|
|
Refining
To purchase individual API standards, visit apiwebstore.org
is recommended of sufficient effectiveness to better quantify the damage
RP 585
state of the component. The inspection action itself does not reduce the risk;
Pressure Equipment Integrity Incident Investigation
however, it does reduce uncertainty and therefore allows more accurate
quantification of the damage present in the component. Pages: 632
Provides owner-operators with practices for developing, implementing,
sustaining, and enhancing an investigation program for pressure equipment
3rdEdition | April 2016 | Product Number: C58103 | Price:$936.00
integrity (PEI) incidents. This document describes characteristics of how an
effective investigation could be structured so organizations can learn from
API Risk-Based Inspection Software
PEI failures,near-misses, or discoveries.Pages: 52
API RBI software, created by petroleum refinery and chemical plant owner/
2nd Edition | April 2021 | Product Number: C58502 | Price: $149.00
users for owner/users, finds its basis in API Publication 581, Base Resource
Document-Risk-Based Inspection. Practical, valuable features are built into
Bull 587
the technology, which is based on recognized and generally accepted good
Guidance for the Development of Ultrasonic Examiner Qualification
engineering practices.
Programs
The purposes of the Risk-Based Inspection Program are:
Provides owner/users with guidelines for developing basic in-house
•
screen operating units within a plant to identify areas of high risk;
qualification programs to identify industry-qualified UT angle beam examiners
•
estimate a risk value associated with the operation of each equipment
that are equivalent to those possessing an ultrasonic angle beam qualification
item in a refinery or chemical process plant based on a consistent
from API (e.g. API QUTE/QUSE Detection and Sizing Tests) for inspection of
methodology;
pressure equipment and piping as required by API 510 and API 570. The
•
prioritize the equipment based on the measured risk;
availability of high-quality and accurate ultrasonic testing (UT) data is often the
cornerstone for weld and base metal discontinuities detection and sizing for
•
design a highly effective inspection program; and
equipment integrity assessments. As a result, API has implemented several
•
systematically manage the risks associated with equipment failures.
certification programs to assist in defining the minimum criteria for assessing
the performance of UT technicians. Pages: 31
The RBI method defines the risk of operating equipment as the combination of
two separate terms: the consequence of failure and the likelihood of failure.
1st Edition|May 2021 | ProductNumber:C58701| Price: $94.00
For more information: e-mail rbi@api.org or call 281-537-8848
RP 588
RP 582
Recommended Practice for Source Inspection and Quality
Welding Guidelines for the Chemical, Oil, and Gas Industries
Surveillance of Fixed Equipment
Provides supplementary guidelines and practices for welding and welding-
Summarizes the basic body of knowledge that the source inspector typically
related topics for shop and field fabrication, repair, and modification of the
needs to know to perform as a source inspector for fixed equipment. A
following: pressure-retaining equipment; tanks and attachment welds;
secondary purpose is to assist candidates intending to take the API Source
nonremovable internals for process equipment; structural items attached
Inspection Examination to become certified source inspectors. This
and related to process equipment; and other equipment or component
recommended practice (RP) outlines the fundamentals of source inspection
items when referenced by an applicable purchase document. Pages: 78
and may be useful to all personnel conducting such activities to perform
their jobs in a competent and ethical manner.
4th Edition | May 2023 | Product Number: C58204 | Price: $149.00
This RP covers the process of specifying the necessary quality surveillance of
materials, equipment, and fabrications being supplied for use in the oil,
RP 583
petrochemical, and gas Industry, including upstream, midstream, and
Corrosion Under Insulation and Fireproofing
downstream segments. This RP may be used as the basis for providing a
Covers design, maintenance, inspection, and mitigation practices to address
systematic approach to risk-based source inspection in order to provide
external corrosion under insulation (CUI) and corrosion under fireproofing
confidence that materials and equipment being purchased meet the
(CUF). The document discusses the external corrosion of carbon and low-
minimum requirements as specified in the project documents and
alloy steels under insulation and fireproofing, and external chloride stress
contractual agreements. Pages: 72
corrosion cracking (ECSCC) of austenitic and duplex stainless steels under
1st Edition | July 2019 | Product Number: C58801 | Price: $175.00
insulation. Pages: 106
2nd Edition | March 2021 | Product Number: C58302 | Price: $202.00
Bull 590
SCIMITerm,Definition, and Acronym StandardizationWork Process
RP 584
Establishes a work process to manage terms, definitions, and acronyms in
Integrity Operating Windows
documents published by the API Committee on Refining Equipment (CRE)
Explains the importance of integrity operating windows (IOWs) for process
Subcommittee on Inspection and Mechanical Integrity (SCIMI). The work
safety management and to guide users in how to establish and implement
processes described in this publication shall be used when SCIMI develops
an IOW program for process facilities. It is the intent of the document to
new standards or new terms, definitions, and acronyms in existing
provide the user with information and guidance on the work process for the
standards. The work processes shall also be used to verify accuracy and
development and implementation of IOWs to help strengthen the
consistent use of terms, definitions, and acronyms when an existing SCIMI
mechanical integrity (MI) program for each process unit. This edition
document is revised. Pages: 12
includes a new Annex D, Barriers to Successful IOW Implementation, as a
1st Edition | November 2022 | Product Number: C59001 | Price: $69.00
waytoassist in improving industry safety and sustainability.Pages: 69
2nd Edition | December 2021 | Product Number: C58402 | Price: $140.00
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
97
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Std 653
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT STANDARDS FOR REFINERY SERVICE
Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction
(includes Addendum 1 dated April 2018, Addendum 2 dated May 2020,
Std 610
Addendum 3 dated November 2023, and Errata 1 dated March 2020)
Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum, Petrochemical and Natural Gas
Covers steel storage tanks built to Std 650 and its predecessor Spec 12C. It
Industries
provides minimum requirements for maintaining the integrity of such tanks
Specifies requirements for centrifugal pumps, including pumps running in
after they have been placed in service and addresses inspection, repair,
reverse as hydraulic power recovery turbines, for use in petroleum,
alteration, relocation, and reconstruction.
petrochemical, and gas industry process services. This document is applicable
The scope is limited to the tank foundation, bottom, shell, structure, roof,
to overhung pumps, between bearings pumps, and vertically suspended
attached appurtenances, and nozzles to the face of the first flange, first
pumps.This document also provides requirements applicable to specific types
threaded joint, or first welding-end connection. Many of the design, welding,
of pumps. Illustrations are provided of the various specific pump types and the
examination, and material requirements of Std 650 can be applied in the
designations assigned to each specific pump type. Pages: 233
maintenance inspection, rating, repair, and alteration of in-service tanks. In the
12th Edition | January 2021 | Product Number: C61012 | Price: $175.00
case of apparent conflicts between the requirements of this standard and Std
650 or its predecessor Spec 12C, this standard shall govern for tanks that
Std 611
have beenplaced in service.
General-Purpose Steam Turbines for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas
This standard employs the principles of Std 650; however, storage tank owner/
Industry Services
operators, based on consideration of specific construction and operating
details, may apply this standard to any steel tank constructed in accordance
Covers the minimum requirements for general-purpose steam turbines.
with a tank specification.
These requirements include basic design, materials, related lubrication
This standard is intended for use by organizations that maintain or have access
systems, controls, auxiliary equipment, and accessories for use in the
to engineering and inspection personnel technically trained and experienced in
petroleum, chemical, and gas industry services. This standard includes only
tank design, fabrication, repair, construction, and inspection.
general-purpose turbines. General-purpose turbines are horizontal or vertical
turbines used to drive equipment that is usually spared or is in noncritical
This standard does not contain rules or guidelines to cover all the varied
service. They are generally used where steam conditions will not exceed a
conditions which may occur in an existing tank. When design and construction
pressure of 48 bar (700 psig) and a temperature of 400 °C (750 °F).
details are not given, and are not available in the as-built standard, details that
Pages: 150
will provide a level of integrity equal to the level provided by the current edition
of Std 650 must be used.
6th Edition | June 2022 | Product Number: C61106 | Price: $175.00
This standard recognizes fitness-for-service assessment concepts for
Std 612
evaluating in-service degradation of pressure containing components. API
579-1/ASME FFS-1, Fitness-For-Service, provides detailed assessment
Petroleum Petrochemical, and Natural Gas Industries-Steam
procedures or acceptance criteria for specific types of degradation referenced
Turbines-Special-Purpose Applications
in this standard. When this standard does not provide specific evaluation
Specifies the minimum requirements for steam turbines for special-purpose
procedures or acceptance criteria for a specific type of degradation or when
applications for use in the petroleum, petrochemical, and natural gas
this standard explicitly allows the use of fitness-for-service criteria, API 579-1/
industries. These requirements include basic design, materials, fabrication,
ASME FFS-1 may be used to evaluate the various types of degradation or test
inspection testing, and preparation for shipment. It also covers the related
requirements addressed in this standard. Pages: 162
lube oil systems, instrumentation, control systems, and auxiliary equipment.
5th Edition | November 2014 | Product Number: C65305 | Price: $255.00
It is not applicable to general-purpose steam turbines, which are covered in
Std 611. Pages: 199
Std 653 *
8th Edition | November 2020 | Product Number: C61208 | Price: $263.00
Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction-Chinese
(includes Addendum 1 dated April 2018, Addendum 2 dated May 2020,
Std 613
Addendum 3 dated November 2023, and Errata 1 dated March 2020)
Special Purpose Gear Units for Petroleum, Chemical and Gas
Chinese translation of Std 653.
Industry Services
(ANSI/API Std 613)
5th Edition | November 2014 | Product Number: C65305C | Price: $255.00
Covers the minimum requirements for special-purpose, enclosed, precision
Std 653 *
single- and double-helical one-and two-stage speed increasers and reducers
Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction-Portuguese
of parallel-shaft design for refinery services. This standard is primarily
intended for gear units that are in continuous service without installed spare
(includes Addendum 1 dated April 2018, Addendum 2 dated May 2020,
equipment. Pages: 124
Addendum 3 dated November 2023, and Errata 1 dated March 2020)
6th Edition | July 2021 | Product Number: C61306 | Price: $250.00
Portuguese translation of Std 653.
5th Edition | November 2014 | Product Number: C65305P | Price: $255.00
Std 614
Lubrication, Shaft-Sealing, and Control-Oil Systems and Auxiliaries
Covers the minimum requirements for lubrication systems, oil-type shaft-
sealing systems, oil-control systems, and auxiliaries, excluding dry gas seal
systems and fuel systems. These systems can serve individual equipment
such as compressors, gears, pumps, and drivers or complete trains.
Pages: 246
6th Edition | February 2022 | Product Number: CX61405 | Price: $350.00
* These translated versions are provided for the convenience of our customers and are not officially endorsed by API. The translated versions shall neither replace nor supersede the
English-language versions, which remain the official standards. API shall not be responsible for any discrepancies or interpretations of these translations. Translations may not
include any addenda or errata to the document. Please check the English-language versions for any updates to the documents.
98
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This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
Refining
To purchase individual API standards, visit apiwebstore.org
Std 616
Std 619/ISO 10440-1:2007 *
Gas Turbines for the Petroleum, Chemical and Gas Industry Services
Rotary-Type Positive Displacement Compressors for Petroleum,
Petrochemical and Natural Gas Industries-Russian
Covers the minimum requirements for open-, simple-, and regenerative-cycle
combustion gas turbine units for services of mechanical drive, generator
(includes Errata 1 to datasheets dated August 2018)
drive, or process gas generation. All auxiliary equipment required for
Russian translation of Std 619/ISO 10440-1:2007.
operating, starting, controlling, and protecting gas turbine units is either
discussed directly in this standard or referred to in this standard through
5th Edition | December 2010
references to other publications. Specifically, gas turbine units that are
Product Number: CX61905R | Price: $234.00
capable of firing gas or liquid or both are covered by this standard. This
standard covers both industrial and aeroderivative gas turbines. Pages: 286
Std 670
6th Edition | September 2022 | Product Number: C61606 | Price: $245.00
Machinery Protection Systems
Provides a purchase specification to facilitate the manufacture,
Std 617
procurement, installation, and testing of vibration, axial-position, and
Axial and Centrifugal Compressors and Expander-Compressors
bearing temperature monitoring systems for petroleum, chemical, and gas
industry services. Covers the minimum requirements for monitoring radial
Specifies minimum requirements and gives recommendations for axial
shaft vibration, casing vibration, shaft axial position, and bearing
compressors, single-shaft and integrally geared process centrifugal
temperatures. It outlines a standardized monitoring system and covers
compressors, and expander-compressors for special-purpose applications
requirements for hardware (sensors and instruments), installation, testing,
that handle gas or process air in the petroleum, chemical, and gas
and arrangement. Pages: 244
industries. Pages: 348
5th Edition | November 2014 | Reaffirmed: May 2022
9th Edition | April 2022 | Product Number: C61709 | Price: $286.00
Product Number: C67005 | Price: $212.00
Std 618
Std 670 *
Reciprocating Compressors for Petroleum, Chemical and Gas
Machinery Protection Systems-Russian
Industry Services
Russian translation of Std 670.
(ANSI/API Std 618)
(includes Errata 1 dated November 2009 and Errata 2 dated
5th Edition | November 2014 | Product Number: C67005R | Price: $212.00
July 2010)
Std 671
Covers the minimum requirements for reciprocating compressors and their
Special Purpose Couplings for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas
drivers used in petroleum, chemical, and gas industry services for handling
process air or gas with either lubricated or nonlubricated cylinders.
Industry Services
Compressors covered by this standard are of low to moderate speed and in
Specifies the requirements for couplings for the transmission of power
critical services. Also covered are related lubricating systems, controls,
between the rotating shafts of two machines in special-purpose applications
instrumentation, intercoolers, aftercoolers, pulsation suppression devices,
in the petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries. Such
and other auxiliary equipment. Pages: 190
applications are typically in large and/or high speed machines, in services
5th Edition | December 2007 | Reaffirmed: July 2017
that can be required to operate continuously for extended periods, are often
unspared and are critical to the continued operation of the installation. By
Product Number: C61805 | Price: $196.00
agreement, it can be used for other applications or services.
Couplings covered are designed to accommodate parallel (or lateral) offset,
Std 618 *
angular misalignment and axial displacement of the shafts without imposing
Reciprocating Compressors for Petroleum, Chemical and Gas
unacceptable mechanical loading on the coupled machines. It is applicable to
Industry Services-Russian
gear, metallic flexible element, quill shaft and torsionally resilient type
(ANSI/API Std 618)
couplings. Torsional damping and resilient type couplings are detailed in Annex
(includes Errata 1 dated November 2009 and Errata 2 dated
A; gear-type couplings are detailed in Annex B and quill shaft style coupling are
detailed in Annex C. Also covers the design, materials of construction,
July 2010)
manufacturing quality, inspection and testing special purpose couplings.
Russian translation of Std 618.
Pages: 103
5th Edition | December 2007 | Reaffirmed: July 2017
5th Edition | August 2020 | Product Number: C67105 | Price: $253.00
ProductNumber: C61805R|Price:$196.00
Std 672
Std 619/ISO 10440-1:2007
Packaged, Integrally Geared Centrifugal Air Compressors for
Rotary-Type Positive Displacement Compressors for Petroleum,
Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services
Petrochemical and Natural Gas Industries
Covers the minimum requirements for constant-speed, packaged, general
(includes Errata 1 to datasheets dated August 2018)
purpose integrally geared centrifugal air compressors, including their
accessories. This standard is not applicable to machines that develop a
Specifies requirements for dry and oil-flooded, helical-lobe rotary
pressure rise of less than 0.35 bar (5.0 psi) above atmospheric pressure,
compressors used for vacuum or pressure or both in petroleum,
which are classed as fans or blowers. Pages: 125
petrochemical, and gas industry services. It is intended for compressors that
are in special-purpose applications. It is not applicable to general-purpose
5th Edition | August 2019 | Product Number: C67205 | Price: $315.00
air compressors, liquid-ring compressors, or vane-type compressors.
