP.11). The Working Group concluded that, for the languages, writing
systems and romanization systems included in the survey, the ISO 10646/Unicode encoding
standard had the potential to meet almost all of the requirements for national and international
geographical names processing and exchange. The tables in annexes A and B reflect the
Working Group’s findings, and have been updated to Unicode version 5.0 (the Unicode
Consortium, The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0 (Boston, Massachusetts, Addison-Wesley,
2007; ISBN: 0-321-48091-0).
In addition to achieving the task of reviewing the toponymic data text encoding
requirements and standards, the Working Group identified the toponymic data and formats that
might be exchanged in digital form to promote international names standardization. The
Working Group considered the format and content requirements for the toponymic data itself as
well as for the data about the data (the metadata) which are essential for the successful transfer,
understanding and utilization of the names data.
Annex A to part two of the Technical Reference Manual is a master list of Roman
characters that summarizes on a worldwide basis the results of the survey. This master list is
sorted alphabetically and by diacritical mark.
Annex B, section I, is a list of countries, languages and writing systems that provides,
for each country, the main languages, writing systems and romanization systems required for the
processing of most of the current geographical names that are used in the country concerned.
The list is not fully comprehensive. Additional languages and writing and romanization systems
may be required for some countries. The list has taken account of the United Nations toponymic
guidelines for each country, where these are available. The final column in annex B, section I,
identifies the ISO/Unicode code address for the non-Roman writing systems and provides
references to the tables of characters in annex B, section II.
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Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
Annex B, section II, provides tables of characters for basic Roman and each of the
extended Roman alphabet character sets required for the processing of geographical names.
These tables are ordered by language codes (ISO 639). Each table provides the character, the
character name (following the Unicode standard), the ISO
8859 code and the ISO
10646/Unicode code for each character. From these tables, the completeness of the 8-bit and 16-
bit standards as regards meeting the requirements for encoding digital geographical names for
any purpose may be readily assessed.
Annex C presents a draft toponymic data exchange standard.
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Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
A. Master list of Roman characters
Key to columns below:
Char. (Column 1) - characters are in alphabetical order with upper case characters before lower
case characters. The order of diacritics is taken from the ISO/Unicode Table 8 Row 03 (Combining
Diacritical Marks). Ligatures are given in the order of the first letter of the ligature, after
combinations of the same letter with diacritical marks. Other variant characters are given next to
their closest counterpart in the Basic Roman character table.
Order of combining diacritical marks (only those occurring in the tables are indicated):
0300 - grave accent
030C - caron
032E - breve below
0301 - acute accent
0310 - candrabindu
0331 - macron below
0302 - circumflex accent
0312 - turned comma above
0335 - short stroke overlay
0303 - tilde
0315 - comma above right
0337 - short solidus overlay
0304 - macron
031B - horn
0338 - long solidus overlay
0306 - breve
0323 - dot below
0340 - grave tone mark
0307 - dot above
0324 - diaeresis below
0341 - acute tone mark
0308 - diaeresis
0326 - comma below
035D - combining double breve
0309 - hook above
0327 - cedilla
035F - combining macron below
030A - ring above
0328 - ogonek
030B - double acute accent
032D -circumflex accent below
Character Name (Column 2) - in general the ISO/Unicode terms are used with the exception of
"Latin" being replaced by "Roman". Names given in parentheses follow the same pattern, but
describe characters which cannot be found in a unified form in this standard.
ISO/Unic. (Column 3) - four digit code of the ISO 10646/Unicode is given unless the character is
not unified. In the latter case two codes with + sign are given, consisting usually of the code of the
basic character and that of the combining diacritical mark.
References to Tables of Characters (Column 4) - gives references to tables in Annex B Part 2
where the characters occur.
Note: to acquire the ISO 8859 codes for characters refer to individual tables in Annex B Part 2.
Char. Character Name
ISO/Unic. References to Tables of Characters
&
Ampersand
0026
3
'
Apostrophe
0027
1, kk_R, ky_R, ru_R1, ru_R2
ʹ
Modifier letter prime
02B9
kk_R, ky_R, ru_R1, ru_R2
‘
Inverted apostrophe
02BB/2018
am_R2, ar_R1, fa_R, haw, he_R, ps_R, sm, to
‛
Reversed apostrophe
02BD/201B
ar_R2
´
Acute accent
00B4
et
"
Quotation mark
0022
kk_R, ky_R, ru_R1, ru_R2
ʺ
Modifier letter double prime
02BA
kk_R, ky_R, ru_R1, ru_R2
À
Roman capital letter A with grave
00C0
ca, gd, fr, it, mt, pt, rm, tl, vi, zh_R1
à
Roman small letter a with grave
00E0
ca, gd, fr, it, mt, pt, rm, tl, vi, zh_R1
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Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
Á
Roman capital letter A with acute
00C1
ar_R1, cs, cy, el_R, es, fa_R, fo,
ga, gd, gl, gn, hu, is, km_R, mg, nl,
pt, se, sk, smj, smn, tet, tl, vi, zh_R1
á
Roman small letter a with acute
00E1
ar_R1, cs, cy, el_R, es, fa_R, fo,
ga, gd, gl, gn, hu, is, km_R, mg, nl,
pt, se, sk, smj, smn, tet, tl, vi, zh_R1
Â
Roman capital letter A with circumflex
00C2
ar_R2, ar_R4, br, ch, cy, fr, fy,
km_R, nl, pt, ro, smn, sms, tl, tr, vi, wo
â
Roman small letter a with circumflex
00E2
ar_R2, ar_R4, br, ch, cy, fr, fy,
km_R, nl, pt, ro, smn, sms, tl, tr, vi, wo
Ầ
Roman capital letter A with
1EA6
vi
circumflex and grave
ầ
Roman small letter a with circumflex
1EA7
vi
and grave
Ấ
Roman capital letter A with
1EA4
vi
circumflex and acute
ấ
Roman small letter A with circumflex
1EA5
vi
and acute
Ẫ
Roman capital letter A with
1EAA
vi
circumflex and tilde
ẫ
Roman small letter a with circumflex
1EAB
vi
and tilde
Ẩ
Roman capital letter A with
1EA8
vi
circumflex and hook above
ẩ
Roman small letter a with circumflex
1EA9
vi
and hook above
Ậ
Roman capital letter A with
1EAC
vi
circumflex and dot below
ậ
Roman small letter a with circumflex
1EAD
vi
and dot below
ࣛ
(Roman small letter a with circumflex
00E2+0328
3
and ogonek)
Ã
Roman capital letter A with tilde
00C3
pt, vi
ã
Roman small letter a with tilde
00E3
gn, pt, vi
Ā
Roman capital letter A with macron
0100
2, am_R2, ar_R1, ar_R3, as_R, bn_R,
fa_R, gu_R, haw, hi_R, kn_R, livo, lv,
mh, mi, ml_R, or_R, pa_R, ps_R,
ta_R, te_R, ur_R, zh_R1
ā
Roman small letter a with macron
0101
2, 3, am_R2, ar_R1, ar_R3, as_R,
bn_R, fa_R, gu_R, haw, hi_R, kn_R,
livo, lv, mh, ml_R, mi, or_R, pa_R,
ps_R, ta_R, te_R, ur_R, zh_R1
Ā
(Roman capital letter A with macron
0100+0306
hi_R
and breve)
ā
(Roman small letter A with macron and
0101+0306
hi_R
breve)
Ă
Roman capital letter A with breve
0102
km_R, ro, vi, wo
ă
Roman small letter a with breve
0103
km_R, ro, vi, wo
Ằ
Roman capital letter A with breve and grave 1EB0
vi
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Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
ằ
Roman small letter a with breve and grave
1EB1
vi
Ắ
Roman capital letter A with breve and
1EAE
vi
acute
ắ
Roman small letter a with breve and
1EAF
vi
acute
Ẵ
Roman capital letter A with breve and tilde
1EB4
vi
ẵ
Roman small letter a with breve and tilde
1EB5
vi
Ẳ
Roman capital letter A with breve and
1EB2
vi
hook above
ẳ
Roman small letter a with breve and
1EB3
vi
hook above
Ặ
Roman capital letter A with breve and
1EB6
vi
dot below
ặ
Roman small letter a with breve and
1EB7
vi
dot below
Ȧ
Roman capital letter A with dot above
0226
ulit
ȧ
Roman small letter a with dot above
0227
ulit
Ä
Roman capital letter A with diaeresis
00C4
az, cy, de, et, fi, kk_R, lb, livo,
sk, sma, smj, smn, sms, sv, tk, yap
ä
Roman small letter a with diaeresis
00E4
az, cy, de, et, fi, kk_R, lb, livo,
sk, sma, smj, smn, sms, sv, tk, yap
Ǟ
Roman capital letter A with diaeresis
01DE
livo, sms
and macron
ǟ
Roman small letter a with diaeresis
01DF
livo, sms
and macron
Ả
Roman capital letter A with hook above
1EA2
vi
ả
Roman small letter a with hook above
1EA3
vi
Å
Roman capital letter A with ring above
00C5
da, no, sma, smj, sms, sv
å
Roman small letter a with ring above
00E5
da, no, sma, smj, sms, sv
Ǎ
Roman capital letter A with caron
01CD
bg_R1, zh_R1
ǎ
Roman small letter a with caron
01CE
bg_R1, zh_R1
Ạ
Roman capital letter A with dot below
1EA0
vi
ạ
Roman small letter a with dot below
1EA1
vi
Ą
Roman capital letter A with ogonek
0104
lt, pl
ą
Roman small letter a with ogonek
0105
lt, pl
Ə
Roman capital letter schwa
018F
az
ə
Roman small letter schwa
0259
az
Æ
Roman capital letter AE (ash)
00C6
da, fo, is, no
æ
Roman small letter ae (ash)
00E6
da, fo, is, no
AI
Roman capital letters AI with breve
0041+035D
hi_R
+0049
ai
Roman small letters ai with breve
0061+035D
hi_R
+0069
Ɓ
Roman capital letter B with hook
0181
ha
ɓ
Roman small letter b with hook
0253
ha
Ć
Roman capital letter C with acute
0106
bs, dsb, hr, hsb, mk_R, pl, sr_R,
ć
Roman small letter c with acute
0107
bs, dsb, hr, hsb, mk_R, pl, sr_R,
Ċ
Roman capital letter C with dot above
010A
mt
ċ
Roman small letter c with dot above
010B
mt
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Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
Č
Roman capital letter C with caron
010C
be_R, bg_R1, bs, cs, dsb, hr, hsb, lt, lv,
mk_R, ru_R1, se, sk, sl, smn, sms, sr_R
č
Roman small letter c with caron
010D
be_R, bg_R1, bs, cs, dsb, hr, hsb, lt, lv,
mk_R, ru_R1, se, sk, sl, smn, sms, sr_R
Ç
Roman capital letter C with cedilla
00C7
ar_R4, az, ca, eu, fr, sq, pt, tk, tr
ç
Roman small letter c with cedilla
00E7
ar_R4, az, ca, eu, fr, sq, pt, tk, tr
Ď
Roman capital letter D with caron
010E
cs, sk
ď
Roman small letter d with caron
010F
cs, sk
Ḍ
Roman capital letter D with dot below
1E0C
ar_R2, ar_R4, as_R, bn_R, gu_R, hi_R,
kn_R, ml_R, ne_R, or_R, pa_R, ta_R,
te_R, ur_R
ḍ
Roman small letter d with dot below
1E0D
ar_R2, ar_R4, as_R, bn_R, gu_R, hi_R,
kn_R, ml_R, ne_R, or_R, pa_R, ta_R,
te_R, ur_R
Ḑ
Roman capital letter D with cedilla
1E10
ar_R1, livo
ḑ
Roman small letter d with cedilla
1E11
ar_R1, livo
Ḓ
Roman capital letter D with
1E12
ve
circumflex below
ḓ
Roman small letter d with circumflex
1E13
ve
below
Ḏ
Roman capital letter D with line below
1E0E
ar_R3, ps_R
ḏ
Roman small letter d with line below
1E0F
ar_R3, ps_R
Đ
Roman capital letter D with stroke
0110
bs, hr, mk_R, se, smn, sms, sr_R, vi
đ
Roman small letter d with stroke
0111
bs, hr, mk_R, se, smn, sms, sr_R, vi
Ɗ
Roman capital letter D with hook
018A
ha
ɗ
Roman small letter d with hook
0257
ha
Ð
Roman capital letter ETH
00D0
fo, is
ð
Roman small letter eth
00F0
fo, is
Ʒ
Roman capital letter EZH
01B7
sms
ʒ
Roman small letter ezh
0292
sms
Ǯ
Roman capital letter EZH with caron
01EE
sms
ǯ
Roman small letter ezh with caron
01EF
sms
È
Roman capital letter E with grave
00C8
af, ar_R4, ca, fr, gd, it, lo_R, mt, my_R,
nl, pt, rm, ru_R1, tl, vi, wo, zh_R1
è
Roman small letter e with grave
00E8
af, ar_R4, ca, fr, gd, it, lo_R, mt, my_R,
nl, pt, rm, ru_R1, tl, vi, wo, zh_R1
É
Roman capital letter E with acute
00C9
af, ar_R4, bi, ca, cs, cy, da, el_R, es, fr, ga,
gd, gl, gn, he_R, hu, id, is, it, km_R, lb, lo_R,
nl, no, pt, rm, sk, sv, tet, tl, vi, wo, zh_R1
é
Roman small letter e with acute
00E9
af, ar_R4, bi, ca, cs, cy, da, el_R, es, fr, ga,
gd, gl, gn, he_R, hu, id, is, it, km_R, lb, lo_R,
nl, no, pt, rm, sk, sv, tet, tl, wo, vi, zh_R1
Ê
Roman capital letter E with circumflex
00CA
af, ar_R4, br, cy, fr, fy, km_R, nl,
ps_R, pt, tl, tn, vi, zh_R2, zh_R1
ê
Roman small letter e with circumflex
00EA
af, ar_R4, br, cy, fr, fy, km_R, nl,
ps_R, pt, tl, tn, vi, zh_R2, zh_R1
Ề
Roman capital letter E with
1EC0
vi