This edition of API Std 619 is the identical national adoption of
ISO 10440-1:2007. Pages: 135
5th Edition | December 2010 | Product Number: CX61905 | Price: $234.00
* These translated versions are provided for the convenience of our customers and are not officially endorsed by API. The translated versions shall neither replace nor supersede the
English-language versions, which remain the official standards. API shall not be responsible for any discrepancies or interpretations of these translations. Translations may not
include any addenda or errata to the document. Please check the English-language versions for any updates to the documents.
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
99
Refining
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Std 673
Std 675 *
CentrifugalFans for Petroleum,Chemical,and Gas Industry Services
Positive Displacement Pumps-Controlled Volume for Petroleum,
Covers the minimum requirements for centrifugal fans for use in petroleum,
Chemical, and Gas Industry Services-Russian
chemical, and gas industry services. Fan static pressure rise is limited to
(includes Errata 1 dated June 2014 and Errata 2 dated April 2015)
differential usually not exceeding 130 in. (330 cm) of water equivalent air
Russian translation of Std 675.
pressure from a single impeller or each impeller in a two stage fan. This
standard does not apply to axial flow, aerial cooler, cooling tower, and
3rd Edition | November 2012 | Reaffirmed: July 2021
ventilation fans and positive displacement blowers.
ProductNumber: C67503R |Price: $138.00
This standard covers equipment for both general purpose and special purpose
applications. The purchaser shall determine which classification applies. Refer
Std 676
to Section 3 for definition of the terms general purpose and special purpose.
Positive Displacement Pumps-Rotary
Additional or overriding requirements applicable to special purpose
Covers the minimum requirements for rotary positive displacement process
applications are included at the end of each section (e.g. 6.7.5, etc.).
Pages: 113
pumps and pump units for use in the petroleum, petrochemical, and gas
industry services. Controlled-volume pumps, hydraulically driven pumps and
3rd Edition | December 2014 | Product Number: C67303 | Price: $184.00
positive displacement reciprocating pumps are not included. Pages: 101
Std 673 *
4th Edition | February 2022 | Product Number: C67604 | Price: $179.00
Centrifugal Fans for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry
Std 677
Services-Russian
General-Purpose, Extruder, and Epicyclic Gear Units for Petroleum,
Russian translation of Std 673.
Chemical, and Gas Industry Services
3rd Edition | December 2014
Covers the minimum requirements for general-purpose, enclosed single and
Product Number: C67303R | Price: $184.00
multistage gear units incorporating parallel shaft spur, and helical gears for
use in the petroleum, chemical, and gas industry services. General-purpose
Std 674
and extruder gears manufactured according to this standard are limited to
Positive Displacement Pumps-Reciprocating
pitch line velocities that do not exceed 60 m/s (12,000 ft/min). Pages: 188
(includes Errata 1 dated May 2014 and Errata 2 dated April 2015)
4th Edition | September 2021 | Product Number: C67704 | Price: $194.00
Covers the minimum requirements for reciprocating positive displacement
Std 681
pumps and pump units for use in the petroleum, petrochemical, and gas
industry services. Both direct-acting and power-frame types are included.
Liquid Ring Compressors and Vacuum Pumps in Petroleum,
Controlled-volume pumps, hydraulically driven pumps, and rotary pumps are
Chemical, and Gas Industry Services
not included. Pages: 95
Defines the minimum requirements for the basic design, inspection, testing,
3rd Edition | December 2010 | Reaffirmed: November 2016
and preparation for shipment of liquid ring vacuum pump and compressor
2-Year Extension: November 2015
systems for service in the petroleum, chemical, and gas industries. It includes
Product Number: C67403 | Price: $202.00
both vacuum pump and compressor design and system design.Pages: 151
2nd Edition | July 2021 | Product Number: C68102 | Price: $175.00
Std 674 *
Positive Displacement Pumps-Reciprocating-Russian
Std 682
(includes Errata 1 dated May 2014 and Errata 2 dated April 2015)
Pumps-Shaft Sealing Systems for Centrifugal and Rotary Pumps
Specifies requirements and gives recommendations for sealing systems for
Russian translation of Std 674.
centrifugal and rotary pumps used in the petroleum, natural gas, and
3rd Edition | December 2010 | Reaffirmed: November 2016
chemical industries. See A.1.1 and A.1.2. It is the responsibility of the
Product Number: C67403R | Price: $202.00
purchaser or seal vendor to ensure that the selected seal and auxiliaries are
suitable for the intended service condition. It is applicable mainly for
Std 675
hazardous, flammable, and/or toxic services where a greater degree of
reliability is required for the improvement of equipment availability and the
Positive Displacement Pumps-Controlled Volume for Petroleum,
reduction of both emissions to the atmosphere and life-cycle sealing costs. It
Chemical, and Gas Industry Services
covers seals for pump shaft diameters from 20 mm (0.75 in.) to 110 mm
(includes Errata 1 dated June 2014 and Errata 2 dated April 2015)
(4.3 in.). This standard is also applicable to seal spare parts and can be
referred to for the upgrading of existing equipment. A classification system
Covers the minimum requirements for reciprocating, controlled volume
for the seal configurations covered by this standard into categories, types,
pumps, and pump units for use in the petroleum, petrochemical, and gas
arrangements, and orientations is provided.
industry services. These pumps are either hydraulic diaphragm or packed
plunger design. Rotary positive displacement pumps are not included.
This standard is referenced normatively in Std 610. It is applicable to both
Diaphragm pumps that use direct mechanical actuation are also excluded.
new and retrofitted pumps and to pumps other than Std 610 pumps (e.g.
ASME B73.1, ASME B73.2, and Std 676 pumps). This standard might also
NOTE See Std 674 for positive displacement reciprocating pumps and Std 670 for
be referenced by other machinery standards such as other pumps,
positive displacement rotary pumps.
compressors, and agitators. Users are cautioned that this standard is not
This standard requires the purchaser to specify certain details and features.
specifically written to address all of the potential applications that a
A bullet (•) at the beginning of a paragraph indicates that either a decision
purchaser may specify. This is especially true for the size envelope specified
by, or further information from, the purchaser is required. Further information
for Std 682 seals. The purchaser and seal vendor shall mutually agree on the
should be shown on the datasheets (see example in Annex A) or stated in
features taken from this standard and used in the application.Pages: 256
the quotation request and purchase order. Pages: 64
4thEdition | May 2014 |Reaffirmed:May 2022
3rd Edition | November 2012 | Reaffirmed: July 2021
Product Number: C68204 | Price: $277.00
Product Number: C67503 | Price: $138.00
* These translated versions are provided for the convenience of our customers and are not officially endorsed by API. The translated versions shall neither replace nor supersede the
English-language versions, which remain the official standards. API shall not be responsible for any discrepancies or interpretations of these translations. Translations may not
include any addenda or errata to the document. Please check the English-language versions for any updates to the documents.
100
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Refining
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Std 682 *
RP 686
Pumps-Shaft Sealing Systems for Centrifugal and Rotary Pumps-
Recommended Practice for Machinery Installation and Installation
Chinese
Design
Chinese translation of Std 682.
Provides recommended procedures, practices, and checklists for the
installation and precommissioning of new, existing, and reapplied machinery
4th Edition | May 2014 | Reaffirmed:May 2022
and to assist with the installation design of such machinery for petroleum,
Product Number: C68204C | Price: $277.00
chemical, and gas industry services facilities. In general, this RP is intended
to supplement vendor instructions and the instructions provided by the
Std 682 *
original equipment manufacturer (OEM) should be carefully followed with
Pumps-Shaft Sealing Systems for Centrifugal and Rotary Pumps-
regard to equipment installation and checkout. Most major topics of this RP
Russian
are subdivided into sections of “Installation Design” and “Installation” with
Russian translation of Std 682.
the intent being that each section can be removed and used as needed by
the appropriate design or installation personnel. Pages: 254
4th Edition | May 2014 | Reaffirmed: May 2022
2nd Edition | December 2009 | Reaffirmed: November 2014
ProductNumber: C68204R|Price:$277.00
Product Number: C68602 | Price: $203.00
RP 684
API Standard Paragraphs Rotordynamic Tutorial: Lateral Critical
RP 687
Speeds, Unbalance Response, Stability, Train Torsionals, and Rotor
Special-Purpose Rotating Equipment Repairs
Balancing
Covers the recommendations for the inspection and repair of special-
Describes, discusses, and clarifies the section of the API Standard
purpose rotating equipment assemblies and components (rotors, bearings,
Paragraphs that outline the complete lateral and torsional rotordynamics and
couplings, and stationary components) used in petroleum, chemical, and
rotor balancing acceptance program designed by API to ensure equipment
gas industry services. Pages: 671
mechanical reliability. Background material on the fundamentals of these
2nd Edition | October 2023 | Product Number: C68702 | Price: $310.00
subjects (including terminology) along with rotor modeling utilized in this
analysis is presented for those unfamiliar with the subject. This document is
Std 688
an introduction to the major aspects of rotating equipment vibrations that
Pulsation and Vibration Control for Positive Displacement Machinery
are addressed during a typical lateral dynamics analysis. Pages: 303
Systems for Petroleum,Chemical, and Natural Gas Industry Services
2nd Edition | August 2005 | Reaffirmed: November 2010
Covers the minimum requirements for pulsation and vibration control for
Product Number: C68402 | Price: $191.00
positive displacement (PD) machinery systems used in the petroleum,
chemical, and natural gas industry services. The specific machinery
TR 684-1
addressed includes reciprocating compressors; rotary-type PD compressors;
API Standard Paragraphs Rotordynamic Tutorial: Lateral Critical
PD pumps-reciprocating; PD pumps-controlled volume; and PD pumps-
Speeds, Unbalance Response, Stability, Train Torsionals, and Rotor
rotary. Pages 157
Balancing
2nd Edition | October 2023 | Product Number: C68802 | Price: $180.00
Describes, discusses, and clarifies the section of the API Standard
RP 691
Paragraphs that outlines the complete rotordynamics acceptance program.
The acceptance program was designed by API to ensure mechanical
Risk-Based Machinery Management
reliability of equipment. This document is an introduction to the major
Defines the minimum requirements for the management of health, safety,
aspects of rotating equipment vibrations that are addressed during a typical
and environmental (HSE) risks across the machinery life cycle. It shall be
lateral dynamics analysis. Pages: 538
applied to the subset of operating-company- and/or vendor-defined high-
1st Edition | November 2019 | Product Number: C684101 | Price: $245.00
risk machinery. Pages: 198
1st Edition | June 2017 | Product Number: C69101 | Price: $177.00
Std 685
Sealless Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum, Petrochemical, and Gas
Std 692
Industry Process Service
Dry Gas Sealing Systems for Axial, Centrifugal, and Rotary Screw
Covers the minimum requirements for sealless centrifugal pumps for use in
Compressors and Expanders
petroleum, heavy-duty petrochemical, and gas industry services. It is
Covers the minimum dry gas sealing system requirements in association with
applicable to single-stage overhung pumps of two classifications, magnetic
axial, centrifugal, and rotary screw compressors and expanders for use in the
drive pumps (MDPs) and canned motor pumps (CMPs). Sections 2 through
petroleum, chemical, and gas industry services as described in API 617 and
8 and Section 10 cover requirements applicable to both classifications.
API 619.Pages: 258
Section 9 is divided into two subsections and covers requirements unique to
each classification. Pages: 197
1st Edition | June 2018 | Product Number: C69201 | Price: $179.00
3rd Edition | July 2022 | Product Number: C68503 | Price: $245.00
RP 697
Pump Repair
Covers the minimum recommendations for the inspection and repair of API
610 pumps types OH1 through OH5 and BB1 through BB5. This document
covers the entire process of field inspection, modifications, inspection,
upgrades, repair and/or new component manufacturer, reassembly of the
pump casing and rotor in the shop, and the reinstallation and start-up of the
pump in the field. Pages 750
2nd Edition | April 2023 | Product Number: C69701 | Price: $325.00
* These translated versions are provided for the convenience of our customers and are not officially endorsed by API. The translated versions shall neither replace nor supersede the
English-language versions, which remain the official standards. API shall not be responsible for any discrepancies or interpretations of these translations. Translations may not
include any addenda or errata to the document. Please check the English-language versions for any updates to the documents.
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
101
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EQUIPMENT DATASHEETS
Spec 12B
Specification for Bolted Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids
Electronically formatted mechanical equipment standards datasheets are
Covers material, design, fabrication, and testing requirements for vertical,
now available in electronic format (Excel 5.0 spreadsheets):
cylindrical, aboveground, closed and open-top, bolted steel storage tanks in
All of the following datasheets are available for single user at $65.00 each or
various standard sizes and capacities with internal pressures approximating
for intranet licensing at $317.00 each.
atmospheric pressure. This specification is designed to provide the oil
production industry with safe and economical bolted tanks of adequate
Std 610, 12th Edition
Std 619, 5th Edition
Std 673, 3rd Edition
safety and reasonable economy for use in the storage of crude petroleum
Std 611, 6th Edition
Std 660, 9th Edition
Std 674, 3rd Edition
and other liquids commonly handled and stored by the production segment
of the industry.Pages: 30
Std 612, 8th Edition
Std 661, 7th Edition
Std 675, 3rd Edition
17th Edition | December 2020
Std 613, 6th Edition
Std 663, 2nd Edition
Std 676, 4th Edition
Product Number: G12B17 |Price: $143.00
Std 614, 6th Edition
Std 664, 1st Edition
Std 677, 4th Edition
Spec 12D
Std 616, 6th Edition
Std 670, 5th Edition
Std 681, 2nd Edition
Specification for Field-Welded Tanks for Storage of Production
Std 617, 9th Edition
Std 671, 5th Edition
Std 682, 4th Edition
Liquids
Std 618, 5th Edition
Std 672, 5th Edition
Std 685, 3rd Edition
Covers material, design, fabrication, and testing requirements for vertical,
cylindrical, aboveground, closed top, welded steel storage tanks with internal
Mechanical Equipment Residual Unbalance Worksheets
pressures approximately atmospheric at various sizes and capacities ranging
Electronic versions of the residual unbalance worksheets that appear in
from 500 to 10,000 barrels. This specification is designed to provide the oil
mechanical equipment standards (Excel) along with instructions (Word).
production industry with tanks of adequate safety and reasonable economy
Price: $124.00
for use in the storage of crude petroleum and other liquids commonly
handled and stored by the production segment of the industry. This
The API Specification Database
specification is for the convenience of purchasers and manufacturers in
ordering and fabricating tanks. Pages: 29
The American Petroleum Institute Specification Database Software™
provides a knowledge-management toolset for the project engineering team.
12th Edition | June 2017 | Effective Date: December 1, 2017
Facilitates the entire equipment specification process including the entry of
Product Number: G12D12 | Price: $116.00
process data and release to design to the final entry of mechanical
datasheets and development of the technical bid specification package.
Spec 12F
Electronic outputs can be combined to form a master technical specification
Specification for Shop-Welded Tanks for Storage of Production
bid package for quotation and purchasing purposes with a modern tree-view
Liquids
format for ease of navigation. Completed projects provide on-going
Covers material, design, fabrication, and testing requirements for new shop-
documentation for plant equipment assets-improving safety and reliability.
fabricated vertical, cylindrical, aboveground, welded steel storage tanks in
Available in a full-featured corporate wide Oracle® format or a portable
the standard sizes and capacities, and for internal pressures approximately
ODBC database format with primary focus on equipment datasheets.
atmospheric, given in Table 1.