circumflex and grave
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Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
ề
Roman small letter e with circumflex
1EC1
vi
and grave
Ế
Roman capital letter E with
1EBE
vi
circumflex and acute
ế
Roman small letter e with circumflex
1EBF
vi
and acute
Ễ
Roman capital letter E with
1EC4
vi
circumflex and tilde
ễ
Roman small letter e with circumflex
1EC5
vi
and tilde
Ể
Roman capital letter E with
1EC2
vi
circumflex and hook above
ể
Roman small letter e with circumflex
1EC3
vi
and hook above
Ệ
Roman capital letter E with
1EC6
vi
circumflex and dot below
ệ
Roman small letter e with circumflex
1EC7
vi
and dot below
Ẽ
Roman capital letter E with tilde
1EBC
vi
ẽ
Roman small letter e with tilde
1EBD
gn, vi
Ē
Roman capital letter E with macron
0112
am_R2, livo, lv, mi, zh_R1
ē
Roman small letter e with macron
0113
3, am_R2, livo, lv, mi, zh_R1
Ĕ
Roman capital letter E with breve
0114
gu_R, hi_R, km_R, kn_R, ml_R, ta_R, te_R
ĕ
Roman small letter e with breve
0115
gu_R, hi_R, km_R, kn_R, ml_R, ta_R, te_R
Ė
Roman capital letter E with dot above
0116
kk_R, lt, tg_R, ulit
ė
Roman small letter e with dot above
0117
kk_R, lt, tg_R, ulit
Ë
Roman capital letter E with diaeresis
00CB
af, cy, fr, lb, nl, ru_R1, ru_R2, sq, yap
ë
Roman small letter e with diaeresis
00EB
af, cy, fr, lb, nl, ru_R1, ru_R2, sq, yap
Ẻ
Roman capital letter E with hook above
1EBA
vi
ẻ
Roman small letter e with hook above
1EBB
vi
Ě
Roman capital letter E with caron
011A
cs, dsb, hsb, zh_R1
ě
Roman small letter e with caron
011B
cs, dsb, hsb, zh_R1
Ẹ
Roman capital letter E with dot below
1EB8
vi, yo
ẹ
Roman small letter e with dot below
1EB9
vi, yo
Ę
Roman capital letter E with ogonek
0118
lt, pl
ę
Roman small letter e with ogonek
0119
lt, pl
ॲ
(Roman capital letter E with line below)
0045+0331
am_R1
ॳ
(Roman small letter e with line below)
0065+0331
am_R1
హ
(Roman capital letter F with line below)
0046+0331
el_R
(Roman small letter f with line below)
0066+0331
el_R
(Roman capital letter G with tilde)
0047+0303
tl
ొ
(Roman small letter g with tilde)
0067+0303
gn, tl
Ğ
Roman capital letter G with breve
011E
az, tr
ğ
Roman small letter g with breve
011F
az, tr
Ġ
Roman capital letter G with dot above
0120
mt
ġ
Roman small letter g with dot above
0121
mt
Ǧ
Roman capital letter G with caron
01E6
sms
ǧ
Roman small letter g with caron
01E7
sms
93
Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
ģ
Roman small letter g with turned
0123
lv
comma above
ౄ
(Roman capital letter G with dot below)
0047+0323 pa_R, ur_R
(Roman small letter g with dot below)
0067+0323 pa_R, ur_R
Ģ
Roman capital letter G with cedilla
0122
lv
ూ
(Roman capital letter G with line below)
0047+0331
3
ృ
(Roman small letter g with line below)
0067+0331
3
Ǥ
Roman capital letter G with stroke
01E4
sms
ǥ
Roman small letter g with stroke
01E5
sms
G‘
(Roman capital letter G with inverted
(0047+02BB) uz
apostrophe)
g‘
(Roman small letter g with inverted
(0067+02BB) uz
apostrophe)
Ḥ
Roman capital letter H with dot below
1E24
ar_R2, ar_R4, as_R, bn_R, hi_R, kn_R,
ml_R, or_R, te_R
ḥ
Roman small letter h with dot below
1E25
ar_R2, ar_R4, as_R, bn_R, hi_R, kn_R,
ml_R, or_R, te_R
ߜ
(Roman capital letter H with
0048+0324
wo
diaeresis below)
ߝ
(Roman small letter h with diaeresis
0068+0324
wo
below)
Ḩ
Roman capital letter H with cedilla
1E28
ar_R1, fa_R, ps_R
ḩ
Roman small letter h with cedilla
1E29
ar_R1, fa_R, ps_R
(Roman capital letter H with line below)
0048+0331
ar_R3, he_R
ẖ
Roman small letter h with line below
1E96
ar_R3, he_R
Ħ
Roman capital letter H with stroke
0126
mt
ħ
Roman small letter h with stroke
0127
mt
Ì
Roman capital letter I with grave
00CC
gd, it, mt, rm, tl, vi, zh_R1
ì
Roman small letter i with grave
00EC
gd, it, mt, rm, tl, vi, zh_R1
Í
Roman capital letter I with acute
00CD
ca, cs, el_R, es, fo, ga, gl, gn, hu,
is, it, nl, pt, sk, tet, tg_R, tl, vi, zh_R1
í
Roman small letter i with acute
00ED
ca, cs, el_R, es, fo, ga, gl, gn, hu,
is, it, nl, pt, sk, tet, tg_R, tl, vi, zh_R1
Î
Roman capital letter I with circumflex
00CE
af, ar_R2, ar_R4, cy, fy, fr, mt, rm, ro, tl, tr
î
Roman small letter i with circumflex
00EE
af, ar_R2, ar_R4, cy, fy, fr, mt, rm, ro, tl, tr
Ĩ
Roman capital letter I with tilde
0128
vi
ĩ
Roman small letter i with tilde
0129
gn, vi
Ī
Roman capital letter I with macron
012A
2, am_R2, ar_R1, ar_R3, as_R, bn_R,
fa_R, gu_R, hi_R, kk_R, kn_R, livo, lv,
mi, ml_R, or_R, pa_R, ps_R, ta_R,
te_R, ur_R, zh_R1
ī
Roman small letter i with macron
012B
2, am_R2, ar_R1, ar_R3, as_R, bn_R,
fa_R, gu_R, hi_R, kk_R, kn_R, livo, lv,
mi, ml_R, or_R, pa_R, ps_R, ta_R,
te_R, ur_R, zh_R1
Ĭ
Roman capital letter I with breve
012C
km_R, mn_R
ĭ
Roman small letter i with breve
012D
km_R, mn_R
İ
Roman capital letter I with dot above
0130
az, tr
Ï
Roman capital letter I with diaeresis
00CF
af, ar_R4, bi, ca, cy, el_R, fr, mn_R, nl
94
Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
ï
Roman small letter i with diaeresis
00EF
af, ar_R4, bi, ca, cy, el_R, fr, mn_R, nl
Ḯ
Roman capital letter I with
1E2E
el_R
diaeresis and acute
ḯ
Roman small letter i with diaeresis
1E2F
el_R
and acute
Ỉ
Roman capital letter I with hook above
1EC8
vi
ỉ
Roman small letter i with hook above
1EC9
vi
Ǐ
Roman capital letter I with caron
01CF
zh_R1
ǐ
Roman small letter i with caron
01D0
zh_R1
Ị
Roman capital letter I with dot below
1ECA
ibo, vi
ị
Roman small letter i with dot below
1ECB
ibo, vi
Į
Roman capital letter I with ogonek
012E
lt
į
Roman small letter i with ogonek
012F
3, lt
৲
(Roman capital letter I with line below)
0049+0331
am_R1, el_R
৳
(Roman small letter i with line below)
0069+0331
am_R1, el_R
ঞ
(Roman capital letter I with line
00CD+0331
el_R
below and acute)
ট
(Roman small letter i with line below
00ED+0331
el_R
and acute)
ı
Roman small letter i with no dot
0131
az, tr
IJ
Roman capital ligature IJ
0132
nl
ij
Roman small ligature ij
0133
nl
ౠ
(Roman capital letter J with line below)
004A+0331
as_R, bn_R
ౡ
(Roman small letter j with line below)
006A+0331
as_R, bn_R
Ǩ
Roman capital letter K with caron
01E8
sms
ǩ
Roman small letter k with caron
01E9
sms
Ḳ
Roman capital letter K with dot below
1E32
pa_R, ur_R
ḳ
Roman small letter k with dot below
1E33
pa_R, ur_R
Ķ
Roman capital letter K with cedilla
0136
lv
ķ
Roman small letter k with cedilla
0137
lv
Ḵ
Roman capital letter K with line below
1E34
3
ḵ
Roman small letter k with line below
1E35
3
Ƙ
Roman capital letter K with hook
0198
ha
ƙ
Roman small letter k with hook
0199
ha
Ŀ
Roman capital letter L with middle dot
013F
ca
ŀ
Roman small letter l with middle dot
0140
ca
Ĺ
Roman capital letter L with acute
0139
sk
ĺ
Roman small letter l with acute
013A
sk
Ľ
Roman capital letter L with caron
013D
sk
ľ
Roman small letter l with caron
013E
sk
Ḷ
Roman capital letter L with dot below
1E36
gu_R, kn_R, ml_R, mr_R, or_R, ta_R, te_R
ḷ
Roman small letter l with dot below
1E37
gu_R, kn_R, ml_R, mr_R, or_R, ta_R, te_R
L
(Roman capital letter L with
004C+0324
as_R
diaeresis below)
l
(Roman small letter l with diaeresis below)
006C+0324
as_R
Ļ
Roman capital letter L with cedilla
013B
livo, lv, mh
ļ
Roman small letter l with cedilla
013C
livo, lv, mh
Ḽ
Roman capital letter L with
1E3C
ve
circumflex below
95
Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
ḽ
Roman small letter l with circumflex below
1E3D
ve
L
(Roman capital letter L with breve below)
004C+032E
ta_R
l
(Roman small letter l with breve below)
006C+032E
ta_R
Ḻ
Roman capital letter L with line below
1E3A
ml_R
ḻ
Roman small letter l with line below
1E3B
ml_R
Ł
Roman capital letter L with stroke
0141
3, dsb, hsb, pl
ł
Roman small letter l with stroke
0142
3, dsb, hsb, pl
LJ
Roman capital letter LJ
01C7
sr_R
Lj
Roman capital letter L with small
01C8
sr_R
letter j
lj
Roman small letter lj
01C9
sr_R
ࠅ
(Roman capital letter M with circumflex)
004D+0302
lb
ࠆ
(Roman small letter m with circumflex)
006D+0302
lb
ಌ
(Roman capital letter M with macron)
004D+0304
bi
(Roman small letter m with macron)
006D+0304
bi
Ṁ
Roman capital letter M with dot above
1E40
as_R, hi_R, kn_R, ml_R, or_R, te_R
ṁ
Roman small letter m with dot above
1E41
as_R, hi_R, kn_R, ml_R, or_R, te_R
M
(Roman capital letter M with candrabindu)
004D+0310
or_R, te_R
m
(Roman small letter m with candrabindu)
006D+0310
or_R, te_R
ಖ
(Roman capital letter M with cedilla)
004D+0327
mh
ಗ
(Roman small letter m with cedilla)
006D+0327
mh
Ń
Roman capital letter N with acute
0143
dsb, hsb, ne_R, pl
ń
Roman small letter n with acute
0144
dsb, hsb, ne_R, pl
ࠕ
(Roman capital letter N with circumflex)
004E+0302
lb
ࠖ
(Roman small letter n with circumflex)
006E+0302
lb
Ñ
Roman capital letter N with tilde
00D1
as_R, bn_R, br, ch, es, eu, gl, gn,
gu_R, hi_R, kn_R, ml_R, ne_R, or_R,
pa_R, smj, ta_R, te_R, tet, tl
ñ
Roman small letter n with tilde
00F1
as_R, bn_R, br, ch, es, eu, gl, gn,
gu_R, hi_R, kn_R, ml_R, ne_R, or_R,
pa_R, smj, ta_R, te_R, tet, tl
ಜ
(Roman capital letter N with macron)
004E+0304
mh
ಝ
(Roman small letter n with macron)
006E+0304
mh
Ṅ
Roman capital letter N with dot above
1E44
as_R, bn_R, gu_R, hi_R, kn_R, ml_R,
or_R, pa_R, ta_R, te_R, ve
ṅ
Roman small letter n with dot above
1E45
as_R, bn_R, gu_R, hi_R, kn_R, ml_R,
or_R, pa_R, ta_R, te_R, ve
ಚ
(Roman capital letter N with
004E+0308
mg
diaeresis)
ಛ
(Roman small letter n with diaeresis)
006E+0308
mg
Ň
Roman capital letter N with caron
0147
cs, sk, tk
ň
Roman small letter n with caron
0148
cs, sk, tk
Ṇ
Roman capital letter N with dot below
1E46
as_R, bn_R, gu_R, hi_R, kn_R, ml_R,
ne_R, or_R, pa_R, ta_R, te_R
ṇ
Roman small letter n with dot below
1E47
as_R, bn_R, gu_R, hi_R, kn_R, ml_R,
ne_R, or_R, pa_R, ta_R, te_R
Ņ
Roman capital letter N with cedilla
0145
livo, lv, mh
ņ
Roman small letter n with cedilla
0146
livo, lv, mh
96
Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
Ṋ
Roman capital letter N with
1E4A
ve
circumflex below
ṋ
Roman small letter n with circumflex
1E4B
ve
below
Ṉ
Roman capital letter N with line below
1E48
el_R, ps_R, ta_R
ṉ
Roman small letter n with line below
1E49
el_R, ps_R, ta_R
Ŋ
Roman capital letter ENG (Saami)
014A
se, smn, sms
ŋ
Roman small letter eng (Saami)
014B
se, smn, sms
NJ
Roman capital letter NJ
01CA
sr_R
Nj
Roman capital letter N with small
01CB
sr_R
letter j
nj
Roman small letter nj
01CC
sr_R
Ò
Roman capital letter O with grave
00D2
ca, gd, it, mt, no, pt, rm, tl, vi, zh_R1
ò
Roman small letter o with grave
00F2
ca, gd, it, mt, no, pt, rm, tl, vi, zh_R1
Ó
Roman capital letter O with acute
00D3
ca, cs, fo, el_R, es, ga, gd, gl, gn, hsb, hu, is,
it, km_R, nl, pl, pt, sk, tet, tl, vi, zh_R1
ó
Roman small letter o with acute
00F3
ca, cs, fo, el_R, es, ga, gd, gl, gn, hsb, hu, is,
it, km_R, nl, pl, pt, sk, tet, tl, vi, zh_R1
Ô
Roman capital letter O with circumflex
00D4
af, ar_R2, ar_R4, br, cy, fr, fy, ja_R2, km_R,
lo_R, mg, my_R, nl, no, pt, sk, tn, vi
ô
Roman small letter o with circumflex
00F4
af, ar_R2, ar_R4, br, cy, fr, fy, ja_R2, km_R,
lo_R, mg, my_R, nl, no, pt, sk, tn, vi
Ồ
Roman capital letter O with
1ED2
vi
circumflex and grave
ồ
Roman small letter o with circumflex
1ED3
vi
and grave
Ố
Roman capital letter O with
1ED0
vi
circumflex and acute
ố
Roman small letter o with circumflex
1ED1
vi
and acute
Ỗ
Roman capital letter O with
1ED6
vi
circumflex and tilde
ỗ
Roman small letter o with circumflex
1ED7
vi
and tilde
Ổ
Roman capital letter O with
1ED4
vi
circumflex and hook above
ổ
Roman small letter o with circumflex
1ED5
vi
and hook above
Ộ
Roman capital letter O with
1ED8
vi
circumflex and dot below
ộ
Roman small letter o with circumflex
1ED9
vi
and dot below
Õ
Roman capital letter O with tilde
00D5
et, livo, pt, sms, vi
õ
Roman small letter o with tilde
00F5
et, gn, livo, pt, sms, vi
Ȭ
Roman capital letter O with tilde
022C
livo
and macron
ȭ
Roman small letter o with tilde and macron
022D
livo
Ō
Roman capital letter O with macron
014C
haw, ja_R1, livo, mh, mi, zh_R1
ō
Roman small letter o with macron
014D
3, haw, ja_R1, livo, mh, mi, zh_R1
97
Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
ṓ
Roman small letter o with macron and acute 1E53
3
ṓ
(Roman small letter o with macron
1E53+0328
3
acute and ogonek)
Ŏ
Roman capital letter O with breve
014E
gu_R, hi_R, km_R, kn_R, ko_R,
ml_R, ta_R, te_R
ŏ
Roman small letter o with breve