Contact EPCON International at (281) 398-9400
This specification is designed to provide the oil production industry with tanks
or visit the EPCON website: http://www.epcon.com
of adequate safety and reasonable economy for use in the storage of crude
STORAGE TANKS
petroleum and other liquids commonly handled and stored by the production
segment of the industry. This specification is for the convenience of
purchasers and manufacturers in ordering and fabricating tanks. Pages: 35
Impact of Gasoline Blended with Ethanol on the Long-Term Structural
13th Edition | January 2019 | Effective Date: July 1, 2019
Integrity of Liquid Petroleum Storage Systems and Components
Product Number: G12F13 | Price: $146.00
Summarizes the results of a literature review conducted for the American
Petroleum Institute on the impact of gasoline blended with ethanol on the
Spec 12P
long-term structural integrity of liquid petroleum storage systems and
Specification for Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Tanks
components. It is anticipated that the use of ethanol in motor fuels will
continue to increase. This has generated interest about the potential long-
Covers material, design, fabrication, and testing requirements for fiberglass
term structural effects of ethanol on liquid petroleum storage systems,
reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks. Only shop-fabricated, vertical, cylindrical
including underground storage tanks (USTs), underground piping, and
tanks are covered. Tanks covered by this specification are intended for above
associated components. The objective of the literature review is to determine
ground and atmospheric pressure service. This specification applies to new
the state of industry knowledge and research on the effects of ethanol/
tanks. The requirements may be applied to existing tanks at the discretion of
gasoline blends on the long-term structural integrity of UST systems and
the owner/operator.
components. This review is intended to assist decision-makers on further
This specification is designed to provide the petroleum industry with various
research requirements and needed changes or supplements to existing
standard sizes of FRP tanks. Because of the versatility of FRP tanks, the user
standards for underground storage system components used for storing and
shall be responsible for determining the suitability of FRP tanks for the
dispensing gasoline blended with ethanol. Appendix A may be purchased
intended service. Unsupported cone bottom tanks are outside the scope of
separately as an electronic database file. The database synopsis’ and
this specification. Pages: 27
bibliographic information for all articles reviewed for the project. The report is
organized by article index number. Reference numbers cited in this report
4th Edition | February 2016 | Effective Date: August 1, 2016
refer to the article index number. Pages: 25
Product Number: G12P04 | Price: $117.00
January 2003 | Executive Summary | Price: $71.00
Appendix A-Literature Review | Price $138.00
102
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Std 12R1
Std 625
Installation, Operation, Maintenance, Inspection, and Repair of
TankSystems for Refrigerated Liquefied Gas Storage
Tanks in Production Service
(includes Addendum 1 dated July 2013, Addendum 2 dated
(includes Addendum 1 dated June 2021)
November 2014, Addendum 3 dated June 2018, and Addendum 4
For use as a guide for new tank installations and maintenance of existing
dated September 2021)
tanks, Spec 12R1 contains recommendations for good practices in the
Covers low pressure, aboveground, vertical, and cylindrical tank systems
collection of well or lease production; gauging; delivery to pipeline carriers for
storing liquefied gases requiring refrigeration. This standard provides general
transportation; and other production storage and treatment operations. This
requirements on responsibilities, selection of storage concept, performance
recommended practice is intended primarily for application to tanks
criteria, accessories/appurtenances, quality assurance, insulation, and
fabricated to Specs 12F, 12D, 12F, and 12P when employed in on-land
commissioning of tank systems. Included are tank systems having a storage
production service, but its basic principles are applicable to atmospheric
capacity of 800 cubic meters (5000 bbls) and larger. Stored product shall
tanks of other dimensions and specifications when they are employed in
be liquids which are in a gaseous state at ambient temperature and
similar oil and gas production, treating, and processing services. It is not
pressure and require refrigeration to less than 5 °C (40 °F) to maintain a
applicable to refineries, petrochemical plants, marketing bulk stations, or
liquid phase. Also covered are tank systems with a minimum design
pipeline storage facilities operated by carriers. Pages: 53
temperature of -198 °C (-325 °F), a maximum design internal pressure of
6th Edition | March 2020 | Product Number: G12R16 | Price: $157.00
50 kPa (7 psig), and a maximum design uniform external pressure of
1.75 kPa (0.25 psig).
Std 620
Tank system configurations covered consist of a primary liquid and vapor
Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks
containment constructed of metal, concrete, or a metal/concrete
(includes Addendum 1 dated November 2014, Addendum 2 dated
combination and, when required, a secondary liquid containment. Pages: 63
April 2018, and Addendum 3 dated September 2021)
1st Edition | August 2010 | Product Number: C62501 | Price: $251.00
Covers the design and construction of large field-assembled, welded, low-
pressure carbon steel above ground storage tanks (including flat-bottom
Std 650
tanks) that have a single vertical axis of revolution, that contain petroleum
Welded Tanks for Oil Storage
intermediates (gases or vapors) and finished products, as well as other
(includes Errata 1 dated January 2021)
liquid products commonly handled and stored by the various branches of
the industry.
Establishes minimum requirements for material, design, fabrication,
erection, and testing for vertical, cylindrical, aboveground, closed- and open-
Covered are tanks designed for metal temperatures not greater than 250 °F
top, welded carbon, or stainless steel storage tanks in various sizes and
and with pressures in their gas or vapor spaces not more than 15 pounds per
capacities for internal pressures approximating atmospheric pressure
square inch gauge. The basic rules in this standard provide for installation in
(internal pressures not exceeding the weight of the roof plates), but a higher
areas where the lowest recorded 1-day mean atmospheric temperature is
internal pressure is permitted when addition requirements are met. This
-50 °F. Annex S covers stainless steel low-pressure storage tanks in ambient
standard applies only to tanks whose entire bottom is uniformly supported
temperature service in all areas, without limit on low temperatures. Annex R
and to tanks in non-refrigerated service that have a maximum design
covers low-pressure storage tanks for refrigerated products at temperatures
temperature of 93 °C (200 °F) or less. Pages: 514
from +40 °F to -60 °F. Annex Q covers low-pressure storage tanks for
liquefied gases at temperatures not lower than -325 °F.
13th Edition | March 2020 | Product Number: C65013 | Price: $565.00
This standard is applicable to tanks that (a) hold or store liquids with gases
or vapors above their surface or (b) hold or store gases or vapors alone.
RP 651
These rules do not apply to lift-type gas holders.
Cathodic Protection of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tanks
Although the rules in this standard do not cover horizontal tanks, they are not
Presents procedures and practices for achieving effective corrosion control
intended to preclude the application of appropriate portions to the design
on aboveground storage tank bottoms through the use of cathodic
and construction of horizontal tanks designed in accordance with good
protection. This RP contains provisions for the application of cathodic
engineering practice. Pages: 288
protection to existing and new aboveground storage tanks. Corrosion control
12th Edition | October 2013 | Product Number: C62012 | Price: $471.00
methods based on chemical control of the environment or the use of
protective coatings are not covered in detail.
Std 620 *
When cathodic protection is used for aboveground storage tank applications,
Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage
it is the intent of this RP to provide information and guidance specific to
aboveground metallic storage tanks in hydrocarbon service. Certain practices
Tanks-Chinese
recommended herein may also be applicable to tanks in other services. It is
(includes Addendum 1 dated November 2014, Addendum 2 dated
intended to serve only as a guide to persons interested in cathodic
April 2018, and Addendum 3 dated September 2021)
protection. Specific cathodic protection designs are not provided. Such
designs should be developed by a person thoroughly familiar with cathodic
Chinese translation of Std 620.
protection practices for aboveground petroleum storage tanks.
12th Edition | October 2013 | Product Number: C62012C | Price: $471.00
This RP does not designate specific practices for every situation because the
varied conditions in which tank bottoms are installed preclude
standardization of cathodic protection practices. Pages: 46
4th Edition | September 2014 | Product Number: C65104 | Price: $136.00
* These translated versions are provided for the convenience of our customers and are not officially endorsed by API. The translated versions shall neither replace nor supersede the
English-language versions, which remain the official standards. API shall not be responsible for any discrepancies or interpretations of these translations. Translations may not
include any addenda or errata to the document. Please check the English-language versions for any updates to the documents.
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
103
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RP 651 *
Std 653 *
Cathodic Protection of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tanks-
Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction-Chinese
Chinese
(includes Addendum 1 dated April 2018, Addendum 2 dated May 2020,
and Errata 1 dated March 2020)
Chinese translation of RP 651.
4th Edition | September 2014
Chinese translation of Std 653.
Product Number: C65104C | Price: $136.00
5th Edition | November 2014 | Product Number: C65305C | Price: $255.00
RP 652
Std 653 *
Linings of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tank Bottoms
Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction-Portuguese
Provides guidance on achieving effective corrosion control by the application
(includes Addendum 1 dated April 2018, Addendum 2 dated May 2020,
of tank bottom linings in aboveground storage tanks in hydrocarbon service.
and Errata 1 dated March 2020)
It contains information pertinent to the selection of lining materials, surface
Portuguese translation of Std 653.
preparation, lining application, cure, and inspection of tank bottom linings
for existing and new storage tanks. In many cases, tank bottom linings have
5th Edition | November 2014 | Product Number: C65305P | Price: $255.00
proven to be an effective method of preventing internal corrosion of steel
tank bottoms.
TR 654
Provides information and guidance specific to aboveground steel storage
Aboveground Storage Tank Caulking or Sealing the Bottom Edge
tanks in hydrocarbon service. Certain practices recommended herein may
Projection to the Foundation
also applicable to tanks in other services. This recommended practice is
Provides guidance to owner/operators that have tanks that are set on a
intended to serve only as a guide and detailed tank bottom lining
foundation system with the goal to protect the asset from deterioration by
specifications are not included.
minimizing corrosion and foundation deterioration and allowing for proper
This recommended practice does not designate specific tank bottom linings
support of the tank shell. The asset includes the tank itself, as well as the
for every situation because of the wide variety of service environments.
foundation system.
Pages: 40
This document does not require that caulking or sealants be installed at the
5th Edition | May 2020 | Product Number: C65205 | Price: $155.00
bottom edge projection and the foundation of aboveground storage tanks. It
provides guidance in situations in which caulking or sealants may be
Std 653
advantageous and should be considered.
Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction
This technical report applies to situations where an owner/operator is
(includes Addendum 1 dated April 2018, Addendum 2 dated May 2020,
considering caulk or sealant in this area, or if any regulatory agency requires
and Errata 1 dated March 2020)
or recommends that an owner/operator installs some type of caulk or
sealant. This document will also consider how to inspect existing caulk and
Covers steel storage tanks built to Std 650 and its predecessor Spec 12C. It
sealant, including maintenance procedures, and includes a suggested
provides minimum requirements for maintaining the integrity of such tanks
inspection schedule. Pages: 23
after they have been placed in service and addresses inspection, repair,
alteration, relocation, and reconstruction.
1st Edition | May 2019 | Product Number: C65401 | Price: $115.00
The scope is limited to the tank foundation, bottom, shell, structure, roof,
TR 655
attached appurtenances, and nozzles to the face of the first flange, first
Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors for Storage Tanks
threaded joint, or first welding-end connection. Many of the design, welding,
examination, and material requirements of Std 650 can be applied in the
Provides details on utilizing vapor corrosion inhibitors (VCIs) for protection of
maintenance inspection, rating, repair, and alteration of in-service tanks. In the
the soil side of tank bottoms. Pages: 28
case of apparent conflicts between the requirements of this standard and Std
1st Edition | April 2021 | Product Number: C65501 | Price: $72.00
650 or its predecessor Spec 12C, this standard shall govern for tanks that
have beenplaced in service.
Publ 937
This standard employs the principles of Std 650; however, storage tank owner/
EvaluationofDesignCriteriaforStorageTankswithFrangibleRoofJoints
operators, based on consideration of specific construction and operating
details, may apply this standard to any steel tank constructed in accordance
Describes research that evaluated the ability of the present Std 650 tank
with a tank specification.
design criteria to ensure the desired frangible joint behavior. Particular
This standard is intended for use by organizations that maintain or have access
questions include:
to engineering and inspection personnel technically trained and experienced in
•
evaluation of the area inequality as a method to predict the buckling
tank design, fabrication, repair, construction, and inspection.
response of the compression ring,
This standard does not contain rules or guidelines to cover all the varied
•
effect of roof slope, tank diameter, and weld size on the frangible joint, and
conditions which may occur in an existing tank. When design and construction
•
effect of the relative strength of the roof-to-shell joint compared to the
details are not given, and are not available in the as-built standard, details that
shell-to-bottom joint. Pages: 73
will provide a level of integrity equal to the level provided by the current edition
of Std 650 must be used.
1st Edition| April 1996| ProductNumber:C93701 |Price:$146.00
This standard recognizes fitness-for-service assessment concepts for
evaluating in-service degradation of pressure containing components. API
Publ 937-A
579-1/ASME FFS-1, Fitness-For-Service, provides detailed assessment
Study to Establish Relations for the Relative Strength of API 650
procedures or acceptance criteria for specific types of degradation referenced
Cone Roof, Roof-to-Shell and Shell-to-Bottom Joints
in this standard. When this standard does not provide specific evaluation
procedures or acceptance criteria for a specific type of degradation or when
Investigates the relative strengths of the roof-to-shell and shell-to-bottom
this standard explicitly allows the use of fitness-for-service criteria, API 579-1/
joints, with the goal of providing suggestions for frangible roof design criteria
ASME FFS-1 may be used to evaluate the various types of degradation or test
applicable to smaller tanks. Pages: 68
requirements addressed in this standard. Pages: 162
1st Edition | August 2005 | Product Number: C937A0 | Price: $133.00
5th Edition | November 2014 | Product Number: C65305 | Price: $255.00
* These translated versions are provided for the convenience of our customers and are not officially endorsed by API. The translated versions shall neither replace nor supersede the
English-language versions, which remain the official standards. API shall not be responsible for any discrepancies or interpretations of these translations. Translations may not
include any addenda or errata to the document. Please check the English-language versions for any updates to the documents.
104
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TR 939-D
RP 2207
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel in Fuel Grade Ethanol-
Preparing Tank Bottoms for Hot Work
Review, Experience Survey, Field Monitoring, and Laboratory Testing
Addresses only the safety aspects of hot work performed on petroleum
(includes Addendum 1 dated October 2013)
storage tank bottoms. It discusses safety precautions for preventing fires,
Addresses stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in carbon steel equipment used
explosions, and associated injuries. The term “hot work,” as used in this
in distribution, transportation, storage, and blending of denatured fuel
publication, is defined as an operation that can produce a spark or flame
ethanol. API, with assistance from the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA),
hot enough to ignite flammable vapors. RP 2009 provides more in-depth
conducted research on the potential for metal cracking and product leakage
information on safe hot work practices, and its requirements are not
in certain portions of the fuel ethanol distribution system. TR 939-D contains
duplicated here. Pages: 28
a review of existing literature, results of an industry survey on cracking events
8thEdition | April 2022 | Product Number:K22078 |Price: $121.00
and corrosion field monitoring, and information on mitigation and
prevention. Pages: 172
Std 2510
2nd Edition | May 2007 | Product Number: C939D0 | Price: $174.00
Design and Construction of LPG Installations
Provides minimum requirements for the design and construction of
Std 2015
installations for the storage and handling of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) at
RequirementsforSafeEntryandCleaningofPetroleumStorageTanks
marine and pipeline terminals, natural gas processing plants, refineries,
Applicable to stationary atmospheric and low-pressure (up to and including
petrochemical plants, and tank farms. This standard covers storage vessels,
15 psig) aboveground petroleum storage tanks used in all sectors of the
loading and unloading systems, piping, and related equipment. Pages: 52
petroleum and petrochemical industry, including crude oil and gas
9th Edition | August 2020| Product Number: C25109 | Price: $132.00
production; refining; petrochemicals; pipelines and terminals; bulk storage;
and ethanol facilities. This standard provides requirements for safely
Std 2610
planning, coordinating, and conducting tank entry and cleaning operations,
from removal from service through return to service. Pages: 146
Design, Construction, Operation, Maintenance, and Inspection of
Terminal and Tank Facilities
8th Edition | January 2018 | Product Number: K20158 | Price: $215.00
Guides the management of terminals and tanks in a manner that protects
RP 2026
the environment and the safety of workers and the public. This standard is
intended for petroleum terminal and tank facilities associated with
Safe Access/Egress Involving Floating Roofs of Storage Tanks in
marketing, refining, pipeline, and other similar facilities. This standard may
Petroleum Service
be used as a resource and management guide by those responsible for such
Addresses the hazards associated with access/egress onto external and
facilities and by those working on their behalf. This standard is a compilation
internal floating roofs of in-service petroleum storage tanks and identifies
of industry knowledge, information, and management practices for all
some of the most common practices and procedures for safely
relevant aspects of terminal and tank operations aggregated into an overview
accomplishing this activity. This RP is intended primarily for those persons
document comprising best practices. Pages: 100
who are required to perform inspection, service, maintenance, or repair
3rd Edition | September 2018 | Product Number: C26103 | Price: $192.00
activities that involve descent onto floating roofs of in-service petroleum
tanks. Pages: 28
PRESSURE-RELIEVING SYSTEMS FORREFINERY SERVICE
4th Edition | July 2022 | Product Number: K202604 | Price: $110.00
Std 520, Part I
RP 2027
Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices-
Ignition Hazards and Safe Work Practices for Abrasive Blasting of
Part I-Sizing and Selection
Atmospheric Storage Tanks in Hydrocarbon Service
(includes Errata 1 dated May 2023)
Provides safe work practices for the prevention and control of vapor, ignition,
Applies to the sizing and selection of pressure relief devices used in
and other potential hazards during abrasive blasting of aboveground storage
refineries and related industries for equipment that has a maximum
tanks in liquid hydrocarbon service at atmospheric pressure. It also provides
allowable working pressure of 15 psig (103 kPag) or greater. The pressure
assistance to employers in developing operating procedures that provide for
relief devices covered in this standard are intended to protect unfired
hazard recognition to significantly reduce ignition risks during abrasive
pressure vessels and related equipment against overpressure from operating
blasting of hydrocarbon storage tanks in service that may contain or have the
and fire contingencies.