014F
gu_R, hi_R, km_R, kn_R, ko_R,
ml_R, ta_R, te_R
Ȯ
Roman capital letter O with dot above
022E
livo, ulit
ȯ
Roman small letter o with dot above
022F
livo, ulit
Ȱ
Roman capital letter O with dot
0230
livo
above and macron
ȱ
Roman small letter o with dot above
0231
livo
and macron
Ö
Roman capital letter O with diaeresis
00D6
az, cy, de, et, fi, hu, is, kk_R,
ky_R, lb, mn_R, nl, sv, tk, tr, yap
ö
Roman small letter o with diaeresis
00F6
az, cy, de, et, fi, hu, is, kk_R,
ky_R, lb, mn_R, nl, sv, tk, tr, yap
Ỏ
Roman capital letter O with hook above
1ECE
vi
ỏ
Roman small letter o with hook above
1ECF
vi
Ő
Roman capital letter O with double acute
0150
hu
ő
Roman small letter o with double acute
0151
hu
Ǒ
Roman capital letter O with caron
01D1
zh_R1
ǒ
Roman small letter o with caron
01D2
zh_R1
Ơ
Roman capital letter O with horn
01A0
vi
ơ
Roman small letter o with horn
01A1
vi
Ờ
Roman capital letter O with horn and grave
1EDC
vi
ờ
Roman small letter o with horn and grave
1EDD
vi
Ớ
Roman capital letter O with horn and acute
1EDA
vi
ớ
Roman small letter o with horn and acute
1EDB
vi
Ỡ
Roman capital letter O with horn and tilde
1EE0
vi
ỡ
Roman small letter o with horn and tilde
1EE1
vi
Ở
Roman capital letter O with horn and
1EDE
vi
hook above
ở
Roman small letter o with horn and
1EDF
vi
hook above
Ợ
Roman capital letter O with horn and
1EE2
vi
dot below
ợ
Roman small letter o with horn and
1EE3
vi
dot below
Ọ
Roman capital letter O with dot below
1ECC
ibo, vi, yo
ọ
Roman small letter o with dot below
1ECD
ibo, vi, yo
ਨ
(Roman capital letter O with cedilla)
004F+0327
mh
(Roman small letter o with cedilla)
006F+0327
mh
ੜ
(Roman capital letter O with line below)
004F+0331
el_R
(Roman small letter o with line below)
006F+0331
el_R
ਜ
(Roman capital letter O with line
00D3+0331
el_R
below and acute)
ਝ
(Roman small letter o with line below
00F3+0331
el_R
and acute)
98
Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
Ø
Roman capital letter O with stroke
00D8
da, fo, no, sma
ø
Roman small letter o with stroke
00F8
da, fo, no, sma
O‘
(Roman capital letter O with inverted
(004F+02BB) uz
apostrophe)
o‘
(Roman small letter o with inverted
(006F+02BB) uz
apostrophe)
Œ
Roman capital ligature OE
0152
fr, km_R
œ
Roman small ligature oe
0153
fr, km_R
Œ
(Roman capital ligature OE with breve)
0152+0306
km_R
œ
(Roman small ligature oe with breve)
0153+0306
km_R
ರ
(Roman capital letter P with macron)
0050+0304
bi
ಱ
(Roman small letter p with macron)
0070+0304
bi
Ŕ
Roman capital letter R with acute
0154
dsb, sk
ŕ
Roman small letter r with acute
0155
dsb, sk
Ṝ
Roman capital letter R with dot
1E5C
te_R
below and macron
ṝ
Roman small letter R with dot below
1E5D
te_R
and macron
Ṙ
Roman capital letter R with dot above
1E58
as_R, bn_R, hi_R, kn_R, or_R, pa_R, ur_R
ṙ
Roman small letter r with dot above
1E59
as_R, bn_R, hi_R, kn_R, or_R, pa_R, ur_R
Ř
Roman capital letter R with caron
0158
cs, hsb
ř
Roman small letter r with caron
0159
cs, hsb
Ṛ
Roman capital letter R with dot below
1E5A
as_R, bn_R, gu_R, hi_R, kn_R, ml_R, te_R
ṛ
Roman small letter r with dot below
1E5B
as_R, bn_R, gu_R, hi_R, kn_R, ml_R, te_R
Ŗ
Roman capital letter R with cedilla
0156
livo
ŗ
Roman small letter r with cedilla
0157
livo
Ṟ
Roman capital letter R with line below
1E5E
ml_R, ps_R, ta_R
ṟ
Roman small letter r with line below
1E5F
ml_R, ps_R, ta_R
Ś
Roman capital letter S with acute
015A
dsb, ne_R, pl
ś
Roman small letter s with acute
015B
dsb, ne_R, pl
(Roman capital letter S with macron)
0053+0304
fa_R, ps_R
(Roman small letter s with macron)
0073+0304
fa_R, ps_R
Š
Roman capital letter S with caron
0160
be_R, bg_R1, bs, cs, dsb, et, hr, hsb, livo,
lt, lv, mk_R, ru_R1, se, sk, sl, smn,
sms, sr_R
š
Roman small letter s with caron
0161
be_R, bg_R1, bs, cs, dsb, et, hr, hsb, livo,
lt, lv, mk_R, ru_R1, se, sk, sl, smn,
sms, sr_R
Ṣ
Roman capital letter S with dot below
1E62
ar_R2, ar_R4, as_R, bn_R, gu_R, hi_R,
kn_R, ml_R, ne_R, or_R, ta_R, te_R, yo
ṣ
Roman small letter s with dot below
1E63
ar_R2, ar_R4, as_R, bn_R, gu_R, hi_R,
kn_R, ml_R, ne_R, or_R, ta_R, te_R, yo
Ș
Roman capital letter S with comma below
0218
ro
ș
Roman small letter s with comma below
0219
ro
Ş
Roman capital letter S with cedilla
015E
ar_R1, az, fa_R, ps_R, ro, tk, tr
ş
Roman small letter s with cedilla
015F
ar_R1, az, fa_R, ps_R, ro, tk, tr
(Roman capital letter S with line below)
0053+0331
ar_R3
(Roman small letter S with line below)
0073+0331
ar_R3
99
Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
SH
(Roman capital letters SH with line
0053+035F ps_R
below)
+0048
Sh
(Roman capital letter S and small
0053+035F ps_R
letter h with line below)
+0068
sh
(Roman small letters sh with line
0073+035F ps_R
below)
+0068
ß
Roman small letter sharp s (German)
00DF
de
Ṭ
(Roman capital letter T with
1E6C+0308
ml_R
diaeresis and dot below)
ṭ
(Roman small letter t with diaeresis
1E6D+0308 ml_R
and dot below)
(1E97+0323)
Ť
Roman capital letter T with caron
0164
cs, sk
ť
Roman small letter t with caron
0165
cs, sk
Ṭ
Roman capital letter T with dot below
1E6C
ar_R2, ar_R4, as_R, bn_R, gu_R, hi_R,
kn_R, ml_R, ne_R, or_R, pa_R, ta_R,
te_R, ur_R
ṭ
Roman small letter t with dot below
1E6D
ar_R2, ar_R4, as_R, bn_R, gu_R, hi_R,
kn_R, ml_R, ne_R, or_R, pa_R, ta_R,
te_R, ur_R
ࠬ
(Roman capital letter T with
0054+0324
wo
diaeresis below)
࠭
(Roman small letter t with diaeresis below)
0074+0324
wo
Ț
Roman capital letter T with comma below
021A
ro
ț
Roman small letter t with comma below
021B
ro
Ţ
Roman capital letter T with cedilla
0162
ar_R1, livo, ro
ţ
Roman small letter t with cedilla
0163
ar_R1, livo, ro
Ṱ
Roman capital letter T with
1E70
ve
circumflex below
ṱ
Roman small letter t with circumflex below
1E71
ve
Ṯ
Roman capital letter T with line below
1E6E
ar_R3, ps_R
ṯ
Roman small letter t with line below
1E6F
ar_R3, ps_R
Ŧ
Roman capital letter T with stroke
0166
se
ŧ
Roman small letter t with stroke
0167
se
Þ
Roman capital letter Thorn (Icelandic)
00DE
is
þ
Roman small letter thorn (Icelandic)
00FE
is
Ù
Roman capital letter U with grave
00D9
br, cy, fr, gd, it, mt, rm, tl, vi, zh_R1
ù
Roman small letter u with grave
00F9
br, cy, fr, gd, it, mt, rm, tl, vi, zh_R1
Ú
Roman capital letter U with acute
00DA
be_R, ca, cs, el_R, es, fo, fy, ga, gl,
gn, hu, is, it, nl, pt, sk, tet, tl, vi, zh_R1
ú
Roman small letter u with acute
00FA
be_R, ca, cs, el_R, es, fo, fy, ga, gl,
gn, hu, is, it, nl, pt, sk, tet, tl, vi, zh_R1
Û
Roman capital letter U with circumflex
00DB
af, ar_R2, ar_R4, cy, fr, fy, ja_R2, nl, tl, tr
û
Roman small letter u with circumflex
00FB
af, ar_R2, ar_R4, cy, fr, fy, ja_R2, nl, tl, tr
Ũ
Roman capital letter U with tilde
0168
vi
ũ
Roman small letter u with tilde
0169
gn, vi
Ū
Roman capital letter U with macron
016A
2, ar_R1, ar_R3, as_R, bn_R, fa_R,
gu_R, hi_R, ja_R1, kk_R, kn_R, livo,
lt, lv, mh, mi, ml_R, or_R, pa_R,
ps_R, ta_R, te_R, ur_R, zh_R1
100
Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
ū
Roman small letter u with macron
016B
2, 3, ar_R1, ar_R3, as_R, bn_R, fa_R,
gu_R, hi_R, ja_R1, kk_R, kn_R, livo,
lt, lv, mh, mi, ml_R, or_R, pa_R,
ps_R, ta_R, te_R, ur_R, zh_R1
Ŭ
Roman capital letter U with breve
016C
bg_R2, km_R, ko_R, tg_R, zh_R2
ŭ
Roman small letter u with breve
016D
bg_R2, km_R, ko_R, tg_R, zh_R2
Ü
Roman capital letter U with diaeresis
00DC
az, bi, br, ca, ch, cy, de, et, es,
eu, fr, gl, hu, kk_R, ky_R, lb, mn_R,
pt, tk, tr, zh_R2, zh_R1
ü
Roman small letter u with diaeresis
00FC
az, bi, br, ca, ch, cy, de, et, es,
eu, fr, gl, hu, kk_R, ky_R, lb, mn_R,
pt, tk, tr, zh_R2, zh_R1
Ǜ
Roman capital letter U with diaeresis
01DB
zh_R1
and grave
ǜ
Roman small letter u with diaeresis
01DC
zh_R1
and grave
Ǘ
Roman capital letter U with diaeresis
01D7
zh_R1
and acute
ǘ
Roman small letter u with diaeresis
01D8
zh_R1
and acute
Ǖ
Roman capital letter U with diaeresis
01D5
zh_R1
and macron
ǖ
Roman small letter u with diaeresis
01D6
zh_R1
and macron
Ǚ
Roman capital letter U with diaeresis
01D9
zh_R1
and caron
ǚ
Roman small letter u with diaeresis
01DA
zh_R1
and caron
Ủ
Roman capital letter U with hook above
1EE6
vi
ủ
Roman small letter u with hook above
1EE7
vi
Ů
Roman capital letter U with ring above
016E
cs
ů
Roman small letter u with ring above
016F
cs
Ű
Roman capital letter U with double acute
0170
hu
ű
Roman small letter u with double acute
0171
hu
Ǔ
Roman capital letter U with caron
01D3
zh_R1
ǔ
Roman small letter u with caron
01D4
zh_R1
Ư
Roman capital letter U with horn
01AF
vi
ư
Roman small letter u with horn
01B0
vi
Ừ
Roman capital letter U with horn and grave
1EEA
vi
ừ
Roman small letter u with horn and grave
1EEB
vi
Ứ
Roman capital letter U with horn and acute
1EE8
vi
ứ
Roman small letter u with horn and acute
1EE9
vi
Ữ
Roman capital letter U with horn and tilde
1EEE
vi
ữ
Roman small letter u with horn and tilde
1EEF
vi
Ử
Roman capital letter U with horn and
1EEC
vi
hook above
ử
Roman small letter u with horn and
1EED
vi
hook above
101
Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
Ự
Roman capital letter U with horn and
1EF0
vi
dot below
ự
Roman small letter U with horn and
1EF1
vi
dot below
Ụ
Roman capital letter U with dot below
1EE4
ibo, vi
ụ
Roman small letter u with dot below
1EE5
ibo, vi
Ų
Roman capital letter U with ogonek
0172
lt
ų
Roman small letter u with ogonek
0173
lt
࢛
(Roman capital letter V with line below)
0056+0331
el_R
࢜
(Roman small letter v with line below)
0076+0331
el_R
Ŵ
Roman capital letter W with circumflex
0174
cy, ny
ŵ
Roman small letter w with circumflex
0175
cy, ny
Ẅ
Roman capital letter W with diaeresis
1E84
cy
ẅ
Roman small letter w with diaeresis
1E85
cy
Ẉ
Roman capital letter W with dot below
1E88
ur_R
ẉ
Roman small letter w with dot below
1E89
ur_R
അ
(Roman capital letter X with line below)
0058+0331
3
ആ
(Roman small letter x with line below)
0078+0331
3
Ỳ
Roman capital letter Y with grave
1EF2
vi
ỳ
Roman small letter y with grave
1EF3
vi
Ý
Roman capital letter Y with acute
00DD
cs, el_R, fo, is, sk, tk, vi
ý
Roman small letter y with acute
00FD
cs, el_R, fo, is, sk, tk, vi
Ŷ
Roman capital letter Y with circumflex
0176
cy
ŷ
Roman small letter y with circumflex
0177
cy
Ỹ
Roman capital letter Y with tilde
1EF8
vi
ỹ
Roman small letter y with tilde
1EF9
gn, vi
Ÿ
Roman capital letter Y with diaeresis
0178
cy, fr
ÿ
Roman small letter y with diaeresis
00FF
cy, fr
Ỷ
Roman capital letter Y with hook above
1EF6
vi
ỷ
Roman small letter y with hook above
1EF7
vi
Ỵ
Roman capital letter Y with dot below
1EF4
or_R, ur_R, vi
ỵ
Roman small letter y with dot below
1EF5
or_R, ur_R, vi
Ź
Roman capital letter Z with acute
0179
dsb, hsb pl
ź
Roman small letter z with acute
017A
dsb, hsb pl
ങ
(Roman capital letter Z with macron)
005A+0304
fa_R, ps_R
ച
(Roman small letter z with macron)
007A+0304
fa_R, ps_R
Ż
Roman capital letter Z with dot above
017B
mt, pl
ż
Roman small letter z with dot above
017C
mt, pl
Ž
Roman capital letter Z with caron
017D
be_R, bg_R1, bs, cs, dsb, et, hr, hsb, livo, lt, lv,
mk_R, ru_R1, se, sk, sl, smn, sms, sr_R, tk
ž
Roman small letter z with caron
017E
be_R, bg_R1, bs, cs, dsb, et, hr, hsb, livo, lt, lv
mk_R, ru_R1, se, sk, sl, smn, sms, sr_R, tk
Ẓ
Roman capital letter Z with dot below
1E92
ar_R2, ar_R4, ta_R
ẓ
Roman small letter z with dot below
1E93
ar_R2, ar_R4, ta_R
Z
(Roman capital letter Z with cedilla)
005A+0327
ar_R1, fa_R, ps_R
z
(Roman small letter z with cedilla)
007A+0327
ar_R1, fa_R, ps_R
Ẕ
Roman capital letter Z with line below
1E94
fa_R, he_R, ps_R
ẕ
Roman small letter z with line below
1E95
fa_R, he_R, ps_R
102
Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
ZH
(Roman capital letters ZH with line
005A+035F ps_R
below)
+0048
Zh
(Roman capital letter Z and small
005A+035F ps_R
letter h with line below)
+0068
zh
(Roman small letters zh with line below)
007A+035F ps_R
+0068
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s: 469
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Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
B. Section I. List of countries, languages and writing systems
Key to columns below:
Entity Name (Column
1)
- Country names in English as given by the United Nations
Terminology Section, which maintains the United Nations Multilingual Terminology Database
prepared by the UNGEGN Working Group on Country Names.