potential to develop a flammable atmosphere in the vapor space. This RP
applies to safe work practices required for abrasive blasting of exterior shells
This standard includes basic definitions and information about the
and exterior roofs of all aboveground atmospheric storage tanks in liquid
operational characteristics and applications of various pressure relief
hydrocarbon service. It also applies to safe work practices for abrasive
devices. It also includes sizing procedures and methods based on steady
blasting conducted on the roofs and inner portions of the exposed surfaces
state flow of Newtonian fluids. Atmospheric and low-pressure storage tanks
of shells (that portion of the shell above the roof level) on open-top
covered in Std 2000 and pressure vessels used for the transportation of
(external) floating roof tanks. This RP also covers recognition and control of
products in bulk or shipping containers are not within the scope of this
ignition hazards that are specific to and may be present during abrasive
standard. See Std 521 for information about appropriate ways of reducing
blasting of aboveground storage tanks in liquid hydrocarbon service at
pressure and restricting heat input. The rules for overpressure protection of
atmospheric pressure. The ignition sources covered in this RP include static
fired vessels are provided in ASME Section I and ASME B31.1 and are not
electricity, internal combustion engines, electric motors, friction sparks, hot
within the scope of this standard. Pages: 172
metal surfaces, and external-to-the-work ignition sources. Pages: 27
10th Edition | October 2020 | Product Number: C520110 | Price: $404.00
4th Edition | November 2018 | Product Number: C20274 | Price: $132.00
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
105
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Std 520, Part II
The test medium for determining the seat tightness-air, steam, or water-
shall be the same as that used for determining the set pressure of the valve.
Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices-
Part II-Installation
For dual-service valves, the test medium-air, steam, or water-shall be the
same as the primary relieving medium.
Covers the methods of installation for pressure relief devices for equipment
To ensure safety, the procedures outlined in this standard shall be performed
that has a maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) of 15 psig
by persons experienced in the use and functions of pressure relief valves.
(1.03 bar g) or greater. Pressure relief valves or rupture disks may be used
Pages: 13
independently or in combination with each other to provide the required
protection against excessive pressure accumulation. The term “pressure relief
5th Edition | July 2020 | Product Number: C52705 | Price: $108.00
valve” includes safety relief valves used in either compressible or
incompressible fluid service, and relief valves used in incompressible fluid
RP 576
service. Covers gas, vapor, steam, and incompressible fluid service.
Inspection of Pressure-Relieving Devices
Pages: 69
Describes the inspection and repair practices for self-actuated pressure-
7th Edition | October 2020 | Product Number: C5200207 | Price: $310.00
relieving devices commonly used in the oil/gas and petrochemical industries.
As a guide to the inspection and repair of these devices in the user’s plant, it is
Std 521
intended to ensure their proper performance. This publication covers self-
Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring Systems
actuated devices such as direct acting spring loaded valves, pilot operated
Applies to pressure-relieving and vapor depressuring systems. Although
pressure-relief valves, rupture disks, pin actuated devices, and weight-loaded
intended for use primarily in oil refineries, it is also applicable to
pressure vacuum vents.
petrochemical facilities, gas plants, liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities, and
The recommendations in this publication are not intended to supersede
oil and gas production facilities. The information provided is designed to aid
requirements established by regulatory bodies. This publication excludes tank
in the selection of the system that is most appropriate for the risks and
weak seams and/or sections or tank thief hatches, explosion doors, fusible
circumstances involved in various installations. This standard specifies
plugs, control valves, pressure regulating devices, integral rotating equipment
requirements and gives guidelines for the following:
components, other devices that either depend on an external source of power
•
examining the principal causes of overpressure;
for operation or are manually operated or devices not designed to be
•
determining individual relieving rates;
inspected or recertified. Inspections and tests made at manufacturers’ plants,
which are usually covered by codes or purchase specifications, are not covered
•
selecting and designing disposal systems, including such component
by this publication.
parts as piping, vessels, flares, and vent stacks.
This publication does not cover training requirements for personnel involved in
This standard does not apply to direct-fired steam boilers.Pages: 247
the inspection and repair of pressure-relieving devices. Those seeking these
7th Edition | June 2020 | Product Number: C52107 | Price: $328.00
requirements should see API 510/570, which gives the requirements for a
quality control system and specifies that the repair organization maintain and
TR 522
document a training program ensuring that personnel are qualified. Pages: 80
Technical Report on Pressure-Relief System Calculations
4thEdition| April 2017 | ProductNumber:C57604 |Price: $227.00
(includes Errata 1 dated October 2023)
RP 576 *
Provides equations and examples for performing relief system calculations.
Users are responsible for performing their own calculations and using
Inspection of Pressure-Relieving Devices-Spanish
appropriate references for equations. This report contains a variety of
Spanish translation of RP 576.
calculation examples for equations and methods found in API publications
on pressure-relief systems. Pages: 22
4th Edition | April 2017 | Product Number: C57604S | Price: $227.00
1st Edition | April 2022 | Product Number: C52201 | Price: $65.00
Std 2000
Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks
Std 526
Flanged Steel Pressure-Relief Valves
Covers the normal and emergency vapour venting requirements for
aboveground liquid petroleum or petroleum products storage tanks and
Purchase specification for flanged steel pressure-relief valves. Basic
aboveground and underground refrigerated storage tanks, designed for
requirements are given for direct spring-loaded pressure-relief valves and
operation at pressures from full vacuum through 103,4 kPa (ga) [15 psig].
pilot-operated pressure-relief valves as follows: orifice designation and area;
Discussed in this International Standard are the causes of overpressure and
valve size and pressure rating, inlet and outlet; materials; pressure-
vacuum; determination of venting requirements; means of venting; selection,
temperature limits; center-to-face dimensions, inlet and outlet. Nameplate
and installation of venting devices; and testing and marking of relief devices.
nomenclature and requirements for stamping are detailed in Annex A.
Pages: 160
This International Standard is intended for tanks containing petroleum and
petroleum products but it can also be applied to tanks containing other
8th Edition | August 2023 | Product Number: C52608 | Price: $227.00
liquids; however, it is necessary to use sound engineering analysis and
judgment whenever this International Standard is applied to other liquids.
Std 527
This International Standard does not apply to external floating-roof tanks.
Seat Tightness of Pressure Relief Valves
Pages: 87
Describes methods of determining the seat tightness of metal- and soft-
7th Edition | March 2014 | Reaffirmed: April 2000
seated pressure relief valves, including those of conventional, bellows, and
Product Number: C20007 | Price: $244.00
pilot-operated designs.
The maximum acceptable leakage rates are defined for pressure relief valves
with set pressures from 103 kPa gauge (15 psig) to 41,379 kPa gauge
(6,000 psig). If greater seat tightness is required, the purchaser shall specify
it in the purchase order.
* These translated versions are provided for the convenience of our customers and are not officially endorsed by API. The translated versions shall neither replace nor supersede the
English-language versions, which remain the official standards. API shall not be responsible for any discrepancies or interpretations of these translations. Translations may not
include any addenda or errata to the document. Please check the English-language versions for any updates to the documents.
106
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This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
Refining
To purchase individual API standards, visit apiwebstore.org
PIPING COMPONENT AND VALVE STANDARDS
Std 594
Check Valves: Flanged, Lug, Wafer, and Butt-Welding
API 570
Covers the design, materials, face-to-face dimensions, pressure-temperature
Piping Inspection Code: In-Service Inspection, Rating, Repair, and
ratings, inspection, examination, and testing requirements for two types of
check valves. Pages: 33
Alteration of Piping Systems
(includes Addendum 1 dated May 2017, Addendum 2 dated March
9th Edition | February 2022 | Effective Date: August 2022
Product Number: C59409 | Price: $141.00
2018, Addendum 3 dated June 2023, and Errata 1 dated April 2018)
Covers inspection, rating, repair, and alteration procedures for metallic and
Std 598
fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) piping systems and their associated
pressure-relieving devices that have been placed in service. This inspection
Valve Inspection and Testing
code applies to all hydrocarbon and chemical process piping covered in
Covers inspection, examination, supplementary examinations, and pressure
1.2.1 that have been placed in service unless specifically designated as
test requirements for resilient-seated, nonmetallic-seated (e.g. ceramic),
optional per 1.2.2. This publication does not cover inspection of specialty
and metal-to-metal-seated valves of the gate, globe, plug, ball, check, and
equipment including instrumentation, exchanger tubes, and control valves.
butterfly types. This standard supplements the API standards that reference
However, this piping code could be used by owner/users in other industries
it, but it may also be applied to other types of valves by agreement between
and other services at their discretion. Process piping systems that have been
the purchaser and the valve manufacturer. See Annex A for information to be
retired from service and abandoned in place are no longer covered by this
specified by the purchaser. Pages: 24
“in-service inspection” Code. However abandoned in place piping may still
need some amount of inspection and/or risk mitigation to assure that it
11th Edition | February 2023 | Product Number: C59811 | Price: $104.00
does not become a process safety hazard because of continuing
deterioration. Process piping systems that are temporarily out of service but
Std 599
have been mothballed (preserved for potential future use) are still covered
Metal Plug Valves-Flanged, Threaded, and Welding Ends
by this Code. Pages: 88
Covers steel, nickel base, and other alloy plug valves with flanged or butt-
4th Edition | February 2016 | Product Number: C57004 | Price: $195.00
welding ends and ductile iron plug valves with flanged ends in sizes NPS 1/2
1
through NPS 24 and threaded or socket-welding ends for sizes NPS /2
RP 574
through NPS 2. Valve bodies conforming to ASME B16.34 may have one
Inspection Practices for Piping System Components
flange and one butt-welding end, or one threaded and one socket welding
Supplements API 570 by providing piping inspectors with information that
end. Pages: 26
can improve skill and increase basic knowledge of inspection practices. This
8th Edition | March 2020 | Product Number: C59908 | Price: $110.00
recommended practice describes inspection practices for piping, tubing,
valves (other than control valves), and fittings used in petroleum refineries
Std 600
and chemical plants. Common piping components, valve types, pipe joining
methods, inspection planning processes, inspection intervals and
Steel Gate Valves-Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends, Bolted Bonnets
techniques, and types of records are described to aid the inspectors in
Specifies the requirements for a heavy-duty series of bolted bonnet steel
fulfilling their role implementing API 570. This publication does not cover
gate valves for petroleum refinery and related applications where corrosion,
inspection of specialty items, including instrumentation, furnace tubulars,
erosion, and other service conditions would indicate a need for full port
and control valves. Pages: 113
openings,heavy wall sections, and large stem diameters.Pages: 42
4th Edition | November 2016 | Product Number: C57404 | Price: $227.00
14th Edition | May 2021| Product Number: C60014 | Price: $146.00
RP578
Std 602
Material Verification Program for New and Existing Assets
Gate, Globe, and Check Valves for Sizes DN 100 (NPS 4) and
Provides recommended practices for an owner/operator to develop and
Smaller for the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries
implement a material verification program (MVP) as part of an asset integrity
program. The MVP uses positive material identification (PMI) and other testing
Specifies the requirements for a series of compact gate, globe, and check
and administrative methods to verify that the nominal composition of an asset,
valves for petroleum and natural gas industry applications. It covers valves of
an asset component, or weldment (or any other tested item) is consistent with
the nominal pipe sizes DN: 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 65, 80, and 100;
the selected or specified construction materials. A well-designed and well-
corresponding to nominal pipe sizes NPS: 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 3/4, 1, 11/4, 11/2,
implemented MVP is an important management system used to minimize the
2, 21/2, 3, and 4; and applies to pressure class designations: 150, 300,
potential for release of hazardous substances due to nonconforming materials
600, 800, and 1500. Pages: 72
of construction. Pages: 28
11th Edition | May 2022 | Effective Date: November 1, 2022
4th Edition | February 2023 | Product Number: C57804 | Price: $227.00
Product Number: C60211 | Price: $147.00
RP 591
Std 603
Process Valve Qualification Procedure
Corrosion-Resistant, Bolted Bonnet Gate Valves-Flanged and Butt-
Provides recommendations for evaluation of a manufacturer's valve
Welding Ends
construction and quality management system for the purpose of determining
a manufacturer's capability to provide new valves manufactured in
Specifies the requirements for corrosion-resistant bolted bonnet gate valves
accordance with applicable standards listed. Testing per this recommended
meeting the requirements of ASME B16.34, Standard Class, for valves
practice that does not have an established requirement in the applicable
having flanged or butt-weld ends in sizes NPS ½ through 24, corresponding
standard is for information only. Pages: 32
to nominal pipe sizes in ASME B36.10M, and Classes 150, 300, and 600.
6thEdition| April 2019 | Product Number:C59106| Price: $113.00
This standard covers the requirements for corrosion-resistant gate valves for
use in process piping applications. Covered are requirements for outside-
screw-and-yoke (OS&Y) valves with rising stems, non-rising hand-wheels,
bolted bonnets, and various types of gate configurations. Pages: 9
9th Edition | September 2018 | Product Number: C60309 | Price: $103.00
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
107
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Std 607
Std 622
Fire Test for Quarter-Turn Valves and Valves Equipped with Nonmetallic
Type Testing of Process Valve Packing for Fugitive Emissions
Seats
(includes Addendum 1 dated March 2022)
Specifies fire testing requirements and method for confirming the pressure-
Specifies the requirements for comparative testing of block valve stem
containing capability of quarter-turn valves with nonmetallic or metallic
packing for process applications where fugitive emissions are a consideration.
seat(s) and other operated valves with nonmetallic seating under pressure
Packing(s) shall be suitable for use at -29 °C to 538 °C (-20 °F to
during and after the fire test. It does not cover the testing requirements for
1000 °F). Factors affecting fugitive emissions performance that are
valve actuators other than manually operated gear boxes or similar
considered by this standard include temperature, pressure, thermal cycling,
mechanisms when these form part of the normal valve assembly. Other
mechanical cycling,and corrosion.Pages: 37
types of valve actuators (e.g. electrical, pneumatic, or hydraulic) may need
3rd Edition | October 2018 | Product Number: C62203 | Price: $162.00
special protection to operate in the environment considered in this valve test,
and the fire testing of such actuators is outside the scope of this standard.
Std 623
Pages: 26
Steel Globe Valves-Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends, Bolted Bonnets
8th Edition | October 2022 | Product Number: C60708 | Price: $105.00
Specifies the requirements for a heavy-duty series of bolted bonnet steel
globe valves for petroleum refinery and related applications where corrosion,
Std 608
erosion, and other service conditions would indicate a need for heavy wall
Metal Ball Valves-Flanged, Threaded, and Welding Ends
sections and large stem diameters. Pages: 39
Specifies the requirements for metal ball valves suitable for petroleum,
2nd Edition | January 2021 | Product Number: C62302 | Price: $94.00
petrochemical and industrial applications that have butt-welding or flanged
ends for NPS 1/2 through NPS 20 and threaded or socket-welding ends for
Std 624
NPS 1/4 through NPS 2, corresponding to the nominal pipe sizes in ASME
Type Testing of Rising Stem Valves Equipped with Graphite Packing
B36.10M. Also applies to metal ball valves in pressure classes 150, 300,
and 600 for flanged and butt-welding ends and in pressure classes 150,
for Fugitive Emissions
300, 600, and 800 for socket-welding and threaded ends. Establishes
(includes Errata 1 dated May 2023)
requirements for bore sizes described as full bore, single reduced bore, and
Specifies the requirements and acceptance criteria (100 ppmv) for fugitive
double reduced bore. Covers additional requirements for ball valves that are
otherwise in full conformance to the requirements of ASME B16.34,
emission type testing of rising and rising-rotating stem valves equipped with
Standard Class. Pages: 32
packing previously tested in accordance with API 622. Packing shall be
suitable for use at service temperatures -29 °C to 538 °C (-20 °F to
6th Edition | January 2020 | Product Number: C60806 | Price: $129.00
1000 °F). The type testing requirements contained herein are based upon
elements of EPA Method 21. Valves larger than NPS 24 or valves greater
Std 609
than class 1500 are outside the scope of this standard. Pages: 27
Butterfly Valves: Double-Flanged, Lug- and Wafer-Type, and Butt-
2nd Edition | February 2023 | Product Number: C62402 | Price: $98.00
Welding Ends
Covers design, materials, face-to-face dimensions, pressure-temperature
Std 641
ratings, and examination, inspection, and test requirements for gray iron,
Type Testing of Quarter-Turn Valves for Fugitive Emissions
ductile iron, bronze, steel, nickel-based alloy, or special alloy butterfly valves.
Specifies the requirements and acceptance criteria for fugitive emission type
Pages: 34
testing of quarter-turn valves. Valves larger than NPS 60 and valves greater
9th Edition | April 2021 | Product Number: C60909 | Price: $114.00
than ASME B16.34 class 1500 are outside the scope of this standard.
Valves with a pressure rating at ambient temperature less than 6.89 barg
RP 615
(100 psig) are outside the scope of this standard. For all valves rated greater
Valve Selection Guide
than or equal to 400 °C (750 °F), an additional high temperature test may
be performed in accordance with Annex C or when specified by the
Aids in selection of valves for the hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI) and
purchaser.Pages: 26
may also assist in the selection of valves for other industrial processes, such
as power or general industry process applications. Selection guidance is
2nd Edition | October 2023 | Product Number: C64102 | Price: $91.00
provided for valve types covered by ASME B16.34 and API valve standards
for the downstream segment, which include gate, ball, plug, butterfly, check,
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS AND EQUIPMENT
and globe valves. Modulating control valves and pressure-relief valves are
outside the scope of this RP. Pages: 55
RP 500
3rd Edition | August 2022 | Product Number: C61503| Price: $104.00
Classification of Locations for Electrical Installations at Petroleum
Facilities Classified as Class I, Division 1, and Division 2
RP 621
Provides guidelines for classifying locations Class I, Division 1 and Class I,
Reconditioning of Metallic Gate, Globe, and Check Valves
Division 2 at petroleum facilities for the selection and installation of electrical
Provides guidelines for reconditioning heavy wall (API 600 and API 594 type)
equipment. Basic definitions given in the 2023 edition of NFPA 70, National
carbon steel, ferritic alloy (up to 9 % Cr), stainless steel, and nickel alloy gate,
Electrical Code (NEC), have been followed in developing this recommended
globe, and check valves for ASME pressure classes 150, 300, 400, 600,
practice. Pages: 183
900, 1500, and 2500. Guidelines contained in this RP apply to flanged and
4th Edition | June 2023 | Product Number: C50004 | Price: $302.00
butt weld cast or forged valves. This RP does not cover reconditioning or
remanufacturing of used or surplus valves intended for resale. The only intent
of this RP is to provide guidelines for refurbishing an end user’s (Owner) valves
for continued service in the Owner’s facility. Valves reconditioned or
remanufactured to this RP may not meet API Standard requirements for new
valves. Pages: 54
5th Edition | October 2022 | Product Number: C62105 | Price: $162.00
108
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RP 505
•
are rated less than 800 hp (600 kW) for two-pole (3000 or 3600 RPM)
Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical
motors of totally-enclosed construction,
Installations at Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class I, Zone 0,
•
are rated less than 1250 hp (930 kW) for two-pole motors of WP-II type
enclosures,
Zone 1, and Zone 2
•
drive centrifugal loads,
Provides guidelines for determining the degree and extent of Class I, Zone 0,
•
drive loads having inertia values within those listed in NEMA MG 1
Zone 1, and Zone 2 locations at petroleum facilities for the selection and
Part 20),
installation of electrical equipment. Basic definitions provided in the
•
are not induction generators. Pages: 62
National Electrical Code have been followed in developing this document,
which applies to the classification of locations for both temporarily and
2nd Edition | May 2017 | Effective Date: November 1, 2017
permanently installed electrical equipment.
Reaffirmed: October 2022 | Product Number: C54702 | Price: $128.00
RP 505 is intended to be applied where there may be a risk of ignition due
to the presence of flammable gas or vapor mixed with air under normal
HEATTRANSFER EQUIPMENT STANDARDS FOR REFINERY SERVICE
atmospheric conditions. Pages: 177
2nd Edition | August 2018 | Product Number: C50502 | Price: $224.00
Std 530
Calculation of Heater-Tube Thicknessin Petroleum Refineries
RP 540
(includes Addendum 1 dated July 2019 and Addendum 2 dated
Electrical Installations in Petroleum Processing Plants
December 2021)
Provides information on electrical installations in petroleum processing
Specifies the requirements and gives recommendations for the procedures
plants. It is intended for all individuals and organizations concerned with the
and design criteria used for calculating the required wall thickness of new
safe design, installation, and operation of electrical facilities in petroleum
tubes and associated component fittings for fired heaters for the petroleum,
processing plants. Pages: 107
petrochemical, and natural gas industries. These procedures are appropriate
4th Edition | April 1999 | Reaffirmed: August 2013
for designing tubes for service in both corrosive and non-corrosive
Product Number: C54004 | Price: $204.00
applications. These procedures have been developed specifically for the
design of refinery and related fired heater tubes (direct-fired, heat-absorbing
Std 541
tubes within enclosures). These procedures are not intended to be used for
Form-Wound Squirrel Cage Induction Motors-375 kW (500
the design of external piping. This standard does not give recommendations
Horsepower) and Larger
for tube retirement thickness; Annex A describes a technique for estimating
the life remaining for a heater tube.Pages: 264
Covers the minimum requirements for all form-wound squirrel-cage induction
motors 500 Horsepower and larger for use in petroleum industry services.
7th Edition | April 2015 | Product Number: C53007 | Price: $314.00
This standard may be applied to adjustable speed motors and induction
generators with appropriate attention to the specific requirements of such
RP 534
applications. Pages: 160
Heat Recovery Steam Generators
5th Edition | December 2014 | Reaffirmed: May 2021
Provides guidelines for the selection and evaluation of heat recovery steam
Product Number: C54105 | Price: $206.00
generator (HRSG) systems. Details of related equipment designs are
considered only where they interact with the HRSG system design. The
Std 541 *
document does not provide rules for design, but indicates areas that need
Form-Wound Squirrel Cage Induction Motors-375 kW (500
attention and offers information and descriptions of HRSG types available to
Horsepower) and Larger-Russian
the designer/user for purposes of selecting the appropriate HRSG. Pages: 60
Russian translation of Std 541.
2nd Edition | February 2007 | Reaffirmed: October 2013
5th Edition | December 2014 | Reaffirmed: May 2021
2-Year Extension: April 2013 | Product Number: C53402 | Price: $103.00
Product Number: C54105R | Price:$206.00
RP 535
Std 546
Burners for Fired Heatersin General Refinery Services
Brushless Synchronous Machines-500 kVA and Larger
Provides guidelines for the selection and/or evaluation of burners installed in
Covers the minimum requirements for form-wound and bar-wound brushless
fired heaters in general refinery services. Details of fired heater and related
synchronous machines 500 kVA and larger for use in petroleum, chemical,
equipment designs are considered only where they interact with the burner
and other industrial applications. This standard includes synchronous motors
selection. This RP does not provide rules for design, but indicates areas that
and generators with two different rotor designs: salient-pole type rotors with
need attention. It offers information and descriptions of burner types
solid or laminated poles; and cylindrical type rotors with solid or laminated
available to the designer/user for purposes of selecting the appropriate
construction. Pages: 269
burner for a given application.
4th Edition | April 2022 | Product Number: C54604 | Price: $225.00
The burner types discussed are those currently in industry use. It is not
intended to imply that other burner types are not available or recommended.
Std 547
Many of the individual features described in these guidelines are applicable
to most burner types.
General Purpose Form-Wound Squirrel Cage Induction Motors-
185 kW (250 hp) Through 2240 kW (3000 hp)
In addition to specification of burners, this RP has been updated to include
practical guidelines for troubleshooting in service burners as well as
Covers the requirements for form-wound induction motors for use in general-
including considerations for safe operation. Pages: 84
purpose petroleum, chemical, and other industrial severe duty applications.
3rd Edition | May 2014 | Product Number: C53503 | Price: $163.00
These motors:
•
are rated 250 hp (185 kW) through 3000 hp (2250 kW) for 4, 6, and 8
pole speeds,
* These translated versions are provided for the convenience of our customers and are not officially endorsed by API. The translated versions shall neither replace nor supersede the
English-language versions, which remain the official standards. API shall not be responsible for any discrepancies or interpretations of these translations. Translations may not
include any addenda or errata to the document. Please check the English-language versions for any updates to the documents.
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
109
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Std 536
RP 538
Post-Combustion NOx Control for Equipment in General Refinery
Industrial FiredBoilers for GeneralRefinery and Petrochemical Service
and Petrochemical Services
Specifies requirements and gives recommendations for design, operation,
Specifies requirements and provides guidance for the selection, design
maintenance, and troubleshooting considerations for industrial fired boilers
specification, mechanical description, operation, maintenance, and test
used in refineries and chemical plants. Covers waterside control, combustion
procedures for post-combustion NOx control equipment and related
control, burner management systems, feedwater preparation, steam purity,
mechanical systems and components used for fired equipment in
emissions, and more.
petrochemical and general refinery service.
This recommended practice (RP) is based on the accumulated knowledge
This document covers the following methods of post combustion NOx
and experience of manufacturers and users of industrial fired boilers. It
reduction for both new and retrofit applications:
directly meets the business needs of refining and petrochemical industry
operator-users, equipment vendors and manufacturers, and contractors. This
•
Selective Non-catalytic Reduction (SNCR), and
RP reflects prevailing technical expertise.
•
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR).
This RP does not apply to fire tube boilers, gas turbine exhaust boilers, or
This standard is primarily intended for direct application to fired process
fluidized bed boilers. It does not cover boiler mechanical construction, nor
heaters, reformers, industrial, and power boilers in petrochemical and
does it cover forced circulation boilers. Pages: 348
general refinery services. The same fundamental NOx control technologies
1st Edition | October 2015 | Reaffirmed: April 2021
and systems may also be applied to Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units (FCCUs),
incinerators, gas turbine exhaust, and other exhaust gas process systems
Product Number: C53801 | Price: $330.00
however SCRs may require additional considerations beyond the scope of
this standard to address unique aspects, such as high particulate content
Std 560
and corrosive chemicals, in the flue gas stream.
Fired Heaters for General Refinery Service
This document does not cover:
(includes Addendum 1 dated May 2021 and Addendum 2 dated
•
Reduced NOx formation through combustion controls and design
December 2023)
techniques such as low NOx burners, flue gas recirculation (FGR), and
Specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the design,
staged combustion; and
materials, fabrication, inspection, testing, preparation for shipment, and
•
Non-selective Catalytic Reduction (NSCR) for the control of NOx and other
erection of fired heaters, air preheaters (APHs), fans, and burners for general
pollutant emissions. Pages: 117
refinery service. This standard does not apply to the design of steam
reformers or pyrolysis furnaces. Pages: 327
3rd Edition | September 2017 | Reaffirmed: October 2022
Product Number: C53603 | Price: $182.00
5th Edition | February 2016 | Product Number: C56005 | Price: $363.00
Std 537
Std 565
Flare Details for Petroleum, Petrochemical, and Natural Gas Industries
Thermal Reactors for Sulfur Recovery Units in General Refinery
(ANSI/API Std 537)
Services
(includes Addendum 1 dated June 2020)
Provides recognized industry requirements and guidance for the design,
Specifies requirements and provides guidance for the selection, design,
specification, fundamental operation, instrumentation, control, safeguarding,
specification, operation, and maintenance of flares and related combustion
and maintenance of sulfur recovery unit (SRU) thermal reactors used in
and mechanical components used in pressure-relieving and vapor-
general refinery services. The scope of this standard includes application in
depressurizing systems for petroleum, petrochemical, and natural gas
both air-only and oxygen-enriched modified-Claus process operations.
industries. While this standard is primarily intended for onshore facilities,
Pages: 160
guidance related to offshore applications is included.
1st Edition | June 2022 | Product Number: C56501 | Price: $181.00
Annexes A through D provide further guidance and best practices for the
selection, specification, and mechanical details for flares and on the design,
RP 573
operation, and maintenance of flare combustion and related equipment.
Inspection of Fired Boilers and Heaters
Annex E explains how to use the data sheets provided in Annex F; it is
Covers inspection practices for fired boilers and process heaters (furnaces)
intended that these data sheets be used to communicate and record design
used in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants. The practices
information. Pages: 170
described in this document are focused to improve equipment reliability and
3rd Edition | March 2017 | Product Number: C53703 | Price: $260.00
plant safety by describing the operating variables which impact reliability,
and to ensure that inspection practices obtain the appropriate data, both
Std 537 *
on-stream and off-stream, to assess current and future performance of the
equipment. Pages: 129
Flare Details for Petroleum, Petrochemical, and Natural Gas
4th Edition | January 2021 | Product Number: C57304 | Price: $175.00
Industries-Russian
(ANSI/API Std 537)
Std 660
(includes Addendum 1 dated June 2020)
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
Russian translation of Std 537.
(includes Addendum 1 dated August 2020)
3rd Edition | March 2017 | Product Number: C53703R | Price: $260.00
Specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the mechanical
design, material selection, fabrication, inspection, testing, and preparation for
shipment of shell-and-tube heat exchangers for the petroleum, petrochemical,
and natural gas industries. This standard is applicable to the following types of
shell-and-tube heat exchangers: heaters, condensers, coolers, and reboilers.
This standard is not applicable to vacuum-operated steam surface
condensers and feed-water heaters. Pages: 62
9th Edition | March 2015 | Product Number: C66009| Price: $201.00
* These translated versions are provided for the convenience of our customers and are not officially endorsed by API. The translated versions shall neither replace nor supersede the
English-language versions, which remain the official standards. API shall not be responsible for any discrepancies or interpretations of these translations. Translations may not
include any addenda or errata to the document. Please check the English-language versions for any updates to the documents.