Language (Column 2) - languages in which geographical names of a particular country are likely
to occur are listed here, regardless of the status of the language. Where available, guidance has
been sought from the toponymic guidelines issued by the individual countries. Languages are
arranged as per the list of country names compiled by the UNGEGN Working Group on Country
Names, then all other languages.
Writing System(s) (Column 3) - writing systems used for particular languages are listed. All
Roman-script languages are assumed to use all or part of the Basic Roman alphabet (BR) which
is given in part 2. Extensions to that alphabet including characters with diacritical marks and
other variations are given in separate tables for each of the languages. For non-Roman scripts,
reference to the ISO 10646/Unicode encoding of the script is made in brackets.
Romanization System(s) (Column 4) - lists romanization systems encountered in toponymy for
non-Roman script names. Order for systems: UN, national, and other. n/a = not applicable.
Where a UN-approved system exists, this is given first, quoting the appropriate Conference
resolution in brackets. BGN/PCGN refers to systems jointly adopted by the United States Board
on Geographic Names and the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official
Use. I.G.N. stands for Institut Géographique National of France.
Table Reference (Column 5) - refers to tables listing characters of particular languages in Part 2.
Table references contain the code of the language name according to ISO 639. If such a code is
not available, the first four letters of the English name of the language are used instead.
References of tables listing romanized characters contain additionally a letter R and a number if
multiple romanization systems are listed.
Romanization
Entity Name
Language
Writing System(s)
Table Ref.
System(s)
Afghanistan
Dari
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
UN 1967 (I/13)
fa_R
Pashto
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
BGN/PCGN 1968
ps_R
Albania
Albanian
BR+Albanian extensions
n/a
sq
a) UN 1972 (II/8)
ar_R1
Algeria
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
b) I.G.N. System
ar_R4
1973
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Andorra
Catalan
BR+Catalan extensions
n/a
ca
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
105
Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
Angola
Portuguese
BR+Portuguese extensions
n/a
pt
Antigua and Barbuda
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Argentina
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
Armenia
Armenian
Armenian (0530-058F)
BGN/PCGN 1981
1
Australia
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Austria
German
BR+German extensions
n/a
de
Slovene
BR+Slovene extensions
n/a
sl
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani
BR+Azerbaijani extensions
n/a
az
Bahamas
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Bahrain
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
UN 1972 (II/8)
ar_R1
a) UN 1972 (II/11),
1977 (III/12)
bn_R
Bangladesh
Bengali
Bengali (0980-09FF)
b) National:
2
Hunterian System
Barbados
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
a) National: 2000
be_R
Belarus
Byelorussian
Cyrillic (0400-04FF)
b) BGN/PCGN
1
1979
see Russian
Russian
Cyrillic (0400-04FF)
Federation (the)
Belgium
Dutch
BR+Dutch extensions
n/a
nl
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
German
BR+German extensions
n/a
de
Belize
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
Benin
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Bhutan
Dzongkha
Dzongkha (0F00-0FBF)
National: 1997
1
Bolivia
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
Aymara
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Quechua
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian
BR+Bosnian extensions
n/a
bs
Croatian
BR+Croatian extensions
n/a
hr
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Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
UN 1977 (III/11)
Serbian
Cyrillic (0400-04FF)
sr_R
(update VIII/14)
Botswana
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Tswana
BR+Tswana extensions
n/a
tn
Brazil
Portuguese
BR+Portuguese extensions
n/a
pt
Brunei Darussalam
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Malay
Basic Roman
n/a
1
a) UN 1977
(III/10)
bg_R1
Bulgaria
Bulgarian
Cyrillic (0400-04FF)
b) BGN/PCGN
bg_R2
1952
Burkina Faso
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Burundi
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Kirundi
Basic Roman
n/a
1
a) UN 1972 (II/10)
km_R
Cambodia
Khmer
Khmer (1780-17FF)
b) National:
1
(Provisional) 1995
Cameroon
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Canada
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
(various
indigenous
BR+Canadian extensions
n/a
3
languages)1
Cape Verde
Portuguese
BR+Portuguese extensions
n/a
pt
Central African Republic
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Chad
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
UN 1972 (II/8)
ar_R1
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Chile
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
a) UN 1977 (III/8)
zh_R1
China
Chinese
Chinese (3400-9FFF)
b) Modified Wade-
zh_R2
Giles (1912)
Colombia
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
Comoros
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
UN 1972 (II/8)
ar_R1
1 includes Chipewyan, Inuktitut, Kaska, Northern Tutchone, Tlingit which use extended Roman alphabet characters,
the inventory of which is not complete at the present stage of research
107
Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Shikomor
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Congo
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Costa Rica
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
Côte d'Ivoire
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Croatia
Croatian
BR+Croatian extensions
n/a
hr
Cuba
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
Greek
Cyprus
Greek
UN 1987 (V/19)
el_R
(0370-03FF, 0F00-1F7F)
Turkish
BR+Turkish extensions
n/a
tr
Czech Republic
Czech
BR+Czech extensions
n/a
cs
a) National: 1992
Democratic People's
Korean (1100-11FF, AC00-
ko_R
Korean
b) McCune
Republic of Korea
D7FF)
ko_R
Reischauer 1939
Democratic Republic of the
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Congo
Denmark
Danish
BR+Danish extensions
n/a
da
Faroese
BR+Faroese extensions
n/a
fo
German
BR+German extensions
n/a
de
Greenlandic
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Djibouti
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Dominica
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Dominican Republic
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
Ecuador
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
a) UN 1972 (II/8)
ar_R1
Egypt
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
b) National:Survey
ar_R2
of Egypt
El Salvador
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
Equatorial Guinea
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
Eritrea
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Tigrinya
Ethiopic (1200-137F)
BGN/PCGN 1994
am_R2
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Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
Estonia
Estonian
BR+Estonian extensions
n/a
et
Swedish
BR+Swedish extensions
n/a
sv
a) UN 1967 (I/17)
am_R1
Ethiopia
Amharic
Ethiopic (1200-137F)
b) BGN/PCGN
am_R2
1967
Fiji
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Fijian
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Finland
Finnish
BR+Finnish extensions
n/a
fi
Swedish
BR+Swedish extensions
n/a
sv
Inari Saami
BR+Inari Saami extensions
n/a
smn
North Saami
BR+North Saami extensions
n/a
se
Skolt Saami
BR+Skolt Saami extensions
n/a
sms
France
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Breton
BR+Breton extensions
n/a
br
Occitan
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Gabon
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Gambia (the)
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
a) National: 2002
1
Georgia
Georgian
Georgian (10A0-10FF)
b) BGN/PCGN
1
1981
Germany
German
BR+German extensions
n/a
de
Sorbian
BR+Sorbian extensions 1
n/a
dsb
(Lower)
Sorbian
BR+Sorbian extensions 2
n/a
hsb
(Upper)
Ghana
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Greek
Greece
Greek
UN 1987 (V/19)
el_R
(0370-03FF, 1F00-1FFF)
Grenada
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Guatemala
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
Guinea
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Guinea-Bissau
Portuguese
BR+Portuguese extensions
n/a
pt
Guyana
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Haiti
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Haitian Creole
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
109
Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
Holy See (the)
Italian
BR+Italian extensions
n/a
it
Latin
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Honduras
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
Hungary
Hungarian
BR+Hungarian extensions
n/a
hu
Iceland
Icelandic
BR+Icelandic extensions
n/a
is
India
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
a) UN 1972 (II/11),
1977 (III/12)
hi_R
Hindi
Devanagari (0900-097F)
b) National:
2
Hunterian System2
a) UN 1972 (II/11),
Assamese
Bengali (0980-09FF)
as_R
1977 (III/12)
a) UN 1972 (II/11),
Bengali
Bengali (0980-09FF)
bn_R
1977 (III/12)
a) UN 1972 (II/11),
Gujarati
Gujarati (0A80-0AFF)
gu_R
1977 (III/12)
Kannada (Dravidian) (0C80-
a) UN 1972 (II/11),
Kannada
kn_R
0CFF)
1977 (III/12)
Malayalam (Dravidian)
a) UN 1972 (II/11),
Malayalam
ml_R
(0D00-0D7F)
1977 (III/12)
a) UN 1972 (II/11),
Marathi
Devanagari (0900-097F)
mr_R
1977 (III/12)
a) UN 1972 (II/11),
Oriya
Oriya (0B00-0B7F)
or_R
1977 (III/12)
a) UN 1972 (II/11),
Punjabi
Gurmukhi (0A00-0A7F)
pa_R
1977 (III/12)
Tamil (Dravidian)
a) UN 1972 (II/11),
Tamil
ta_R
(0B80-0BFF)
1977 (III/12)
Telugu (Dravidian) (0C00-
a) UN 1972 (II/11),
Telugu
te_R
0C7F)
1977 (III/12)
a) UN 1972 (II/11),
1977 (III/12)
ur_R
Urdu
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
b) National:
2
Hunterian System
Indonesia
Indonesian
BR+Indonesian extensions
n/a
id
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Persian
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
UN 1967 (I/13)
fa_R
Iraq
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
UN 1972 (II/8)
ar_R1
Ireland
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Irish
BR+Irish extensions
n/a
ga
Israel
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
2 - although not indicated below, it is assumed that the National system is applied to names from other languages of
India as well.
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Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
Hebrew
Hebrew (0590-05F0)
UN 1977 (III/13)
he_R
Italy
Italian
BR+Italian extensions
n/a
it
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
German
BR+German extensions
n/a
de
Jamaica
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Japan
Japanese
Sino-Japanese (3400-9FFF)
a) National:
Modified Hepburn
ja_R1
Kana (3040-30FF)
b) National:
ja_R2
Kunrei-siki (1954)
a) UN 1972 (II/8)
b) National: Royal
ar_R1
Jordan
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
Jordanian
ar_R3
Geographic Centre
Kazakhstan
Kazakh
Cyrillic (0400-04FF)
BGN/PCGN 1979
kk_R
see Russian
Russian
Cyrillic (0400-04FF)
Federation (the)
Kenya
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Swahili
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Kiribati
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Ikiribati
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Kuwait
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
UN 1972 (II/8)
ar_R1
Kyrgyzstan
Kirghiz
Cyrillic (0400-04FF)
BGN/PCGN 1979
ky_R
see Russian
Russian
Cyrillic (0400-04FF)
Federation
Lao People's Democratic
Lao
Lao (0E80-0EF0)
BGN/PCGN 1966
lo_R
Republic (the)
Latvia
Latvian
BR+Latvian extensions
n/a
lv
Livonian
BR+Livonian extensions
n/a
livo
a) UN 1972 (II/8)
ar_R1
Lebanon
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
b) I.G.N. System
ar_R4
1973
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Lesotho
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Sesotho
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Liberia
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
UN 1972 (II/8)
ar_R1
(the)
111
Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
Liechtenstein
German
BR+German extensions
n/a
de
Lithuania
Lithuanian
BR+Lithuanian extensions
n/a
lt
Polish
BR+Polish extensions
n/a
pl
Luxembourg
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
German
BR+German extensions
n/a
de
Luxem-
BR+Luxembourgish
n/a
lb
bourgish
extensions
Madagascar
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Malagasy
BR+Malagasy extensions
n/a
mg
Malawi
Chichewa
BR+Chichewa extensions
n/a
ny
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Malaysia
Malay
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Divehi (Thaana) (0780-
Maldives
Maldivian
National 1987
1
07BF)
Mali
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Malta
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Maltese
BR+Maltese extensions
n/a
mt
Marshall Islands (the)
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Marshallese
BR+Marshallese extensions
n/a
mh
a) UN 1972 (II/8)
ar_R1
Mauritania
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
b) I.G.N. System
ar_R4
1973
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Soninke
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Toucouleur
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Wolof
BR+Wolof extensions
n/a
wo
Mauritius
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Mexico
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
Micronesia (Federated
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
States of)
Kosraean
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Nukuoro
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Ponapean
Basic Roman
n/a
1
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Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
Trukese
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Ulithian
BR+Ulithian extensions
n/a
ulit
Woleaian
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Yapese
BR+Yapese extensions
n/a
yap
Monaco
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Mongolia
Mongolian
Cyrillic (0400-04FF)
BGN/PCGN 1964
mn_R
Mongolian (1800-18AF)
UN 1977 (III/11)
Montenegro
Serbian
Cyrillic (0400-04FF)
sr_R
(update VIII/14)
Serbian
BR+Serbian extensions
= sr_R
a) UN 1972 (II/8)
ar_R1
Morocco
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
b) I.G.N. System
ar_R4
1973
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Mozambique
Portuguese
BR+Portuguese extensions
n/a
pt
Myanmar
Burmese
Burmese (1000-109F)
BGN/PCGN 1970
my_R
Namibia
Afrikaans
BR+Afrikaans extensions
n/a
af
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Nauru
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Nauruan
Basic Roman
n/a
1
a) UN 1972 (II/11),
1977 (III/12)
hi_R
Nepal
Nepalese
Devanagari (0900-097F)
b) BGN/PCGN
ne_R
1964
Netherlands (the)
Dutch
BR+Dutch extensions
n/a
nl
Frisian
BR+Frisian extensions
n/a
fy
Papiamento
Basic Roman
n/a
1
New Zealand
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Maori
BR+Maori extensions