110
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Refining
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Std 660 *
Std 668
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers-Russian
Brazed Aluminum Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers
(includes Addendum 1 dated August 2020)
Gives requirements and recommendations for the mechanical design,
Russian translation of Std 660.
materials selection, fabrication, inspection, testing, and preparation for
9th Edition | March 2015 | Product Number: C66009R | Price: $201.00
shipment of brazed aluminum plate-fin heat exchangers for use in the
petroleum, petrochemical, and natural gas industries. This edition is a
Std 661
revision of the First Edition of Std 662, Part 2. Pages: 49
Petroleum, Petrochemical, and Natural Gas Industries-Air-Cooled
1st Edition | November 2018 | Product Number: C66801 | Price: $147.00
Heat Exchangers for General Refinery Service
(ANSI/API Std 661)
Std 669
Gives requirements and recommendations for the design, materials,
Heat Recovery Systems
fabrication, inspection, testing, and preparation for shipment of air-cooled
Provides guidelines for heat transfer equipment used in waste heat recovery
heat exchangers for use in the petroleum, petrochemical, and natural gas
systems in the petroleum, petrochemical, and natural gas industries. Details
industries. This standard is applicable to air-cooled heat exchangers with
of related equipment designs are included only where these are necessary
horizontal bundles, but the basic concepts can also be applied to other
to ensure proper design and operation and safe interaction with the heat
configurations. Pages: 147
recovery system. It indicates areas that need attention and offers
7th Edition | July 2013 | Reaffirmed: November 2018
information and descriptions of various types of heat transfer equipment
Product Number: C66107 | Price: $271.00
available to aid in the selection of the appropriate heat recovery system.
Pages: 84
Std 661 *
1st Edition | June 2022 | Product Number: C66901 | Price: $137.00
Petroleum, Petrochemical, and Natural Gas Industries-Air-Cooled
Heat Exchangers for General Refinery Service-Russian
INSTRUMENTATIONAND CONTROL SYSTEMS
(ANSI/API Std 661)
RP 551
Russian translation of Std 661.
Process Measurement Instrumentation
7th Edition | July 2013 | Reaffirmed: November 2018
ProductNumber: C66107R|Price:$271.00
Provides procedures for the installation of the more generally used
measuring and control instruments and related accessories. Pages: 233
Std 663
2nd Edition | February 2016 | Product Number: C55102 | Price: $171.00
Hairpin Type Heat Exchangers
RP 551 *
Specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the mechanical
design, materials selection, fabrication, inspection, testing, and preparation
Process Measurement Instrumentation-Russian
for shipment of hairpin heat exchangers for use in the petroleum,
Russian translation of RP 551.
petrochemical, and natural gas industries. Hairpin heat exchangers include
double-pipe and multi-tube heat exchangers. Pages: 67
2nd Edition | February 2016 | Product Number: C55102R | Price: $171.00
2nd Edition | August 2022 | Product Number: C66302 | Price: $208.00
RP 552
Std 664
Transmission Systems
Spiral Plate Heat Exchangers
Reviews the recommended practices for the installation of electronic and
(includes Errata 1 dated February 2021)
pneumatic measurement and control-signal transmission systems. It does
not discuss leased wire, radio, and telemetering transmission. Pages: 39
Specifies the requirements and gives recommendations for the mechanical
design, materials selection, fabrication, inspection, testing, and preparation for
1st Edition | October 1994 | Reaffirmed: November 2022
shipment of spiral plate heat exchangers for the petroleum, petrochemical, and
2-Year Extension: November 2012
natural gas industries. It is applicable to standalone spiral plate heat
Product Number: C55201|Price: $118.00
exchangers and those integral with a pressure vessel. Pages: 39
1st Edition | March 2014 | Reaffirmed: June 2019
RP 553
Product Number: C66401 | Price: $189.00
Refinery Valves and Accessories for Control and Safety Instrumented
Systems
Std 667
Addresses the special needs of automated valves in refinery services. The
Plate-and-Frame Heat Exchangers
knowledge and experience of the industry has been captured to provide
(formerly Std 662, Part 1)
proven solutions to well-known problems. This document provides
recommended criteria for the selection, specification, and application of
Gives requirements and recommendations for the mechanical design,
piston (i.e. double-acting and spring-return) and diaphragm-actuated
materials selection, fabrication, inspection, testing, and preparation for
(spring-return) control valves. Control valve design considerations are
shipment of plate-and-frame heat exchangers for use in petroleum,
outlined such as valve selection, material selection, flow characteristic
petrochemical, and natural gas industries. Pages: 55
evaluation, and valve accessories. It also discusses control valve sizing,
fugitive emissions, and consideration of the effects of flashing, cavitation,
1st Edition | March 2022 | Product Number: C66701 | Price: $100.00
and noise. Recommendations for emergency block and vent valves, on/off
valves intended for safety instrumented systems, and special design valves
for refinery services, such as Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU) slide valves
and vapor depressurizing systems, are also included in this recommended
practice. Pages: 109
2nd Edition | October 2012 | Product Number: C55302 | Price: $157.00
* These translated versions are provided for the convenience of our customers and are not officially endorsed by API. The translated versions shall neither replace nor supersede the
English-language versions, which remain the official standards. API shall not be responsible for any discrepancies or interpretations of these translations. Translations may not
include any addenda or errata to the document. Please check the English-language versions for any updates to the documents.
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
111
Refining
To purchase individual API standards, visit apiwebstore.org
RP 553 *
RP 556
Refinery Valves and Accessories for Control and Safety Instrumented
Instrumentation,Control,andProtectiveSystemsforGasFiredHeaters
Systems-Russian
Provides guidelines that specifically apply to instrument, control, and
Russian translation of RP 553.
protective system installations for gas fired heaters in petroleum production,
2nd Edition | October 2012 | Product Number: C55302R | Price: $157.00
refineries, petrochemical, and chemical plants. Includes primary measuring
and actuating instruments, controls, alarms, and protective systems as they
apply to fired heaters. Not covered in this RP are the following: oil fired and
RP 554, Part 1
combination fired heaters; water tube boilers which consist of single or
Process Control Systems, Part 1-Process Control Systems
multiple burners and are designed for utility operation or where the primary
Functions and Functional Specification Development
purpose is steam generation; fired steam generators used to recover heat
from combustion turbines; oven and furnaces used for the primary purpose
Addresses the processes required to successfully implement process control
of incineration, oxidation, reduction, or destruction of the process medium;
systems (PCSs) for oil and gas production, refinery, and petrochemical
water bath or oil bath indirect fired heaters; and CO boilers, pyrolysis
services. The major topics addressed in Part 1 are the basic functions that a
furnaces, and other specialty heaters. Pages: 66
process control system may need to perform, and recommended
methodologies for determining the functional and integration requirements
2ndEdition| April 2011 | Reaffirmed: April 2019
for a particular application. Pages: 53
Product Number: C55602 | Price: $165.00
3rdEdition| April 2021 | ProductNumber: C55403 | Price:$151.00
RP 556 *
RP554,Part 2
Instrumentation, Control, and Protective Systems for Gas Fired
Process Control Systems, Part 2-Process Control System Design
Heaters-Russian
addresses the processes required to successfully implement process control
Russian translation of RP 556.
systems (PCSs) for oil and gas production, refinery, and petrochemical
2ndEdition| April 2011 | Reaffirmed: April 2019
services. The major topics addressed are: Part 1: The basic functions that a
PCS may need to perform, and recommended methodologies for
Product Number: C55602R | Price: $165.00
determining the functional and integration requirements for a particular
application; Part 2: Practices to select and design the installation for
RP 557
hardware and software required to meet the functional and integration
Guideto AdvancedControl Systems
requirements; and Part 3: Project organization, skills, and management
required to execute a process control project and then to own and operate a
Addresses the implementation and ownership of advanced control systems
PCS. The general scope of the material covers general industrial process
for refinery purposes. The document also described commonly used
control topics that are applicable to oil and gas production, refineries, and
practices for the opportunity identification, justification, project
petrochemical facilities. Pages: 78
management, implementation, and maintenance of advanced control
system applications in refinery service. Pages: 45
2nd Edition | August 2023 | Product Number: C554202 | Price: $156.00
2nd Edition | October 2013 | Product Number: C55702 | Price: $119.00
RP 554, Part 3
TECHNICAL DATA BOOK PETROLEUM REFINING
Process Control Systems, Part 3-Project Execution and Process
Control System Ownership
ElectronicVersion of theAPITechnical Data Book
Addresses the processes required to successfully implement process control
Improve the overall design and operations in today's highly complex
systems for oil and gas production, refinery, and petrochemical services. The
major topic addressed is he project organization, skills, and management
petroleum refinery process systems with the API Technical Database.
required to first execute a process control project and then to own and
Version 1.0 of the API Technical Database replaces the printed format of the
operate a PCS. Pages: 48
popular API Tech Data Books with a modern Windows interface that is so
unique it is patented. This single screen approach provides access to the
2nd Edition | January 2021 | Product Number: C554302 | Price: $116.00
latest API physical property estimation methods and the software is critically
reviewed and approved by the API Technical Data Committee. Included is a
API555
database of property data for nearly 900 components, characterization of
Process Analyzers
petroleum fractions, and petroleum fraction distillation interconversions.
Users can quickly determine petroleum fraction physical property data such
Addresses the considerations in the application of analyzers and associated
as critical properties, vapor pressure, density, liquid enthalpy, gas enthalpy,
systems, installation, and maintenance. Process monitors that measure and
heat of vaporization, liquid heat capacity, gas heat capacity, surface tension,
transmit information about chemical composition, physical properties, or
liquid viscosity, gas viscosity, liquid thermal conductivity, gas thermal
chemical properties are known as process analyzer systems. Process analyzers
are now used widely in the refining industry for
conductivity, and heat of combustion. Temperature-dependent properties
can be tabulated and graphed over any range, and distillation
•
monitoring and controlling product quality,
interconversions are displayed graphically. This data can then be exported for
•
implementing advanced control strategies in improving process
use in simulation and engineering software programs.
operations,
Contact EPCON International at 281-389-9400
•
enhancing area safety, and
or visit the EPCON website: http://www.epcon.com
•
continuous emission monitoring and environmental measurement of air
and water quality. Pages: 314
3rd Edition | June 2013 | Reaffirmed: June 2020
Product Number: C55503 | Price: $206.00
* These translated versions are provided for the convenience of our customers and are not officially endorsed by API. The translated versions shall neither replace nor supersede the
English-language versions, which remain the official standards. API shall not be responsible for any discrepancies or interpretations of these translations. Translations may not
include any addenda or errata to the document. Please check the English-language versions for any updates to the documents.
112
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This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
Refining
To purchase individual API standards, visit apiwebstore.org
TECHNICAL DATA BOOK PETROLEUM REFINING: RELATED ITEMS
Thermodynamic Properties and Characterization of Petroleum
Fractions
Reports Issued by Research Project 49
February 1988
1951
API Research Project 49, Reference Clay Minerals, issued a series of eight
MATERIALS ENGINEERING PUBLICATIONS
reports, as follows:
No. 1, Glossary of Mineral Names
API Coke Drum Survey 1996
Final Report
No. 2, Reference Clay Localities-United States
No. 3, Differential Thermal Analysis of Reference Clay Mineral Specimens
In 1996 a survey was sent by the API Subcommittee on Inspection, Coke
Drum Task Group, to companies operating coke drums in the United States
No. 4, Reference Clay-Europe
and abroad. This was the third survey of similar nature conducted by API.
No. 5, Occurrence and Microscopic Examination of Reference Clay Mineral
Fifty-four surveys were returned representing 17 operating companies and a
Specimens
total of 145 drums. The purpose of the survey was to collect data covering a
No. 6, Electron Micrographs of Reference Clay Minerals
broad range of issues including: 1. General Information; 2. Design;
3. Operating Information; 4. Inspection Practices; 5. Deterioration
No. 7, Analytical Data on Reference Clay Minerals
Experience; and 6. Repair Procedures.
No. 8, Infrared Spectra of Clay Minerals
Three of the six areas, Operation Information, Inspection Practices and
Deterioration Experience, were not covered in previous industry surveys.
TR 997
Additionally, this survey requested more detailed information than previous
Comprehensive Report of API Crude Oil Characterization Measurements
surveys. Pages: 61
October 2003 | Product Number: C096C1 | Price: $134.00
A consortium of API member companies has sponsored a research program
consisting of a series of projects on the characterization of crude oils. The
goal of this program was to obtain complete sets of assay and
Impact of Gasoline Blended with Ethanol on the Long-Term Structural
thermophysical property data on a few widely varying crude oil refining and
Integrity of Liquid Petroleum Storage Systems and Components
refining facilities. This report provides descriptions of the test procedures,
Summarizes the results of a literature review conducted for the American
discussions of their accuracy, and comprehensive compilation of the data for
Petroleum Institute on the impact of gasoline blended with ethanol on the
the crude oils measured under this program.Pages: 129
long-term structural integrity of liquid petroleum storage systems and
1st Edition | August 2000 | Product Number: C99701 | Price: $228.00
components. It is anticipated that the use of ethanol in motor fuels will
continue to increase. This has generated interest about the potential long-
CHARACTERIZATION AND THERMODYNAMICS
term structural effects of ethanol on liquid petroleum storage systems,
including underground storage tanks (USTs), underground piping, and
associated components. The objective of the literature review is to determine
API Monograph Series
the state of industry knowledge and research on the effects of ethanol/
Each publication discusses the properties of solid, liquid, and gaseous
gasoline blends on the long-term structural integrity of UST systems and
phases of one or a few closely related, industrially important compounds in
components. This review is intended to assist decision-makers on further
a compact, convenient, and systematic form. In addition to the basic
research requirements and needed changes or supplements to existing
physical properties, each publication covers density, molar volume, vapor
standards for underground storage system components used for storing and
pressure, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, thermodynamic
dispensing gasoline blended with ethanol. Appendix A may be purchased
properties, viscosity, thermal conductivity, references to properties of
separately as an electronic database file. The database synopsis’ and
mixtures, and spectrographic data.
bibliographic information for all articles reviewed for the project. The report is
organized by article index number. Reference numbers cited in this report
Publ 705, Tetralin, 1978
refer to the article index number.
Publ 706, cis- and trans-Decalin, 1978
January 2003 | Executive Summary | Price: $71.00
Publ 707, Naphthalene, 1978
Appendix A-Literature Review | Price: $138.00
Publ 708,Anthacene and Phenanthrene 9, 1979
Publ 709, Four-Ring Condensed Aromatic Compounds, 1979
RP 571
Publ 710, Pyridine and Phenylpyridines, 1979
Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining
Publ 711, Quinoline, 1979
Industry
Publ 712, Isoquinoline, 1979
Provides background information on damage that can occur to equipment in
Publ 713, Indanols, 1980
the refining process. It is intended to supplement Risk-Based Inspection
(RP 580 and Publ 581) and Fitness-for-Service (API 579-1/ASME FFS-1)
Publ 714, Indan and Indene, 1980
technologies developed in recent years by API to manage existing refining
Publ 715, Acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, and Fluoranthene, 1981
equipment integrity. It is also an excellent reference for inspection, operations,
Publ 716, Carbazole, 9-Methylcarbazole, and Acridine, 1981
and maintenance personnel. This RP covers over 60 damage mechanisms.
Each write-up consists of a general description of the damage, susceptible
Publ 717, Thiphene, 2,3- and 2,5-Dihydrothiophene, and
materials, construction, critical factors, inspection method selection guidelines,
Tetrahydrothiophene, 1981
and control measures. Wherever possible, pictures are included and references
Publ 718, Aniline, 1982
are provided for each mechanism. In addition, generic process flow diagrams
Publ 719, Indole, 1982
have been included that contain a summary of the major damage flow
mechanism expected for typical refinery process units. Pages: 376
Publ 720, 2-, 3-, and 4-Methylaniline, 1983
3rd Edition | March 2020 | Product Number: C57103 | Price: $374.00
Publ 721, Benzofuran, Dibenzofuran, and Benzonaphthofurans, 1983
Publ 722, Isopropylbenzene, and 1-Methyl-2-,-3-,and
-4-Isopropylbenzene, 1984
Publ 723, tert-Butyl methyl ether, 1984
Publ 724,1- and 2-Methylnaphthalene andDibenzanthracenes,1985
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
113
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RP 582
RP 934-A
Welding Guidelines for the Chemical, Oil, and Gas Industries
Materials and Fabrication of 2 1/4Cr-1Mo, 2 1/4Cr-1Mo-1/4V, 3Cr-
1Mo, and 3Cr-1Mo-1/4V Steel Heavy Wall Pressure Vessels for High-
Provides supplementary guidelines and practices for welding and welding-
related topics for shop and field fabrication, repair, and modification of the
Temperature, High-Pressure Hydrogen Service
following: pressure-retaining equipment; tanks and attachment welds;
(includes Errata 1 dated September 2021)
nonremovable internals for process equipment; structural items attached
Covers materials and fabrication requirements for new 2¼Cr and 3Cr steel
and related to process equipment; and other equipment or component
heavy wall pressure vessels for high-temperature, high-pressure hydrogen
items when referenced by an applicable purchase document. Pages: 78
service. For this recommended practice (RP), “heavy wall” is defined as a
4th Edition | May 2023 | Product Number: C58204 | Price: $149.00
shell thickness of 4 in. (100 mm) or greater, and high-temperature is
considered to be operating temperatures of 650 °F (345 °C) and above.
TR 932-A
This RP applies to vessels that are designed, fabricated, certified, and
A Study of Corrosion in Hydroprocess Reactor Effluent Air Cooler
documented in accordance with ASME Section VIII, Division 2, including
Paragraph 3.4, Supplemental Requirements for Cr-Mo Steels, and ASME
Systems
Code Case 2151, as applicable.
Provides technical background for controlling corrosion in hydroprocesses
reactor effluent systems based on industry experience and consensus
Materials covered by this RP are conventional steels including standard
practice. Information for this report has been gathered from open literature,
2¼Cr-1Mo and 3Cr-1Mo steels, and advanced steels which include 2¼Cr-
private company reports, and interviews with representatives of major
1Mo-¼V, 3Cr-1Mo-¼V-Ti-B, and 3Cr-1Mo-¼V-Nb-Ca steels. This document
refining companies. The findings in this report are the basis for the guidance
may be used as a reference document for the fabrication of vessels made of
in Bull 932-B. Pages: 49
enhanced steels (steels with mechanical properties increased by special
heat treatments such as ASME SA-542, Grade B, Class 4) at the purchaser's
2nd Edition | September 2002 | Product Number: C932A0 | Price: $164.00
discretion. However, no attempt has been made to cover specific
requirements for the enhanced steels and they may be different than the
RP 932-B
requirements for vanadium grade. Pages: 57
Design, Materials, Fabrication, Operation, and Inspection Guidelines
3rd Edition | January 2019 | Product Number: C934A03 | Price: $135.00
for Corrosion Control in Hydroprocessing Reactor Effluent Air Cooler
(REAC)Systems
TR 934-B
Provides guidance to engineering and plant personnel on equipment and
Fabrication Considerations for Vanadium-Modified Cr-Mo Steel
piping design, material selection, fabrication, operation, and inspection
Heavy Wall Pressure Vessels
practices to manage corrosion and fouling in the wet sections of
hydroprocessing reactor effluent systems. The reactor effluent system includes
Best practice guideline to be used by fabricators, in conjunction with RP
the equipment and piping subject to ammonium salting, NH4HS corrosion,
934-A, when constructing new heavy wall pressure vessels with vanadium-
and associated fouling. This system usually begins at the last feed/effluent
modified Cr-Mo steels intended for service in petroleum refining,
exchanger or first water injection point and continues through the cold high-
petrochemical, or chemical facilities. These materials are primarily used in
pressure separator (1, 2, and 3 separator designs) or cold high- and low-
high-temperature, high-pressure services that contain hydrogen. The
pressure separators (4 and 5 separator designs). The reactor effluent system
document provides typical practices to be followed during fabrication, based
specifically excludes the stripper, fractionator, and final separation sections.
upon experience and the knowledge gained from actual problems that have
However, guidance in this document may be applicable to ammonium salt
occurred during the fabrication of vanadium-modified Cr-Mo steels.
corrosion mitigation in those areas, as well. The majority of these systems
Pages: 44
have an air cooler; however, some systems utilize only shell and tube heat
2nd Edition | January 2022 | Product Number: C934B02 | Price: $160.00
exchangers. Reactor effluent systems are prone to fouling and corrosion by
ammonium bisulfide (NH4HS) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) salts.
RP934-C
This recommended practice is applicable to process streams in which NH4Cl
and NH4HS salts can form and deposit in equipment and piping or dissolve
Materials and Fabrication of 1 1/4Cr-1/2Mo Steel Heavy Wall
in water to form aqueous solutions of these salts. Included in this practice
Pressure Vessels for High-Pressure Hydrogen Service Operating at or
are: details of deterioration mechanisms; methods to assess and monitor
Below 825 °F (440 °C)
the corrosivity of systems; details on materials selection, design, and
fabrication of equipment for new and revamped processes; considerations in
Covers materials and fabrication requirements for new 1¼Cr-Mo steel heavy
equipment repairs; and details of an inspection plan. Pages: 70
wall pressure vessels and heat exchangers for high-temperature, high-
pressure hydrogen service. It applies to vessels that are designed, fabricated,
3rd Edition | June 2019 | Product Number: C932B03 | Price: $278.00
certified, and documented in accordance with ASME Section VIII, Division 1
or Division 2. This document may also be used as a resource for equipment
TR 932-C
fabricated of 1Cr-½Mo Steel. This document may also be used as a resource
Use of Duplex Stainless Steels in Hydroprocessing Reactor Effluent
when planning to modify an existing heavy wall pressure vessel.
Air Coolers (REACs)
The interior surfaces of these heavy wall pressure vessels may have an
Covers results of a survey of the petroleum refining industry concerning the
austenitic stainless steel or ferritic stainless steel weld overlay or cladding to
use of duplex stainless steel (DSS) in hydroprocessing reactor effluent air
provide additional corrosion resistance.
cooler (REAC) systems. The API Committee on Refining Equipment
For this recommended practice, “heavy wall” is defined as a shell thickness
Subcommittee on Corrosion and Materials (SCCM) commissioned this
2 in. (50 mm) or greater, but less than or equal to 4 in. (100 mm) at the
survey after several industry reports of weldment cracking failures with DSS
time of mill heat treatment.
REAC system components, including REAC header boxes, tube-to-tubesheet
Although outside of its scope, this document can be used as a resource for
welds, and associated piping. REAC component weldment cracking has
vessels down to 1 in. (25 mm) or lower in shell thickness, with changes
been addressed in SCCM documents, including TR 932-B and TR 938-C, in
defined by the purchaser.Pages: 25
published conference papers, and in a report issued by the Materials
Technology Institute (MTI). Pages: 48
2nd Edition | February 2019 | Product Number: C934C02 | Price: $118.00
1st Edition | August 2022 | Product Number: C932C01 | Price: $109.00
114
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TR 934-D
TR934-F,Part 1
Technical Report on the Materials and Fabrication Issues of
Impact of Hydrogen Embrittlement on Minimum Pressurization
11/4Cr-1/2Mo and 1Cr-1/2Mo Steel Pressure Vessels
Temperature for Thick-Wall Cr-Mo Steel Reactors in High-Pressure
H2 Service-Initial Technical Basis for RP 934-F
Numerous 11/4Cr-1/2Mo and 1Cr-1/2Mo vessels have been constructed
and successfully used in various applications in petroleum industry and in
In support of API Recommended Practice 934-F [Guidance for Establishing
other types of service applications. These vessels have been constructed
a Minimum Pressurization Temperature (MPT) for Heavy Wall Reactors in
to the requirements of the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section
High Temperature Hydrogen Service During Startups and Shutdowns, not yet
VIII, Divisions 1 and 2, and to various international pressure vessel codes
published], the objective of this study is to establish the technical basis for
and standards. The 11/4Cr-1/2Mo and 1Cr-1/2Mo vessels are typically
determining a minimum pressurization temperature necessary to avoid
used in service conditions (e.g., high temperature and/or high pressure
Internal Hydrogen Assisted Cracking (IHAC) of weld metal and base plate of
hydrogen), which require heavy walls and cause in service deterioration. As
temper embrittled 2¼Cr-1Mo steel in high pressure H2 service. The
such, the steels are subject to special requirements, such as notch
threshold condition for the onset of subcritical crack propagation-and its
toughness, elevated temperature tensile properties, hardness, fabrication
dependencies on dissolved hydrogen concentration, temperature, and steel
heat treatments, etc., which may limit the maximum thickness to be able
purity/temper embrittlement-are targeted as particularly important to
to meet the desired properties. Corrosion protection by stainless steel weld
pressure vessel safe operations. A second objective is to improve the
overlay or cladding may also be required.
underlying database for fracture mechanics fitness-for-service (FFS)
This report provides background information and guidance on the
modeling of IHAC. Both analyses are built on the conservative rising-
implementation of RP 934-C. In recent years it has been recognized
displacement threshold stress intensity factor for IHAC (KIH).
that there are important distinctions that need to be considered for
This investigation has accomplished 5 tasks, leading to conclusions that are
11/4/1Cr-1/2Mo steels. Whereas RP 934-A continues to provide
sufficient to establish RP 934-F on MPT to conservatively avoid IHAC in
materials and fabrication requirements for new 21/4/3Cr-1Mo and
2¼Cr-1Mosteel.
21/4/3Cr-1Mo-1/4V steel heavy wall pressure vessels in high
Task 1-Summarize and clarify the technical approach, assumptions, data,
temperature, high pressure hydrogen service, different material, and
and modeling results used in Phase II JIP research to quantitatively establish
fabrication requirements have been developed for 11/4/1Cr-1/2Mo
the H concentration and temperature dependencies of the threshold stress
steel heavy wall pressure vessels. These requirements are covered in
intensity, KIH, for IHAC and the concentration dependence of MPT for
RP 934-C and 934-E. This document contains a description of key
moderate-impurity 2¼Cr-1Mo steel.
damage mechanisms that relate specifically to 11/4/1Cr-1/2Mo
pressure vessels used in a variety of services. These damage
Task 2-Validate the Phase II correlation of KIH and critical temperature vs H
mechanisms include elevated temperature damage such as “reheat
concentration, based on new analyses of post-Phase-II IHAC data.
cracking” or “creep embrittlement,” as well as other damage
Task 3.0-Enhance the Phase II analysis of KIH vs crack tip H concentration,
mechanisms that may occur at lower temperatures. This document
and thus MPT, by describing the interaction between temper embrittlement
provides information and guidance on successful practices for
and IHAC using JIP Phase I data so as to predict the influence of modern
fabrication of 11/4/1Cr-1/2Mo steel heavy wall pressure vessels for
steel purity.
the intended services of both RP 934-C and RP 934-E. The survey of
Task 4.0-Build on the hydrogen-damage-mechanism-based master
steel producers and vessel fabricators (Annex 1) indicates that there
correlation between KIH and crack tip stress field/microstructure-trapped H
is a need to evaluate the effect of heat treat cycles on materials
to develop a H concentration similitude parameter that is useful in
properties (CVN toughness, tensile and yield strength). Pages: 56
engineering analysis of thick-wall reactor FFS and MPT.
1st Edition | September 2010
Task 5.0-Validate the empirically based trends and predictions of the effects
Product Number: C934D01 | Price: $146.00
of temperature and steel purity on the threshold stress intensity through
consideration of state-of-the art theory and micromechanical modeling of
RP934-E
IHAC. Pages: 118
Recommended Practice for Materials and Fabrication of 11/4Cr-1/2Mo
1st Edition | September 2017
Steel Pressure Vessels for Service Above 825 °F (440 °C)
Product Number: C934F101 | Price: $202.00
Includes materials and fabrication requirements for new 1¼Cr-½Mo and
1Cr-½Mo steel pressure vessels, including heat exchanger shells and
TR934-F,Part 2
channels for elevated temperature service. It applies to vessels that are
Literature Review of Fracture Mechanics-Based Experimental Data for
designed, fabricated, and documented in accordance with ASME Code
Internal Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking of Vanadium-Modified 2-¼Cr-
Section VIII, Division 1, or Division 2 (hereafter referred to as “Code”). This
1Mo Steel
document may also be used as a resource when planning to modify existing
pressure vessels. The interior surfaces of these pressure vessels and heat
Documents a critical assessment of the existing literature on IHAC of V-
exchangers (i.e. the surfaces exposed to the process) may or may not have
modified Cr-Mo steels for use in interpreting the results of the present
an austenitic stainless steel (SS), ferritic SS, or nickel alloy weld overlay or
laboratory work and so as to establish a definitive characterization of the H
cladding to provide additional corrosion resistance.
cracking resistance of this steel class. Since these modern Cr-Mo-V steels
This RP is primarily intended for wall thicknesses less than 4 in. (100 mm),
are of relatively high purity, and thus retain a low FATT after laboratory
and a preferred option for thicker components is to use 2¼Cr-1Mo alloys.
simulation of in-service temper embrittlement, the database for 2¼Cr-1Mo
This RP is applicable to shell thicknesses greater than 1 in. (25 mm).