n/a
mi
Nicaragua
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
Niger (the)
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Nigeria
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Hausa
BR+Hausa extensions
n/a
ha
113
Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
Ibo
BR+Ibo extensions
n/a
ibo
Yoruba
BR+Yoruba extensions
n/a
yo
Norwegian (2
Norway
BR+Norwegian extensions
n/a
no
variants)
Finnish
BR+Finnish extensions
n/a
fi
Lule Saami
BR+Lule Saami extensions
n/a
smj
North Saami
BR+North Saami extensions
n/a
se
South Saami
BR+South Saami extensions
n/a
sma
Oman
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
UN 1972 (II/8)
ar_R1
Pakistan
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
a) UN 1972 (II/11),
1977 (III/12)
ur_R
Urdu
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
b) National:
2
Hunterian System
Palau
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Palauan
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Panama
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
Papua New Guinea
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Hiri Motu
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Neo-
melanesian
Basic Roman
n/a
1
(Tok-Pisin)
Paraguay
Guaraní
BR+Guaraní extensions
n/a
gn
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
Peru
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
Aymara
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Quechua
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Philippines (the)
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Pilipino
BR+Pilipino extensions
n/a
tl
Poland
Polish
BR+Polish extensions
n/a
pl
Portugal
Portuguese
BR+Portuguese extensions
n/a
pt
Qatar
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
UN 1972 (II/8)
ar_R1
a) National:
1
Korean (1100-11FF, AC00-
Republic of Korea (the)
Korean
Ministry of Culture
D7FF)
and Tourism, 2000
114
Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
b) McCune
ko_R
Reischauer 1939
Republic of Moldova (the)
Romanian
BR+Romanian extensions
n/a
ro
Romania
Romanian
BR+Romanian extensions
n/a
ro
Hungarian
BR+Hungarian extensions
n/a
hu
a) UN 1987 (V/18)
ru_R1
Russian Federation (the)
Russian
Cyrillic (0400-04FF)
b) BGN/PCGN
ru_R2
1947
Rwanda
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Kinyarwanda
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Saint Kitts and Nevis
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Saint Lucia
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Saint Vincent and the
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Grenadines
Samoa
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Samoan
BR+Samoan extensions
n/a
sm
San Marino
Italian
BR+Italian extensions
n/a
it
Sao Tome and Principe
Portuguese
BR+Portuguese extensions
n/a
pt
Saudi Arabia
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
UN 1972 (II/8)
ar_R1
Senegal
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Serbia
Albanian
BR+Albanian extensions
n/a
sq
Hungarian
BR+Hungarian extensions
n/a
hu
UN 1977 (III/11)
Serbian
Cyrillic (0400-04FF)
sr_R
(update VIII/14)
Creole
Seychelles
Basic Roman
n/a
1
(Seselwa)
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Sierra Leone
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Modified Wade-
Singapore
Chinese
Chinese (3400-9FFF)
zh_R2
Giles (1912)
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Malay
Basic Roman
n/a
1
UN 1972 (II/11),
Tamil
Tamil (0B80-0BFF)
ta_R
1977 (III/12)
115
Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
Slovakia
Slovak
BR+Slovak extensions
n/a
sk
Hungarian
BR+Hungarian extensions
n/a
hu
Slovenia
Slovene
BR+Slovene extensions
n/a
sl
Hungarian
BR+Hungarian extensions
n/a
hu
Italian
BR+Italian extensions
n/a
it
Solomon Islands
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Somalia
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
Somali
Basic Roman
n/a
1
South Africa
Afrikaans
BR+Afrikaans extensions
n/a
af
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Ndebele
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Pedi
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Sesotho
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Swati
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Tsonga
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Tswana
BR+Tswana extensions
n/a
tn
Venda
BR+Venda extensions
n/a
ve
Xhosa
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Zulu
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Spain
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
Basque
BR+Basque extensions
n/a
eu
Catalan
BR+Catalan extensions
n/a
ca
Galician
BR+Galician extensions
n/a
gl
Sri Lanka
Sinhalese
Sinhalese (0D80-0DFF)
-
Tamil (Dravidian)
UN 1972 (II/11),
Tamil
ta_R
(0B80-0BFF)
1977 (III/12)
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Sudan (the)
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
UN 1972 (II/8)
ar_R1
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Suriname
Dutch
BR+Dutch extensions
n/a
nl
116
Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
Swaziland
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Swati
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Sweden
Swedish
BR+Swedish extensions
n/a
sv
Finnish
BR+Finnish extensions
n/a
fi
Lule Saami
BR+Lule Saami extensions
n/a
smj
North Saami
BR+North Saami extensions
n/a
se
Switzerland
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
German
BR+German extensions
n/a
de
Italian
BR+Italian extensions
n/a
it
Rhaeto-
BR+Rhaeto-Romance
n/a
rm
Romance
extensions
Syrian Arab Republic
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
UN 1972 (II/8)
ar_R1
(the)
Tajikistan
Tajik
Cyrillic (0400-04FF)
BGN/PCGN 1994
tg_R
a) UN 1967 (I/14),
Thailand
Thai
Thai (0E00-0E7F)
1
2002 (VIII/13)
The former Yugoslav
Macedonian
Cyrillic (0400-04FF)
UN 1977 (III/11)
mk_R
Republic of Macedonia
Timor-Leste
Portuguese
BR+Portuguese extensions
n/a
pt
Basic Roman + Tetum
Tetum
n/a
tet
extensions
Togo
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Tonga
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Tongan
BR+Tongan extensions
n/a
to
Trinidad and Tobago
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
a) UN 1972(II/8)
ar_R1
Tunisia
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
b) I.G.N. System
ar_R4
1973
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Turkey
Turkish
BR+Turkish extensions
n/a
tr
Turkmenistan
Turkmen
BR+Turkmen extensions
n/a
tk
Tuvalu
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Tuvaluan
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Uganda
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
a) National 1996
1
Ukraine
Ukrainian
Cyrillic (0400-04FF)
b) BGN/PCGN
1
1965
117
Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
United Arab Emirates
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
UN 1972 (II/8)
ar_R1
United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Ireland
Gaelic
BR+Gaelic extensions
n/a
gd
(Scottish)
Irish
BR+Irish extensions
n/a
ga
Welsh
BR+Welsh extensions
n/a
cy
United Republic of
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Tanzania (the)
Swahili
Basic Roman
n/a
1
United States of America
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
(the)
Chamorro
BR+Chamorro extensions
n/a
ch
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Hawaiian
BR+Hawaiian extensions
n/a
haw
Samoan
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
Uruguay
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
Uzbekistan
Uzbek
BR+Uzbek extensions
n/a
uz
Vanuatu
Bislama
BR+Bislama extensions
n/a
bi
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
French
BR+French extensions
n/a
fr
Venezuela
Spanish
BR+Spanish extensions
n/a
es
Viet Nam
Vietnamese
BR+Vietnamese extensions
n/a
vi
Yemen
Arabic
Perso-Arabic (0600-06FF)
UN 1972 (II/8)
ar_R1
Zambia
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
Zimbabwe
English
Basic Roman
n/a
1
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Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
B. Section II. Tables of characters
Key to columns below:
Table headings - Table names contain the language abbreviation according to ISO 639. If such an
abbreviation is not available, the first four letters of the English name of the language are used
instead. References of tables listing romanized characters contain additionally a letter R and a
number if necessary. Tables connected to multiple languages are numbered. If the name of the
language does not coincide with that of the writing system, the language name is added in
parentheses. Notes to tables refer to the analysis of the practical aspects of the implementation of
the ISO standards, described in the notes given below.
1. Languages covered by Table 1 or Basic Roman (Languages where only one or several
character sets out of the total are covered by Table 1 are marked with an asterisk; those languages
are to be found also in the tables below):
Armenian
Kosraean
Somali
Aymara
Latin
Soninke
Byelorussian*
Malay
Sesotho
Creole (Seselwa)
Maldivian
Swahili
Dzongkha
Nauruan
Swati
English
Ndebele
Thai
Fijian
Neo-Melanesian (Tok Pisin)
Toucouleur
Georgian
Nukuoro
Trukese
Greenlandic
Palauan
Tsonga
Hiri Motu
Papiamento
Tuvaluan
Ikiribati
Pedi
Ukrainian*
Kinyarwanda
Ponapean
Woleaian
Kirundi
Quechua
Xhosa
Korean*
Shikomor
Zulu
2. Abbreviations of languages covered by tables of extensions:
Afrikaans
af
Estonian
et
Japanese
ja
Albanian
sq
Faroese
fo
Kazakh
kk
Amharic
am
Finnish
fi
Khmer
km
Arabic
ar
French
fr
Kirghiz
ky
Azerbaijani
az
Frisian
fy
Korean
ko
Basque
eu
Gaelic (Scottish) gd
Lao
lo
Bengali
bn
Galician
gl
Latvian
lv
Bislama
bi
German
de
Lithuanian
lt
Bosnian
bs
Greek
el
Livonian
livo
Breton
br
Guaraní
gn
Lule Saami
smj
Bulgarian
bg
Hausa
ha
Luxembourgish
lb
Burmese
my
Hawaiian
haw
Macedonian
mk
Byelorussian
be
Hebrew
he
Malagasy
mg
Catalan
ca
Hindi
hi
Maltese
mt
Chamorro
ch
Hungarian
hu
Maori
mi
Chichewa
ny
Ibo
ibo
Marshallese
mh
Chinese
zh
Icelandic
is
Mongolian
mn
Croatian
hr
Inari Saami
smn
Nepali
ne
Czech
cs
Indonesian
id
North Saami
se
Danish
da
Irish
ga
Norwegian
no
Dutch
nl
Italian
it
Pashto
ps
119
Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
Persian
fa
Sorbian
dsb/hsb
Turkmen
tk
Pilipino
tl
South Saami
sma
Ukrainian
uk
Polish
pl
Spanish
es
Ulithian
ulit
Portuguese
pt
Swedish
sv
Urdu
ur
Romance
rm
Tagalog: see Pilipino
Uzbek
uz
Romanian
ro
Tajik
tg
Venda
ve
Russian
ru
Tamil
ta
Vietnamese
vi
Samoan
sm
Tetum
tet
Welsh
cy
Serbian
sr
Tigrinya
ti
Wolof
wo
Skolt Saami
sms
Tongan
to
Yapese
yap
Slovak
sk
Tswana
tn
Yoruba
yo
Slovene
sl
Turkish
tr
3. Index of tables:
Tbl
Title
gn
Guaraní
pa_R
Punjabi
1
Basic Roman
gu_R
Gujarati
pl
Polish
2
Hunterian System
ha
Hausa
ps_R
Pashto
3
Canadian
haw
Hawaiian
pt
Portuguese
af
Afrikaans
he_R
Hebrew
rm
(Rhaeto-)Romance
am_R1
Amharic (UN)
hi_R
Hindi
ro
Romanian
am_R2
Amharic, Tigrinya
hr
Croatian
ru_R1
Russian (UN)
(BGN/PCGN)
hsb
Upper Sorbian
ru_R2
Russian
ar_R1
Arabic (UN)
hu
Hungarian
(BGN/PCGN)
ar_R2
Arabic (Egypt)
ibo
Ibo
se
North Saami
ar_R3
Arabic (Jordan)
id
Indonesian
sk
Slovak
ar_R4
Arabic (I.G.N.)
is
Icelandic
sl
Slovene
as_R
Assamese
it
Italian
sm
Samoan
az
Azerbaijani
ja_R1
Japanese (Hepburn)
sma
South Saami
be_R
Byelorussian
ja_R2
Japanese
smj
Lule Saami
bg_R1
Bulgarian (UN)
(Kunrei-siki)
smn
Inari Saami
bg_R2
Bulgarian
kk_R
Kazakh
sms
Skolt Saami
(BGN/PCGN)
km_R
Khmer
sq
Albanian
bi
Bislama
kn_R
Kannada
sr_R
Serbian
bn_R
Bengali
ko_R
Korean (McCune
sv
Swedish
br
Breton
Reischauer)
ta_R
Tamil
bs
Bosnian
ky_R
Kirghiz
te_R
Telugu
ca
Catalan
lb
Luxembourgian
tet
Tetum
ch
Chamorro
livo
Livonian
tg_R
Tajik
cs
Czech
lo_R
Lao
ti
see: am_R2
cy
Welsh
lt
Lithuanian
tk
Turkmen
da
Danish
lv
Latvian
tl
Pilipino (Tagalog)
de
German
mg
Malagasy
tn
Tswana
dsb
Lower Sorbian
mh
Marshallese
to
Tongan
el_R
Greek
mi
Maori
tr
Turkish
es
Spanish
mk_R
Macedonian
ulit
Ulithian
et
Estonian
ml_R
Malayalam
ur_R
Urdu
eu
Basque
mn_R
Mongolian
uz
Uzbek
fa_R
Persian
mr_R
Marathi
ve
Venda
fi
Finnish
mt
Maltese
vi
Vietnamese
fo
Faroese
my_R
Burmese
wo
Wolof
fr
French
ne_R
Nepali
yap
Yapese
fy
Frisian
nl
Dutch
yo
Yoruba
ga
Irish
no
Norwegian
zh_R1
Chinese (UN)
gd
Gaelic (Scottish)
ny
Chichewa
zh_R2
Chinese (Wade-
gl
Galician
or_R
Oriya
Giles)
120
Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
4. Notes to tables
Note 1. Cases where romanisation systems have been approved by the United Nations but have not
been implemented by the country concerned.
Note 2. Cases where non-Roman writing systems have not yet been catered for in the
ISO10646/Unicode standard.
Note 3. Instances where Roman characters are not available in: (a) ISO 8859, (b) ISO 10646.
Note 4. Instances where characters could not be encoded as a single unified character but only in
conjunction with a combining diacritical mark.
Note 5. Cases where the word processing software and fonts used by the WG could not display or
print the character. Formatting commands (e.g. for underline) or, as a last resort, manuscript
additions had to be made to the hardcopy. The adoption of ISO 10646/Unicode by many software
manufacturers has, however, made Unicode fonts more widely available. [NB This note was
included in the original survey, but is no longer applicable].
Note 6. Multiple coding. There are 2 cases identified by the survey where the character appears
more than once in the ISO 10646/Unicode standard with different code references.
Note 7. Cases where codes are available in ISO 8859 but are difficult to implement as they occur in
different parts of the standard.
Char. (Column 1) - characters are in alphabetical order A to Z with upper case characters before
lower case characters. The order of diacritics is taken from the Unicode Table 8 Row 03
(Combining Diacritical Marks, see Annex A). Ligatures are given in the order of the first letter of
the ligature, after combinations of the same letter with diacritical marks. Other variant characters
are given next to their closest counterpart in the Basic Roman character table.
Character name (Column 2) - name of character as listed in ISO 10646/Unicode with "Roman"
replacing "Latin". Names given in brackets follow the same pattern, but describe characters which
cannot actually be found in a unified form in this standard
ISO 8859 (Column 3) - two digit code is given with the part number(s) in brackets. Dash equals no
code. For some characters different codes are given in various parts of the ISO 8859 standard. At
present the ISO 8859 consists of 10 parts (8859-1 - Latin 1; 8859-2 - Latin 2; 8859-3 - Latin 3;
8859-4 - Latin 4; 8859-5 - Latin/Cyrillic; 8859-6 - Latin/Arabic; 8859-7 - Latin/Greek;
8859-8 - Latin/Hebrew; 8859-9 - Latin 5; 8859-10 - Latin 6) with another 4 parts in draft form
only (marked with an asterisk: 8859-11* - Latin/Thai; 8859-12* - Latin 7 (Celtic); 8859-13* -
Latin 8 (Baltic Rim); 8859-14* - Latin 9 (Saami)). For individual characters the codes of all parts
of the standard are included, to make it possible to choose a particular part of the standard that suits
best the given language.
ISO/Unic. (Column 4) - four digit code of the ISO 10646/Unicode is given unless the character is
not unified. In the latter case two or three codes with + sign are given, consisting usually of the
code of the basic character and that of the combining diacritical mark.
121
Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
Table 1
Writing System: Basic Roman
Char.
Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
'
Apostrophe
27 (1..14)
0027
A
Roman capital letter A
41 (1..14)
0041
a
Roman small letter a
61 (1..14)
0061
B
Roman capital letter B
42 (1..14)
0042
b
Roman small letter b
62 (1..14)
0062
C
Roman capital letter C
43 (1..14)
0043
c
Roman small letter c
63 (1..14)
0063
D
Roman capital letter D
44 (1..14)
0044
d
Roman small letter d
64 (1..14)
0064
E
Roman capital letter E
45 (1..14)
0045
e
Roman small letter e
65 (1..14)
0065
F
Roman capital letter F
46 (1..14)
0046
f
Roman small letter f
66 (1..14)
0066
G
Roman capital letter G
47 (1..14)
0047
g
Roman small letter g
67 (1..14)
0067
H
Roman capital letter H
48 (1..14)
0048
h
Roman small letter h
68 (1..14)
0068
I
Roman capital letter I
49 (1..14)
0049
i
Roman small letter i
69 (1..14)
0069
J
Roman capital letter J
4A (1..14)
004A
j
Roman small letter j
6A (1..14)
006A
K
Roman capital letter K
4B (1..14)
004B
k
Roman small letter k
6B (1..14)
006B
L
Roman capital letter L
4C (1..14)
004C
l
Roman small letter l
6C (1..14)
006C
M
Roman capital letter M
4D (1..14)
004D
m
Roman small letter m
6D (1..14)
006D
N
Roman capital letter N
4E (1..14)
004E
n
Roman small letter n
6E (1..14)
006E
O
Roman capital letter O
4F (1..14)
004F
o
Roman small letter o
6F (1..14)
006F
P
Roman capital letter P
50 (1..14)
0050
p
Roman small letter p
70 (1..14)
0070
Q
Roman capital letter Q
51 (1..14)
0051
q
Roman small letter q
71 (1..14)
0071
R
Roman capital letter R
52 (1..14)
0052
r
Roman small letter r
72 (1..14)
0072
S
Roman capital letter S
53 (1..14)
0053
s
Roman small letter r
73 (1..14)
0073
T
Roman capital letter T
54 (1..14)
0054
t
Roman small letter t
74 (1..14)
0074
U
Roman capital letter U
55 (1..14)
0055
u
Roman small letter u
75 (1..14)
0075
V
Roman capital letter V
56 (1..14)
0056
v
Roman small letter v
76 (1..14)
0076
W
Roman capital letter W
57 (1..14)
0057
w
Roman small letter w
77 (1..14)
0077
X
Roman capital letter W
58 (1..14)
0058
122
Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
x
Roman small letter x
78 (1..14)
0078
Y
Roman capital letter Y
59 (1..14)
0059
y
Roman small letter y
79 (1..14)
0079
Z
Roman capital letter Z
5A (1..14)
005A
z
Roman small letter z
7A (1..14)
007A
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
53
Table 2
Writing Systems of the Languages of Bangladesh, India and Pakistan
Romanization System: Hunterian System
Notes: n/a
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Ā
Roman capital letter A with macron
C0 (4,10), C2 (13*)
0100
ā
Roman small letter a with macron
E0 (4,10), E2 (13*)
0101
Ī
Roman capital letter I with macron
CF (4), A4 (10), CE (13*)
012A
ī
Roman small letter i with macron
EF (4), B4 (10), EE (13*)
012B
Ū
Roman capital letter U with macron
DE (4), AE (10), DB (13*)
016A
ū
Roman small letter u with macron
FE (4), BE (10), FB (13*)
016B
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
6
Table 3
Writing Systems of the Indigenous Languages of Canada1
Notes: 3a, 4
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
&
Ampersand
-
0026
ࣛ
(Roman small letter a with circumflex and ogonek)
-
00E2+0328
ā
Roman small letter a with macron
E0 (4,10), E2 (13*)
0101
ē
Roman small letter e with macron
BA (4), B2 (10), E7 (13*)
0113
ూ
(Roman capital letter G with line below)
-
0047+0331
ృ
(Roman small letter g with line below)
-
0067+0331
į
Roman small letter i with ogonek
E7 (4,10), E1 (13*)
012F
Ḵ
Roman capital letter K with line below
-
1E34
ḵ
Roman small letter k with line below
-
1E35
Ł
Roman capital letter L with stroke
A3 (2), D9 (13*)
0141
ł
Roman small letter l with stroke
B3 (2), F9 (13*)
0142
ō
Roman small letter o with macron
F2 (4,10), F4 (13*)
014D
ṓ
Roman small letter o with macron and acute
-
1E53
ṓ
(Roman small letter o with macron, acute and ogonek)
-
1E53+0328
ū
Roman small letter u with macron
FE (4), BE (10), FB (13*)
016B
അ
(Roman capital letter X with line below)
-
0058+0331
ആ
(Roman small letter x with line below)
-
0078+0331
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
17
1
the full inventory of these languages (Chipewyan, Inuktitut, Kaska, Northern Tutchone, Tlingit, etc.) needs further
research. At present the table lists only modified extended Roman alphabet characters (also referred to as
"hard-to-construct characters") found in the geographical names of Yukon. In addition the inventory of the languages
may contain "ordinary" characters with diacritical marks of the Latin-1 code table: Àà Áá Èè Éé Êê Ìì Íí Úú Ûû etc.
123
Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
Table: af
Writing System: Afrikaans Extensions to Basic Roman
Notes: n/a
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
È
Roman capital letter E with grave
C8 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00C8
è
Roman small letter e with grave
E8 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00E8
É
Roman capital letter E with acute
C9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00C9
é
Roman small letter e with acute
E9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00E9
Ê
Roman capital letter E with circumflex
CA (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00CA
ê
Roman small letter e with circumflex
EA (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00EA
Ë
Roman capital letter E with diaeresis
CB (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00CB
ë
Roman small letter e with diaeresis
EB (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00EB
Î
Roman capital letter I with circumflex
CE (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00CE
î
Roman small letter i with circumflex
EE (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00EE
Ï
Roman capital letter I with diaeresis
CF (1,3,9,10,12*,14*)
00CF
ï
Roman small letter i with diaeresis
EF (1,3,9,10,12*,14*)
00EF
Ô
Roman capital letter O with circumflex
D4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00D4
ô
Roman small letter o with circumflex
F4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00F4
Û
Roman capital letter U with circumflex
DB (1,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00DB
û
Roman small letter u with circumflex
FB (1,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00FB
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
16
Table: am_R1
Writing System: Ethiopic [Amharic]
Romanization System: UN 1967 (I/17)
Notes: 3a, 4
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
ॲ
(Roman capital letter E with line below)
-
0045+0331
ॳ
(Roman small letter e with line below)
-
0065+0331
৲
(Roman capital letter I with line below)
-
0049+0331
৳
(Roman small letter i with line below)
-
0069+0331
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
4
Table: am_R2
Writing System: Ethiopic [Amharic, Tigrinya]
Romanization System: BGN/PCGN 1967 (Amharic), 1994 (Tigrinya)
Notes: 3a, 6
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
‘
Inverted apostrophe
-
02BB (2018)
Ā
Roman capital letter A with macron
C0 (4,10), C2 (13*)
0100
ā
Roman small letter a with macron
E0 (4,10), E2 (13*)
0101
Ē
Roman capital letter E with macron
AA (4), A2 (10), C7 (13*)
0112
ē
Roman small letter e with macron
BA (4), B2 (10), E7 (13*)
0113
Ī
Roman capital letter I with macron
CF (4), A4 (10), CE (13*)
012A
ī
Roman small letter i with macron
EF (4), B4 (10), EE (13*)
012B
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
7
124
Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
Table: ar_R1
Writing System: Perso-Arabic [Arabic]
Romanization System: UN 1972 (II/8)
Notes: 3a, 4, 6
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
‘
Inverted apostrophe
-
02BB (2018)
Á
Roman capital letter A with acute
C1 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00C1
á
Roman small letter a with acute
E1 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00E1
Ā
Roman capital letter A with macron
C0 (4,10), C2 (13*)
0100
ā
Roman small letter a with macron
E0 (4,10), E2 (13*)
0101
Ḑ
Roman capital letter D with cedilla
-
1E10
ḑ
Roman small letter d with cedilla
-
1E11
Ḩ
Roman capital letter H with cedilla
-
1E28
ḩ
Roman small letter h with cedilla
-
1E29
Ī
Roman capital letter I with macron
CF (4), A4 (10), CE (13*)
012A
ī
Roman small letter i with macron
EF (4), B4 (10), EE (13*)
012B
Ş
Roman capital letter S with cedilla
AA (2,3), DE (9)
015E
ş
Roman small letter s with cedilla
BA (2,3), FE (9)
015F
Ţ
Roman capital letter T with cedilla
DE (2)
0162
ţ
Roman small letter t with cedilla
FE (2)
0163
Ū
Roman capital letter U with macron
DE (4), AE (10), DB (13*)
016A
ū
Roman small letter u with macron
FE (4), BE (10), FB (13*)
016B
Z
(Roman capital letter Z with cedilla)
-
005A+0327
z
(Roman small letter z with cedilla)
-
007A+0327
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
19
Table: ar_R2
Writing System: Perso-Arabic [Arabic]
Romanization System: Survey of Egypt
Notes: 3a, 6
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
‛
Reversed apostrophe
-
02BD (201B)
Â
Roman capital letter A with circumflex
C2 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00C2
â
Roman small letter a with circumflex
E2 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00E2
Ḍ
Roman capital letter D with dot below
-
1E0C
ḍ
Roman small letter d with dot below
-
1E0D
Ḥ
Roman capital letter H with dot below
-
1E24
ḥ
Roman small letter h with dot below
-
1E25
Î
Roman capital letter I with circumflex
CE (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00CE
î
Roman small letter i with circumflex
EE (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00EE
Ô
Roman capital letter O with circumflex
D4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00D4
ô
Roman small letter o with circumflex
F4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00F4
Ṣ
Roman capital letter S with dot below
-
1E62
ṣ
Roman small letter s with dot below
-
1E63
Ṭ
Roman capital letter T with dot below
-
1E6C
ṭ
Roman small letter t with dot below
-
1E6D
Û
Roman capital letter U with circumflex
DB (1,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00DB
û
Roman small letter u with circumflex
FB (1,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00FB
Ẓ
Roman capital letter Z with dot below
-
1E92
ẓ
Roman small letter z with dot below
-
1E93
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
19
125
Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
Table: ar_R3
Writing System: Perso-Arabic [Arabic]
Romanization System: National System of Jordan
Notes: 3a, 4, 6
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Ā
Roman capital letter A with macron
C0 (4,10), C2 (13*)
0100
ā
Roman small letter a with macron
E0 (4,10), E2 (13*)
0101
Ḏ
Roman capital letter D with line below
-
1E0E
ḏ
Roman small letter d with line below
-
1E0F
(Roman capital letter H with line below)
-
0048+0331
ẖ
Roman small letter h with line below
-
1E96
Ī
Roman capital letter I with macron
CF (4), A4 (10), CE (13*)
012A
ī
Roman small letter i with macron
EF (4), B4 (10), EE (13*)
012B
(Roman capital letter S with line below)
-
0053+0331
(Roman small letter s with line below)
-
0073+0331
Ṯ
Roman capital letter T with line below
-
1E6E
ṯ
Roman small letter t with line below
-
1E6F
Ū
Roman capital letter U with macron
DE (4), AE (10), DB (13*)
016A
ū
Roman small letter u with macron
FE (4), BE (10), FB (13*)
016B
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
14
Table: ar_R4
Writing System: Perso-Arabic [Arabic]
Romanization System: I.G.N. System 1973
Notes: 3a, 4
Char.
Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Â
Roman capital letter A with circumflex
C2 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00C2
â
Roman small letter a with circumflex
E2 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00E2
Ç
Roman capital letter C with cedilla
C7 (1,2,3,9,12*,14*)
00C7
ç
Roman small letter c with cedilla
E7 (1,2,3,9,12*,14*)
00E7
Ḍ
Roman capital letter D with dot below
-
1E0C
ḍ
Roman small letter d with dot below
-
1E0D
È
Roman capital letter E with grave
C8 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00C8
è
Roman small letter e with grave
E8 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00E8
É
Roman capital letter E with acute
C9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00C9
é
Roman small letter e with acute
E9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00E9
Ê
Roman capital letter E with circumflex
CA (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00CA
ê
Roman small letter e with circumflex
EA (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00EA
Ḥ
Roman capital letter H with dot below
-
1E24
ḥ
Roman small letter h with dot below
-
1E25
Î
Roman capital letter I with circumflex
CE (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00CE
î
Roman small letter i with circumflex
EE (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00EE
Ï
Roman capital letter I with diaeresis
CF (1,3,9,10,12*,14*)
00CF
ï
Roman small letter i with diaeresis
EF (1,3,9,10,12*,14*)
00EF
Ô
Roman capital letter O with circumflex
D4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00D4
ô
Roman small letter o with circumflex
F4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00F4
Ṣ
Roman capital letter S with dot below
-
1E62
ṣ
Roman small letter s with dot below
-
1E63
Ṭ
Roman capital letter T with dot below
-
1E6C
ṭ
Roman small letter t with dot below
-
1E6D
126
Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
Û
Roman capital letter U with circumflex
DB (1,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00DB
û
Roman small letter u with circumflex
FB (1,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00FB
Ẓ
Roman capital letter Z with dot below
-
1E92
ẓ
Roman small letter z with dot below
-
1E93
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
28
Table: as_R
Writing System: Assamese
Romanization System: UN 1972 (II/11), 1977 (III/12)
Notes: 1, 3a, 4
Char.
Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Ā
Roman capital letter A with macron
C0 (4,10), C2 (13*)
0100
ā
Roman small letter a with macron
E0 (4,10), E2 (13*)
0101
Ḍ
Roman capital letter D with dot below
-
1E0C
ḍ
Roman small letter d with dot below
-
1E0D
Ḥ
Roman capital letter H with dot below
-
1E24
ḥ
Roman small letter h with dot below
-
1E25
Ī
Roman capital letter I with macron
CF (4), A4 (10), CE (13*)
012A
ī
Roman small letter i with macron
EF (4), B4 (10), EE (13*)
012B
ౠ
(Roman capital letter J with line below)
-
004A+0331
ౡ
(Roman small letter j with line below)
-
006A+0331
L
(Roman capital letter L with diaeresis below)
-
004C+0324
l
(Roman small letter l with diaeresis below)
-
-
006C+0324
Ṁ
Roman capital letter M with dot above
B6 (12*)
1E40
ṁ
Roman small letter m with dot above
B7 (12*)
1E41
Ñ
Roman capital letter N with tilde
D1 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00D1
ñ
Roman small letter n with tilde
F1 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00F1
Ṅ
Roman capital letter N with dot above
-
1E44
ṅ
Roman small letter n with dot above
-
1E45
Ṇ
Roman capital letter N with dot below
-
1E46
ṇ
Roman small letter n with dot below
-
1E47
Ṙ
Roman capital letter R with dot above
-
1E58
ṙ
Roman small letter r with dot above
-
1E59
Ṛ
Roman capital letter R with dot below
-
1E5A
ṛ
Roman small letter r with dot below
-
1E5B
Ṣ
Roman capital letter S with dot below
-
1E62
ṣ
Roman small letter s with dot below
-
1E63
Ṭ
Roman capital letter T with dot below
-
1E6C
ṭ
Roman small letter t with dot below
-
1E6D
Ū
Roman capital letter U with macron
DE (4), AE (10), DB (13*)
016A
ū
Roman small letter u with macron
FE (4), BE (10), FB (13*)
016B
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
30
Table: az
Writing System: Azerbaijani Extensions to Basic Roman
Notes: 3a
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Ä
Roman capital letter A with diaeresis
C4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00C4**
ä
Roman small letter a with diaeresis
E4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00E4**
Ə
Roman capital letter schwa
-
018F
ə
Roman small letter schwa
-
0259
127
Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
Ç
Roman capital letter C with cedilla
C7 (1,2,3,9,12*,14*)
00C7
ç
Roman small letter c with cedilla
E7 (1,2,3,9,12*,14*)
00E7
Ğ
Roman capital letter G with breve
AB (3), D0 (9)
011E
ğ
Roman small letter g with breve
BB (3), F0 (9)
011F
İ
Roman capital letter I with dot above
A9 (3), DD (9)
0130
ı
Roman small letter i with no dot
B9 (3), FD (9)
0131
Ö
Roman capital letter O with diaeresis
D6 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00D6
ö
Roman small letter o with diaeresis
F6 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00F6
Ş
Roman capital letter S with cedilla
AA (2,3), DE (9)
015E
ş
Roman small letter s with cedilla
BA (2,3), FE (9)
015F
Ü
Roman capital letter U with diaeresis
DC (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00DC
ü
Roman small letter u with diaeresis
FC (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00FC
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
16
** Note: characters marked with two asterisks are variants of schwa (018F, 0259).
Table: be_R
Writing System Cyrillic [Byelorussian]
Romanization System: National 2000
Notes: n/a
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Č
Roman capital letter C with caron
C8 (2,4,10,13*), A1 (14*)
010C
č
Roman small letter c with caron
E8 (2,4,10,13*), A2 (14*)
010D
Š
Roman capital letter S with caron
A9 (2,4), AA (10), D0 (13*), B2 (14*)
0160
š
Roman small letter s with caron
B9 (2,4), BA (10), F0 (13*), B3 (14*)
0161
Ú
Roman capital letter U with acute
DA (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00DA
ú
Roman small letter u with acute
FA (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00FA
Ž
Roman capital letter Z with caron
AE (2,4), AC (10), DE (13*), B9 (14*)
017D
ž
Roman small letter z with caron
BE (2,4), BC (10), FE (13*), BA (14*)
017E
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
8
Table: bg_R1
Writing System: Cyrillic [Bulgarian]
Romanization System: UN 1977 (III/10)
Notes: 3a
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Ǎ
Roman capital letter A with caron
-
01CD
ǎ
Roman small letter a with caron
-
01CE
Č
Roman capital letter C with caron
C8 (2,4,10,13*), A1 (14*)
010C
č
Roman small letter c with caron
E8 (2,4,10,13*), A2 (14*)
010D
Š
Roman capital letter S with caron
A9 (2,4), AA (10),
0160
D0 (13*), B2 (14*)
š
Roman small letter s with caron
B9 (2,4), BA (10),
0161
F0 (13*), B3 (14*)
Ž
Roman capital letter Z with caron
AE (2,4), AC (10),
017D
DE (13*), B9 (14*)
ž
Roman small letter z with caron
BE (2,4), BC (10),
017E
FE (13*), BA (14*)
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
8
128
Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
Table: bg_R2
Writing System: Cyrillic [Bulgarian]
Romanization System: BGN/PCGN 1952
Notes: n/a
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Ŭ
Roman capital letter U with breve
DD (3)
016C
ŭ
Roman small letter u with breve
FD (3)
016D
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
2
Table: bi
Writing System: Bislama Extensions to Basic Roman
Notes: 3a, 4
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
É
Roman capital letter E with acute
C9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00C9
é
Roman small letter e with acute
E9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00E9
Ï
Roman capital letter I with diaeresis
CF (1,3,9,10,12*,14*)
00CF
ï
Roman small letter i with diaeresis
EF (1,3,9,10,12*,14*)
00EF
ಌ
(Roman capital letter M with macron)
-
004D+0304
(Roman small letter m with macron)
-
006D+0304
ರ
(Roman capital letter P with macron)
-
0050+0304
ಱ
(Roman small letter p with macron)
-
0070+0304
Ü
Roman capital letter U with diaeresis
DC (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00DC
ü
Roman small letter u with diaeresis
FC (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00FC
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
10
Table: bn_R
Writing System: Bengali
Romanization System: UN 1972 (II/11), 1977 (III/12)
Notes: 1, 3a, 4
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Ā
Roman capital letter A with macron
C0 (4,10), C2 (13*)
0100
ā
Roman small letter a with macron
E0 (4,10), E2 (13*)
0101
Ḍ
Roman capital letter D with dot below
-
1E0C
ḍ
Roman small letter d with dot below
-
1E0D
Ḥ
Roman capital letter H with dot below
-
1E24
ḥ
Roman small letter h with dot below
-
1E25
Ī
Roman capital letter I with macron
CF (4), A4 (10), CE (13*)
012A
ī
Roman small letter i with macron
EF (4), B4 (10), EE (13*)
012B
ౠ
(Roman capital letter J with line below)
-
004A+0331
ౡ
(Roman small letter j with line below)
-
006A+0331
Ñ
Roman capital letter N with tilde
D1 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00D1
ñ
Roman small letter n with tilde
F1 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00F1
Ṅ
Roman capital letter N with dot above
-
1E44
ṅ
Roman small letter n with dot above
-
1E45
Ṇ
Roman capital letter N with dot below
-
1E46
ṇ
Roman small letter n with dot below
-
1E47
Ṙ
Roman capital letter R with dot above
-
1E58
ṙ
Roman small letter r with dot above
-
1E59
Ṛ
Roman capital letter R with dot below
-
1E5A
ṛ
Roman small letter r with dot below
-
1E5B
129
Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
Ṣ
Roman capital letter S with dot below
-
1E62
ṣ
Roman small letter s with dot below
-
1E63
Ṭ
Roman capital letter T with dot below
-
1E6C
ṭ
Roman small letter t with dot below
-
1E6D
Ū
Roman capital letter U with macron
DE (4), AE (10), DB (13*)
016A
ū
Roman small letter u with macron
FE (4), BE (10), FB (13*)
016B
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
26
Table: br
Writing System: Breton Extensions to Basic Roman
Notes: n/a
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Â
Roman capital letter A with circumflex
C2 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00C2
â
Roman small letter a with circumflex
E2 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00E2
Ê
Roman capital letter E with circumflex
CA (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00CA
ê
Roman small letter e with circumflex
EA (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00EA
Ñ
Roman capital letter N with tilde
D1 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00D1
ñ
Roman small letter n with tilde
F1 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00F1
Ô
Roman capital letter O with circumflex
D4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00D4
ô
Roman small letter o with circumflex
F4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00F4
Ù
Roman capital letter U with grave
D9 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00D9
ù
Roman small letter u with grave
F9 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00F9
Ü
Roman capital letter U with diaeresis
DC (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00DC
ü
Roman small letter u with diaeresis
FC (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00FC
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
12
Table: bs
Writing System: Bosnian Extensions to Basic Roman
Notes: n/a
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Ć
Roman capital letter C with acute
C6 (2), C3 (13*)
0106
ć
Roman small letter c with acute
E6 (2), E3 (13*)
0107
Č
Roman capital letter C with caron
C8 (2,4,10,13*), A1 (14*)
010C
č
Roman small letter c with caron
E8 (2,4,10,13*), A2 (14*)
010D
Đ
Roman capital letter D with stroke
D0 (2), A9 (10), A3 (14*)
0110
đ
Roman small letter d with stroke
F0 (2), B9 (10), A4 (14*)
0111
Š
Roman capital letter S with caron
A9 (2,4), AA (10), D0 (13*), B2 (14*)
0160
š
Roman small letter s with caron
B9 (2,4), BA (10), F0 (13*), B3 (14*)
0161
Ž
Roman capital letter Z with caron
AE (2,4), AC (10), DE (13*), B9 (14*)
017D
ž
Roman small letter z with caron
BE (2,4), BC (10), FE (13*), BA (14*)
017E
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
10
Table: ca
Writing System: Catalan Extensions to Basic Roman
Notes: 3a
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
À
Roman capital letter A with grave
C0 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00C0
à
Roman small letter a with grave
E0 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00E0
Ç
Roman capital letter C with cedilla
C7 (1,2,3,9,12*,14*)
00C7
ç
Roman small letter c with cedilla
E7 (1,2,3,9,12*,14*)
00E7
130
Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
È
Roman capital letter E with grave
C8 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00C8
è
Roman small letter e with grave
E8 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00E8
É
Roman capital letter E with acute
C9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00C9
é
Roman small letter e with acute
E9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00E9
Í
Roman capital letter I with acute
CD (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00CD
í
Roman small letter i with acute
ED (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00ED
Ï
Roman capital letter I with diaeresis
CF (1,3,9,10,12*,14*)
00CF
ï
Roman small letter i with diaeresis
EF (1,3,9,10,12*,14*)
00EF
Ŀ
Roman capital letter L with middle dot
-
013F
ŀ
Roman small letter l with middle dot
-
0140
Ò
Roman capital letter O with grave
D2 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00D2
ò
Roman small letter o with grave
F2 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00F2
Ó
Roman capital letter O with acute
D3 (1,2,3,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00D3
ó
Roman small letter o with acute
F3 (1,2,3,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00F3
Ú
Roman capital letter U with acute
DA (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00DA
ú
Roman small letter u with acute
FA (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00FA
Ü
Roman capital letter U with diaeresis
DC (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00DC
ü
Roman small letter u with diaeresis
FC (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00FC
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
22
Table: ch
Writing System: Chamorro Extensions to Basic Roman
Notes: n/a
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Â
Roman capital letter A with circumflex
C2 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00C2
â
Roman small letter a with circumflex
E2 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00E2
Ñ
Roman capital letter N with tilde
D1 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00D1
ñ
Roman small letter n with tilde
F1 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00F1
Ü
Roman capital letter U with diaeresis
DC (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00DC
ü
Roman small letter u with diaeresis
FC (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00FC
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
6
Table: cs
Writing System: Czech Extensions to Basic Roman
Notes: n/a
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Á
Roman capital letter A with acute
C1 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00C1
á
Roman small letter a with acute
E1 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00E1
Č
Roman capital letter C with caron
C8 (2,4,10,13*), A1 (14*)
010C
č
Roman small letter c with caron
E8 (2,4,10,13*), A2 (14*)
010D
Ď
Roman capital letter D with caron
CF (2)
010E
ď
Roman small letter d with caron
EF (2)
010F**
É
Roman capital letter E with acute
C9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00C9
é
Roman small letter e with acute
E9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00E9
Ě
Roman capital letter E with caron
CC (2)
011A
ě
Roman small letter e with caron
EC (2)
011B
Í
Roman capital letter I with acute
CD (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00CD
í
Roman small letter i with acute
ED (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00ED
Ň
Roman capital letter N with caron
D2 (2)
0147
ň
Roman small letter n with caron
F2 (2)
0148
131
Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
Ó
Roman capital letter O with acute
D3 (1,2,3,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00D3
ó
Roman small letter o with acute
F3 (1,2,3,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00F3
Ř
Roman capital letter R with caron
D8 (2)
0158
ř
Roman small letter r with caron
F8 (2)
0159
Š
Roman capital letter S with caron
A9 (2,4), AA (10), D0 (13*), B2 (14*)
0160
š
Roman small letter s with caron
B9 (2,4), BA (10), F0 (13*), B3 (14*)
0161
Ť
Roman capital letter T with caron
AB (2)
0164
ť
Roman small letter t with caron
BB (2)
0165**
Ú
Roman capital letter U with acute
DA (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00DA
ú
Roman small letter u with acute
FA (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00FA
Ů
Roman capital letter U with ring above
D9 (2)
016E
ů
Roman small letter u with ring above
F9 (2)
016F
Ý
Roman capital letter Y with acute
DD (1,2,10,12*,14*)
00DD
ý
Roman small letter y with acute
FD (1,2,10,12*,14*)
00FD
Ž
Roman capital letter Z with caron
AE (2,4), AC (10), DE (13*), B9 (14*)
017D
ž
Roman small letter z with caron
BE (2,4), BC (10), FE (13*), BA (14*)
017E
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
30
**Note: usual typesettings for some characters do not correspond to the character names:
(0064+0315) is used for 010F and
(0074+0315) for 0165.
Table: cy
Writing System: Welsh Extensions to Basic Roman
Notes: n/a
Char.
Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Á
Roman capital letter A with acute
C1 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00C1
á
Roman small letter a with acute
E1 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00E1
Â
Roman capital letter A with circumflex
C2 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00C2
â
Roman small letter a with circumflex
E2 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00E2
Ä
Roman capital letter A with diaeresis
C4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00C4
ä
Roman small letter a with diaeresis
E4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00E4
É
Roman capital letter E with acute
C9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00C9
é
Roman small letter e with acute
E9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00E9
Ê
Roman capital letter E with circumflex
CA (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00CA
ê
Roman small letter e with circumflex
EA (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00EA
Ë
Roman capital letter E with diaeresis
CB (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00CB
ë
Roman small letter e with diaeresis
EB (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00EB
Î
Roman capital letter I with circumflex
CE (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00CE
î
Roman small letter i with circumflex
EE (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00EE
Ï
Roman capital letter I with diaeresis
CF (1,3,9,10,12*,14*)
00CF
ï
Roman small letter i with diaeresis
EF (1,3,9,10,12*,14*)
00EF
Ô
Roman capital letter O with circumflex
D4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00D4
ô
Roman small letter o with circumflex
F4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00F4
Ö
Roman capital letter O with diaeresis
D6 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00D6
ö
Roman small letter o with diaeresis
F6 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00F6
Ù
Roman capital letter U with grave
D9 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00D9
ù
Roman small letter u with grave
F9 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00F9
Û
Roman capital letter U with circumflex
DB (1,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00DB
û
Roman small letter u with circumflex
FB (1,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00FB
Ü
Roman capital letter U with diaeresis
DC (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00DC
ü
Roman small letter u with diaeresis
FC (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00FC
132
Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
Ŵ
Roman capital letter W with circumflex
D0 (12*)
0174
ŵ
Roman small letter w with circumflex
F0 (12*)
0175
Ẅ
Roman capital letter W with diaeresis
BD (12*)
1E84
ẅ
Roman small letter w with diaeresis
BE (12*)
1E85
Ŷ
Roman capital letter Y with circumflex
DE (12*)
0176
ŷ
Roman small letter y with circumflex
FE (12*)
0177
Ÿ
Roman capital letter Y with diaeresis
AF (12*)
0178
ÿ
Roman small letter y with diaeresis
FF (1,9,12*)
00FF
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
34
Table: da
Writing System: Danish Extensions to Basic Roman
Notes: n/a
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Å
Roman capital letter A with ring above
C5 (1,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00C5
å
Roman small letter a with ring above
E5 (1,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00E5
Æ
Roman capital letter AE (ash)
C6 (1,4,9,10,12*,14*), AF (13*)
00C6
æ
Roman small letter ae (ash)
E6 (1,4,9,10,12*,14*), BF (13*)
00E6
É
Roman capital letter E with acute
C9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00C9
é
Roman small letter e with acute
E9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00E9
Ø
Roman capital letter O with stroke
D8 (1,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00D8
ø
Roman small letter o with stroke
F8 (1,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00F8
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
8
Table: de
Writing System: German Extensions to Basic Roman
Notes: n/a
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Ä
Roman capital letter A with diaeresis
C4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00C4
ä
Roman small letter a with diaeresis
E4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00E4
Ö
Roman capital letter O with diaeresis
D6 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00D6
ö
Roman small letter o with diaeresis
F6 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00F6
ß
Roman small letter sharp s (German)
DF (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00DF
Ü
Roman capital letter U with diaeresis
DC (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00DC
ü
Roman small letter u with diaeresis
FC (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00FC
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
7
Table: dsb
Writing System: Lower Sorbian Extensions to Basic Roman
Notes: n/a
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Ć
Roman capital letter C with acute
C6 (2), C3 (13*)
0106
ć
Roman small letter c with acute
E6 (2), E3 (13*)
0107
Č
Roman capital letter C with caron
C8 (2,4,10,13*), A1 (14*)
010C
č
Roman small letter c with caron
E8 (2,4,10,13*), A2 (14*)
010D
Ě
Roman capital letter E with caron
CC (2)
011A
ě
Roman small letter e with caron
EC (2)
011B
Ł
Roman capital letter L with stroke
A3 (2), D9 (13*)
0141
ł
Roman small letter l with stroke
B3 (2), F9 (13*)
0142
Ń
Roman capital letter N with acute
D1 (2,13*)
0143
133
Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
ń
Roman small letter n with acute
F1 (2,13*)
0144
Ŕ
Roman capital letter R with acute
C0 (2)
0154
ŕ
Roman small letter r with acute
E0 (2)
0155
Ś
Roman capital letter S with acute
A6 (2), DA (13*)
015A
ś
Roman small letter s with acute
B6 (2), FA (13*)
015B
Š
Roman capital letter S with caron
A9 (2,4), AA (10), D0 (13*), B2 (14*)
0160
š
Roman small letter s with caron
B9 (2,4), BA (10), F0 (13*), B3 (14*)
0161
Ź
Roman capital letter Z with acute
AC (2), CA (13*)
0179
ź
Roman small letter z with acute
BC (2), EA (13*)
017A
Ž
Roman capital letter Z with caron
AE (2,4), AC (10), DE (13*), B9 (14*)
017D
ž
Roman small letter z with caron
BE (2,4), BC (10), FE (13*), BA (14*)
017E
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
20
Table: el_R
Writing System: Greek
Romanization System: UN 1987 2
Notes: 3a, 4, 7
Char.
Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Á
Roman capital letter A with acute
C1 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00C1
á
Roman small letter a with acute
E1 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00E1
É
Roman capital letter E with acute
C9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00C9
é
Roman small letter e with acute
E9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00E9
హ
(Roman capital letter F with line below)
-
0046+0331
(Roman small letter f with line below)
-
0066+0331
Í
Roman capital letter I with acute
CD (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00CD
í
Roman small letter i with acute
ED (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00ED
Ï
Roman capital letter I with diaeresis
CF (1,3,9,10,12*,14*)
00CF
ï
Roman small letter i with diaeresis
EF (1,3,9,10,12*,14*)
00EF
Ḯ
Roman capital letter I with diaeresis and acute
-
1E2E
ḯ
Roman small letter i with diaeresis and acute
-
1E2F
৲
(Roman capital letter I with line below)
-
0049+0331
৳
(Roman small letter i with line below)
-
0069+0331
ঞ
(Roman capital letter I with line below and acute)
-
00CD+0331
ট
(Roman small letter i with line below and acute)
-
00ED+0331
Ṉ
Roman capital letter N with line below
-
1E48
ṉ
Roman small letter n with line below
-
1E49
Ó
Roman capital letter O with acute
D3 (1,2,3,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00D3
ó
Roman small letter o with acute
F3 (1,2,3,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00F3
ੜ
(Roman capital letter O with line below)
-
004F+0331
(Roman small letter o with line below)
-
006F+0331
ਜ
(Roman capital letter O with line below and acute)
-
00D3+0331
ਝ
(Roman small letter o with line below and acute)
-
00F3+0331
Ú
Roman capital letter U with acute
DA (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00DA
ú
Roman small letter u with acute
FA (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00FA
࢛
(Roman capital letter V with line below)
-
0056+0331
࢜
(Roman small letter v with line below)
-
0076+0331
Ý
Roman capital letter Y with acute
DD (1,2,10,12*,14*)
00DD
ý
Roman small letter y with acute
FD (1,2,10,12*,14*)
00FD
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
30
2 the acute accent used to represent the Greek tonos (stress mark) has been included in the above table
134
Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
Table: es
Writing System: Spanish Extensions to Basic Roman
Notes: n/a
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Á
Roman capital letter A with acute
C1 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00C1
á
Roman small letter a with acute
E1 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00E1
É
Roman capital letter E with acute
C9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00C9
é
Roman small letter e with acute
E9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00E9
Í
Roman capital letter I with acute
CD (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00CD
í
Roman small letter i with acute
ED (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00ED
Ñ
Roman capital letter N with tilde
D1 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00D1
ñ
Roman small letter n with tilde
F1 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00F1
Ó
Roman capital letter O with acute
D3 (1,2,3,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00D3
ó
Roman small letter o with acute
F3 (1,2,3,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00F3
Ú
Roman capital letter U with acute
DA (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00DA
ú
Roman small letter u with acute
FA (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00FA
Ü
Roman capital letter U with diaeresis
DC (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00DC
ü
Roman small letter u with diaeresis
FC (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00FC
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
14
Table: et
Writing System: Estonian Extensions to Basic Roman
Notes: n/a
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
´
Acute accent
B4 (1,2,3,4,9,14*)
00B4
Ä
Roman capital letter A with diaeresis
C4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00C4
ä
Roman small letter a with diaeresis
E4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00E4
Õ
Roman capital letter O with tilde
D5 (1,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00D5
õ
Roman small letter o with tilde
F5 (1,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00F5
Ö
Roman capital letter O with diaeresis
D6 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00D6
ö
Roman small letter o with diaeresis
F6 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00F6
Š
Roman capital letter S with caron
A9 (2,4), AA (10), D0 (13*), B2 (14*)
0160
š
Roman small letter s with caron
B9 (2,4), BA (10), F0 (13*), B3 (14*)
0161
Ü
Roman capital letter U with diaeresis
DC (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00DC
ü
Roman small letter u with diaeresis
FC (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00FC
Ž
Roman capital letter Z with caron
AE (2,4), AC (10), DE (13*), B9 (14*)
017D
ž
Roman small letter z with caron
BE (2,4), BC (10), FE (13*), BA (14*)
017E
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
13
Table: eu
Writing System: Basque Extensions to Basic Roman
Notes: n/a
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Ç
Roman capital letter C with cedilla
C7 (1,2,3,9,12*,14*)
00C7
ç
Roman small letter c with cedilla
E7 (1,2,3,9,12*,14*)
00E7
Ñ
Roman capital letter N with tilde
D1 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00D1
ñ
Roman small letter n with tilde
F1 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00F1
Ü
Roman capital letter U with diaeresis
DC (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00DC
ü
Roman small letter u with diaeresis
FC (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00FC
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
6
135
Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
Table: fa_R
Writing System: Perso-Arabic [Persian]
Romanization System: UN 1967 (I/13)
Notes: 3a, 4, 6
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
‘
Inverted apostrophe
-
02BB (2018)
Á
Roman capital letter A with acute
C1 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00C1
á
Roman small letter a with acute
E1 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00E1
Ā
Roman capital letter A with macron
C0 (4,10), C2 (13*)
0100
ā
Roman small letter a with macron
E0 (4,10), E2 (13*)
0101
Ḩ
Roman capital letter H with cedilla
-
1E28
ḩ
Roman small letter h with cedilla
-
1E29
Ī
Roman capital letter I with macron
CF (4), A4 (10), CE (13*)
012A
ī
Roman small letter i with macron
EF (4), B4 (10), EE (13*)
012B
(Roman capital letter S with macron)
-
0053+0304
(Roman small letter s with macron)
-
0073+0304
Ş
Roman capital letter S with cedilla
AA (2,3), DE (9)
015E
ş
Roman small letter s with cedilla
BA (2,3), FE (9)
015F
Ū
Roman capital letter U with macron
DE (4), AE (10), DB (13*)
016A
ū
Roman small letter u with macron
FE (4), BE (10), FB (13*)
016B
ങ
(Roman capital letter Z with macron)
-
005A+0304
ച
(Roman small letter z with macron)
-
007A+0304
Z
(Roman capital letter Z with cedilla)
-
005A+0327
z
(Roman small letter z with cedilla)
-
007A+0327
Ẕ
Roman capital letter Z with line below
-
1E94
ẕ
Roman small letter z with line below
-
1E95
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
21
Table: fi
Writing System: Finnish Extensions to Basic Roman
Notes: n/a
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Ä
Roman capital letter A with diaeresis
C4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00C4
ä
Roman small letter a with diaeresis
E4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00E4
Ö
Roman capital letter O with diaeresis
D6 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00D6
ö
Roman small letter o with diaeresis
F6 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00F6
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
4
Table: fo
Writing System: Faroese Extensions to Basic Roman
Notes: n/a
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Á
Roman capital letter A with acute
C1 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00C1
á
Roman small letter a with acute
E1 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00E1
Æ
Roman capital letter AE (ash)
C6 (1,4,9,10,12*,14*), AF (13*)
00C6
æ
Roman small letter ae (ash)
E6 (1,4,9,10,12*,14*), BF (13*)
00E6
Ð
Roman capital letter ETH
D0 (1,4,10,14*)
00D0
ð
Roman small letter eth
F0 (1,4,10,14*)
00F0
Í
Roman capital letter I with acute
CD (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00CD
í
Roman small letter i with acute
ED (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00ED
Ó
Roman capital letter O with acute
D3 (1,2,3,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00D3
136
Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
ó
Roman small letter o with acute
F3 (1,2,3,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00F3
Ø
Roman capital letter O with stroke
D8 (1,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00D8
ø
Roman small letter o with stroke
F8 (1,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00F8
Ú
Roman capital letter U with acute
DA (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00DA
ú
Roman small letter u with acute
FA (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00FA
Ý
Roman capital letter Y with acute
DD (1,2,10,12*,14*)
00DD
ý
Roman small letter y with acute
FD (1,2,10,12*,14*)
00FD
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
16
Table: fr
Writing System: French Extensions to Basic Roman
Notes: n/a
Char.
Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
À
Roman capital letter A with grave
C0 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00C0
à
Roman small letter a with grave
E0 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00E0
Â
Roman capital letter A with circumflex
C2 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00C2
â
Roman small letter a with circumflex
E2 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00E2
Ç
Roman capital letter C with cedilla
C7 (1,2,3,9,12*,14*)
00C7
ç
Roman small letter c with cedilla
E7 (1,2,3,9,12*,14*)
00E7
È
Roman capital letter E with grave
C8 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00C8
è
Roman small letter e with grave
E8 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00E8
É
Roman capital letter E with acute
C9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00C9
é
Roman small letter e with acute
E9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00E9
Ê
Roman capital letter E with circumflex
CA (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00CA
ê
Roman small letter e with circumflex
EA (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00EA
Ë
Roman capital letter E with diaeresis
CB (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00CB
ë
Roman small letter e with diaeresis
EB (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00EB
Î
Roman capital letter I with circumflex
CE (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00CE
î
Roman small letter i with circumflex
EE (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00EE
Ï
Roman capital letter I with diaeresis
CF (1,3,9,10,12*,14*)
00CF
ï
Roman small letter i with diaeresis
EF (1,3,9,10,12*,14*)
00EF
Ô
Roman capital letter O with circumflex
D4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00D4
ô
Roman small letter o with circumflex
F4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00F4
Œ
Roman capital ligature OE
8C (1,14*)
0152
œ
Roman small ligature oe
9C (1,14*)
0153
Ù
Roman capital letter U with grave
D9 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00D9
ù
Roman small letter u with grave
F9 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00F9
Û
Roman capital letter U with circumflex
DB (1,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00DB
û
Roman small letter u with circumflex
FB (1,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00FB
Ü
Roman capital letter U with diaeresis
DC (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00DC
ü
Roman small letter u with diaeresis
FC (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00FC
Ÿ
Roman capital letter Y with diaeresis
AF (12*)
0178
ÿ
Roman small letter y with diaeresis
FF (1,9,12*)
00FF
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
30
Table: fy
Writing System: Frisian Extensions to Basic Roman
Notes: n/a
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Â
Roman capital letter A with circumflex
C2 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00C2
137
Toponymic data transfer standards and formats
â
Roman small letter a with circumflex
E2 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00E2
Ê
Roman capital letter E with circumflex
CA (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00CA
ê
Roman small letter e with circumflex
EA (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00EA
Î
Roman capital letter I with circumflex
CE (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00CE
î
Roman small letter i with circumflex
EE (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00EE
Ô
Roman capital letter O with circumflex
D4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00D4
ô
Roman small letter o with circumflex
F4 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00F4
Ú
Roman capital letter U with acute
DA (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00DA
ú
Roman small letter u with acute
FA (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00FA
Û
Roman capital letter U with circumflex
DB (1,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00DB
û
Roman small letter u with circumflex
FB (1,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00FB
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
12
Table: ga
Writing System: Irish Extensions to Basic Roman
Notes: n/a
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
Á
Roman capital letter A with acute
C1 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00C1
á
Roman small letter a with acute
E1 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00E1
É
Roman capital letter E with acute
C9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00C9
é
Roman small letter e with acute
E9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00E9
Í
Roman capital letter I with acute
CD (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00CD
í
Roman small letter i with acute
ED (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00ED
Ó
Roman capital letter O with acute
D3 (1,2,3,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00D3
ó
Roman small letter o with acute
F3 (1,2,3,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00F3
Ú
Roman capital letter U with acute
DA (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00DA
ú
Roman small letter u with acute
FA (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00FA
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
10
Table: gd
Writing System: Gaelic (Scottish) Extensions to Basic Roman
Notes: n/a
Char. Character Name
ISO 8859
ISO/Unic.
À
Roman capital letter A with grave
C0 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00C0
à
Roman small letter a with grave
E0 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00E0
Á
Roman capital letter A with acute
C1 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00C1
á
Roman small letter a with acute
E1 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,14*)
00E1
È
Roman capital letter E with grave
C8 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00C8
è
Roman small letter e with grave
E8 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00E8
É
Roman capital letter E with acute
C9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00C9
é
Roman small letter e with acute
E9 (1,2,3,4,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00E9
Ì
Roman capital letter I with grave
CC (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00CC
ì
Roman small letter i with grave
EC (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00EC
Ò
Roman capital letter O with grave
D2 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00D2
ò
Roman small letter o with grave
F2 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00F2
Ó
Roman capital letter O with acute
D3 (1,2,3,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00D3
ó
Roman small letter o with acute
F3 (1,2,3,9,10,12*,13*,14*)
00F3
Ù
Roman capital letter U with grave
D9 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00D9
ù
Roman small letter u with grave
F9 (1,3,9,12*,14*)
00F9
N u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r s:
16
138
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