provides a context for assessment of the IHAC performance of V-modified
Although outside of the scope, this document can be used as a resource for
grades. Hydrogen cracking of less pure V-modified Cr-Mo steels was not
vessels down to lower shell thicknesses with changes defined by the
considered in this review. The content that follows is chronologically
purchaser. Pages: 27
organized into initial and more modern works, as justified by improvement in
test execution, data analysis, and reporting, as well as the evolution from
2nd Edition | January 2018 | Product Number: C934E02 | Price: $147.00
laboratory to commercial scale heats of Cr-Mo-V. Pages: 46
1st Edition | August 2017 | Product Number: C934F201 | Price: $135.00
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
115
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TR934-F,Part 3
can be used for C-½Mo steel reactor vessels at the owner’s discretion and with
modifications as appropriate. Since this is a technical report, it does not
Subcritical Cracking of Modern 2¼Cr-1Mo-¼V Steel Due to
provide recommendations, but instead presents industry experience with case
Dissolved Internal Hydrogen and H2 Environment, Research Report
histories of repairs and recognized practices, much of which was documented
Conveys the results of API-sponsored research to: (a) quantitatively
as part of a Joint Industry Program (JIP) on Aging Reactor Vessels, conducted
characterize the internal hydrogen assisted cracking (IHAC) resistance of
in two phases between 1995 and 2004. Pages: 77
modern 2¼Cr-1Mo-¼V steel, in both base metal and weld metal product
1st Edition | May 2022 | Product Number: C934H01 | Price: $115.00
forms and including the effect of stressing temperature, (b) scope the
hydrogen environment assisted cracking (HEAC) resistance of 2¼Cr-1Mo-
TR 934-J
¼V base metal, (c) understand the mechanism(s) for the IHAC and HEAC
Inspection, Assessment and Repair of Coke Drums and Peripheral
behaviors of Cr-Mo and Cr-Mo-V steels, centered on H interactions with
microstructure-scale trap sites, and (d) assess application of data and
Components in Delayed Coking Units
understanding of IHAC and HEAC to determine the role of subcritical H-
Includes information and guidance on the practices used by industry
assisted cracking on a minimum pressurization temperature estimate
practitioners on the inspection, assessment, and repair of coke drums and
relevant to thick-wall hydro-treating reactor vessels. Pages: 170
peripheral components in delayed coking units. The guidance is general and
1st Edition | December 2017 | Product Number: C934F01 | Price: $189.00
does not reflect specific details associated with a design offered by licensors
of delayed coking technology or inspection tools, repair techniques, and/or
TR934-F,Part 4
engineering assessments offered by contractors. Pages: 94
The Effects of Hydrogen for Establishing a Minimum Pressurization
1st Edition | September 2021 | Product Number: C934J01 | Price: $132.00
Temperature (MPT) for Heavy Wall Steel Reactor Vessels
Publ 935
Hydrogen, dissolved in the thick wall of a steel pressure vessel during steady-
Thermal ConductivityMeasurement Study of Refractory Castables
state operation in elevated temperature, high-pressure H2, can cause both
slow-subcritical crack advance as well as unstable-catastrophic fracture
Compares the differences between measurement techniques used to
during shutdown and startup. This behavior is defined in Section 2. It follows
develop thermal conductivity of refractory castables. The following
that modern fracture-mechanics assessments of the minimum pressurization
procedures were examined: Water Calorimeter, Calorimeter-Pilkington
temperature (MPT) and fitness for service (FFS) must include the deleterious
Method, Hot Wire Method, Comparative Thermal Conductivity Method, and
effect of H on both subcritical and unstable internal hydrogen assisted
Panel Test. The refractory industry uses various methods for measuring and
cracking (IHAC). Two approaches are in draft stage to develop standard
reporting thermal conductivity. The accuracy of reporting and understanding
procedures that address this need; an API 934-F recommended practice
thermal conductivity are vital to developing the most cost effective, efficient,
and a WRC Bulletin 562 basis for ASME/API 579. The objective of this
and reliable equipment. The study makes no attempt to rank, classify or
technical report is to establish the technical basis necessary to enable and
assign accuracy to each of the measurement techniques. Pages: 22
validate these best practices for quantifying the effects of hydrogen on (a)
1st Edition | September 1999 | Product Number: C93501 | Price: $66.00
the MPT and (b) FFS of a thick wall hydroprocessing reactor. Pages: 112
1st Edition | November 2018
Std 936
Product Number: C934F401 | Price: $189.00
Refractory Installation Quality Control-Inspection and Testing
Monolithic Refractory Linings and Materials
RP934-G
Design, Fabrication, Operational Effects, Inspection, Assessment,
Provides installation quality control procedures for monolithic refractory
linings and may be used to supplement owner specifications. Materials,
and Repair of Coke Drums and Peripheral Components in Delayed
equipment, and personnel are qualified by the methods described, and
Coking Units
applied refractory quality is closely monitored, based on defined procedures
Includes information and guidance on the practices used by industry
and acceptance criteria. The responsibilities of inspection personnel who
practitioners on the design, fabrication, operation, inspection, assessment,
monitor and direct the quality control process are also defined. In addition,
and repair of coke drums and peripheral components in delayed coking
this standard provides guidance for the establishment of quality control
units. The guidance is general and does not reflect specific details
elements necessary to achieve the defined requirements. Pages: 49
associated with a design offered by licensors of delayed coking technology,
4th Edition | June 2014 | Reaffirmed: January 2022
or inspection tools, operating devices/components, repairs techniques,
Product Number: C93604 | Price: $163.00
and/or engineering assessments offered by contractors. For details
associated with the design offered by a licensor or services provided by
Publ 937-A
contractors, the licensor or contractor should be consulted for guidance and
Study to Establish Relations for the Relative Strength of API 650
recommendations for their design details and operating guidance. This
document is a technical report and as such provides generally used
Cone Roof, Roof-to-Shell and Shell-to-Bottom Joints
practices in industry and is not an API recommended practice for coke
Investigates the relative strengths of the roof-to-shell and shell-to-bottom
drums in delayed coking units. Pages: 57
joints, with the goal of providing suggestions for frangible roof design criteria
1st Edition | April 2016 | Product Number: C934G01 | Price: $163.00
applicable to smaller tanks. Pages: 68
1st Edition | August 2005 | Product Number: C937A0 | Price: $133.00
TR 934-H
Inspection, Assessment, and Repair of Heavy Wall Reactor Vessels in
Publ 938-A
High-Temperature High-Pressure Hydrogen Service
An Experimental Study of Causes and Repair of Cracking of
Documents guidance for the inspection, assessment, and repair of heavy wall
1¼Cr-1/2Mo Steel Equipment
reactor vessels [nominally considered a wall thickness of 50 mm (2 in.) and
Gives the results of an experimental study conducted to provide the
greater] in high-pressure hydrogen service operating at temperatures below
petroleum industry with solutions to recurring incidents of cracking in the
455 °C (850 °F). It provides industry practices dealing with reactor vessels
application of welded 11/4Cr-1/2Mo steel for hydrogen processing
after construction and exposure to operating conditions. It focuses on reactor
equipment. Pages: 220
vessels fabricated from 2¼Cr-1Mo, 3Cr-1Mo, 2¼Cr-1Mo-¼V, and 3Cr-1Mo-
¼V steels. It also offers some guidance for heavy wall reactor vessels
1st Edition | May 1996 | Product Number: C93801 | Price: $178.00
fabricated from 1Cr-½Mo and 1¼Cr-½Mo steels, but specifically does not
pertain to C-½Mo steel vessels. However, guidance included in this document
116
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Publ 938-B
RP939-C
Use of 9Cr-1Mo-V (Grade 91) Steel in the Oil Refining Industry
Guidelines for Avoiding Sulfidation (Sulfidic) Corrosion Failures in
Oil Refineries
Provides guidelines on the proper specifications for base metal and welding
consumables and successful fabrication, including welding and heat
Applies to hydrocarbon process streams with sulfur-containing compounds,
treatment requirements, for use of 9Cr-1Mo-V alloy steel in oil refinery
without the presence of hydrogen, that operate at temperatures above
services. This includes guidelines for preheat, postweld heat treatment,
approximately 500 °F (260 °C) up to about 1000 °F (540 °C). There is
procedure qualification, and mechanical and nondestructive testing. It
considerable debate in the industry as to the correct threshold temperature
covers the basic material and metallurgical properties of 9Cr-1Mo-V steel,
for hydrogen-free sulfidation and, in a change in this edition, the API 571
including a summary of the physical and mechanical properties, corrosion
threshold of 500 °F (260 °C) is adopted herein. Experience has shown that
and oxidation resistance, indicating possible corrosion and/or mechanical
little significant corrosion will occur at operating temperatures below 500 °F
failure mechanisms and how to avoid them. The appropriate base metal
(260 °C) for hydrogen free sulfidation services without the influence of
heat treatment is also given. This document also defines hardness limits for
naphthenic acid corrosion. Mercaptan corrosion, particularly in condensate
the base material and welds in order to avoid cracking failures due to wet
service, has been reported below this temperature, but is not explicitly
sulfide stress corrosion cracking or due to other possible failure
covered in the 2nd Edition of RP 939-C. For hydrogen-containing services,
mechanisms. A discussion of both proper and improper refinery service
the threshold temperature is set at 450 °F (230 °C).
applications for these steels is also provided. Pages: 40
A lower threshold limit for sulfur content is not provided because significant
1st Edition | June 2008 | Product Number: C938B01 | Price: $118.00
corrosion has occurred in the reboiler/fractionator sections of some
hydroprocessing units (which do not contain hydrogen) at measured sulfur or
TR 938-C
H2S levels as low as 1 ppm. Pages: 59
Use of Duplex Stainless Steels in the Oil Refining Industry
2nd Edition | January 2019 | Product Number: C939C02 | Price: $150.00
Covers many of the “lean,” “standard,” “super,” and “hyper” grades of duplex
stainless steels (DSSs) most commonly used within refineries. DSSs are
TR 939-D
finding increasing use in the refining industry, primarily because they often
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel in Fuel-Grade Ethanol:
offer an economical combination of strength and corrosion resistance. These
Review, Experience Survey, Field Monitoring, and Laboratory Testing
stainless steels typically have an annealed structure that is generally half
(includes Addendum 1 dated October 2013)
ferrite and half austenite, although the ratios can vary from approximately
35/65 to 55/45. Most refinery applications where DSSs are used are
Addresses stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in carbon steel equipment used
corrosive, and DSSs or other higher alloys are required for adequate
in distribution, transportation, storage, and blending of denatured fuel
corrosion resistance. However, some plants are also starting to consider DSS
ethanol. API, with assistance from the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA),
as a “baseline” material. These plants are using DSS in applications where
conducted research on the potential for metal cracking and product leakage
carbon steel may be acceptable, but DSSs have been shown to be more
in certain portions of the fuel ethanol distribution system. TR 939-D contains
economical considering their higher strength and better long-term reliability.
a review of existing literature, results of an industry survey on cracking events
and corrosion field monitoring, and information on mitigation and
The product forms within the scope are tubing, plate, sheet, forgings, pipe,
prevention. Pages: 172
and fittings for piping, vessel, exchanger, and tank applications. The Third
Edition of this report has added castings and hot isostatically-pressed (HIP)
2nd Edition | May 2007 | Product Number: C939D0 | Price: $174.00
components for pumps, valves, and other applications. The limited use of
DSSs as a cladding is also briefly covered within the document. Pages: 59
Bull 939-E
3rd Edition | February 2015 | Product Number: C938C03 | Price: $195.00
Identification, Repair, and Mitigation of Cracking of Steel Equipment
in Fuel Ethanol Service
Publ 939-A
Usage of fuel ethanol as an oxygenate additive in gasoline blends is
Research Report on Characterization and Monitoring of Cracking in
increasing, both in the United States and internationally. This document
Wet H2S Service
discusses stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of carbon steel tanks, piping and
equipment exposed to fuel ethanol as a consequence of being in the
Demonstrates the ability to characterize and monitor various aspects of
distribution system, at ethanol distribution facilities, or end user facilities
crack propagation in pressurized process equipment exposed to wet
where the fuel ethanol is eventually added to gasoline. Such equipment
hydrogen sulfide environments. It represents one of several significant
includes but is not limited to:
industry-wide efforts to study and to better understand this phenomenon.
Pages: 136
•
storage tanks,
1st Edition | October 1994 | Product Number: C93901 | Price: $170.00
•
piping and related handling equipment, and
•
pipelines that are used in distribution, handling, storage, and blending of
Publ 939-B
fuel ethanol.
Repair and Remediation Strategies for Equipment Operating in Wet
However, data for pipelines in ethanol service is limited and caution should
H2S Service
be used when applying guidelines from this document, which have been
derived mainly from applications involving piping and tanks in ethanol
Presents data relative to the fabrication requirements for 21/4 3Cr alloy steel
storage and blending facilities. SCC of other metals and alloys is beyond the
heavy wall pressure vessels for high temperature, high pressure hydrogen
scope of this document, as is the corrosion of steel in this service. Pages: 42
services. It summarizes the results of industry experience, experimentation,
and testing conducted by independent manufacturers, fabricators, and users
2nd Edition | August 2013 | Product Number: C939E02 | Price: $174.00
of heavy wall pressure vessels. This recommended practice applies to
equipment in refineries, petrochemical, and chemical facilities in which
hydrogen or hydrogen-containing fluids are processed at elevated
temperature and pressure. Pages: 236
1st Edition | June 2002 | Product Number: C939B0 | Price: $185.00
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
117
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RP 941
experience, of why some reformer furnaces have had problems with
embrittlement and cracking of outlet pigtails and manifold components in
Steels for Hydrogen Service at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures
service,while others have not had such problems. Pages: 53
in Petroleum Refineries and Petrochemical Plants
(includes Errata 1 dated June 2016, Errata 2 dated December 2017,and
1st Edition | June 2014 | Product Number: C942A01 | Price: $152.00
Addendum 1 dated August 2020)
TR 942-B
Summarizes the results of experimental tests and actual data acquired from
operating plants to establish practical operating limits for carbon and low
Material, Fabrication, and Repair Considerations for Austenitic Alloys
alloy steels in hydrogen service at elevated temperatures and pressures. The
Subject to Embrittlement and Cracking in High Temperature 565 °C
effects on the resistance of steels to hydrogen at elevated temperature and
to 760 °C (1050 °F to 1400 °F) Refinery Services
pressure that result from high stress, heat treating, chemical composition,
Focuses on the materials, fabrication, and repair of austenitic stainless
and cladding are discussed. This recommended practice (RP) does not
steels and nickel-iron-chromium alloys in high temperature 565 ºC to
address the resistance of steels to hydrogen at lower temperatures [below
760 ºC (1050 ºF to 1400 ºF) refinery services. Many of these alloys are
about 400 °F (204 °C)], where atomic hydrogen enters the steel as a result
subject to embrittlement and cracking after prolonged exposure to these
of an electrochemical mechanism.
temperatures. Susceptible equipment in the following processing units are
This RP applies to equipment in refineries, petrochemical facilities, and
addressed: fluid catalytic cracking units, hydrogen/syngas plants, catalytic
chemical facilities in which hydrogen or hydrogen-containing fluids are
reformers, cokers, and hydroprocessing units. This report summarizes
processed at elevated temperature and pressure. The guidelines in this RP
industry experience and recommends methods to improve reliability and
can also be applied to hydrogenation plants such as those that manufacture
process safety, and increases industry awareness to high temperature
ammonia, methanol, edible oils, and higher alcohols.
embrittlement issues.
The steels discussed in this RP resist high temperature hydrogen attack
As a basis of this report, technical literature, industry experience, and published
(HTHA) when operated within the guidelines given. However, they may not be
case studies were reviewed. The review included materials of construction,
resistant to other corrosives present in a process stream or to other
damage mechanisms, and component-specific fabrication and repair issues.
metallurgical damage mechanisms that can occur in the operating HTHA
range. This RP also does not address the issues surrounding possible
The scope of this report includes the following wrought austenitic alloys:
damage from rapid cooling of the metal after it has been in high temperature,
Alloys 800, 800H, 800HT, and 300 series austenitic stainless steels, and
high pressure hydrogen service (e.g. possible need for outgassing
corresponding welding consumables. Limits in chemical composition,
hydroprocessing reactors). This RP will discuss in detail only the resistance of
microstructural requirements, and heat treating practices that mitigate
steels to HTHA.
susceptibility to embrittlement and cracking are identified. Potentially viable
Presented in this document are curves that indicate the operating limits of
upgrades to commonly used alloys are identified where applicable.
temperature and hydrogen partial pressure for satisfactory resistance of
The remainder of this report is organized as follows: Section 3, Process Units,
carbon steel and Cr-Mo steels to HTHA in elevated temperature, hydrogen
gives a brief process overview followed by an explanation of the various
service. In addition, it includes a summary of inspection methods to evaluate
damage mechanisms found in that unit. Component specific considerations
equipment for the existence of HTHA. Pages: 45
and examples of in-service damage are also included. Inspection
8th Edition | February 2016 | Product Number: C94108 | Price: $152.00
recommendations and general repair method considerations are also
included. Section 4, Damage Mechanisms, contains detailed discussions of
TR 941-A
high-temperature damage mechanisms, including fundamental details of the
solid state reactions, their rate of reaction, and recommended mitigation
The Technical Basis Document for API RP 941
measures. Section 4 also incorporates fabrication and repair practices that
(includes Addendum 1 dated June 2019)
can be used for cracked or embrittled equipment.Pages: 88
Even before the first edition of API Publ 941, Steels for Hydrogen Service at
1st Edition | May 2017 | Effective Date: November 1, 2017
Elevated Temperatures and Pressures in Petroleum Refineries and
Petrochemical Plants appeared in 1970, there had been fundamental
Product Number: C942B01 | Price: $187.00
questions regarding the technical basis for the material performance curves
contained in the document (1-6). Based upon sparse laboratory data
RP 945
combined with plant experience, with only a few exceptions, the curves have
Avoiding Environmental Cracking in Amine Units
done an exceptionally good job at safely directing the refining industry in
selecting materials based upon operating temperature, hydrogen partial
Discusses environmental cracking problems of carbon steel equipment in
pressure, and the metallurgy of the equipment being considered. Pages: 301
amine units. This publication provides guidelines for carbon steel
construction materials, including, fabrication, inspection, and repair, to help
1st Edition | September 2008 | Product Number: C09410 | Price: $215.00
assure safe and reliable operation. The steels referred to in this document
are defined by the ASTM designation system, or equivalent materials
TR 942-A
contained in other recognized codes or standards. This document is based
Materials, Fabrication, and Repair Considerations for Hydrogen
on current engineering practices and insights from recent industry
Reformer Furnace Outlet Pigtails and Manifolds
experience. Pages: 46
Addresses materials, fabrication, and repair issues related to hydrogen and
4th Edition | September 2022 | Product Number: C94504 | Price: $110.00
syngas reformer furnace outlet pigtails and manifolds. High reliability of
outlet pigtails and manifold components, such as headers, tees, and fittings,
Publ 959
is important to the successful long-term operation of hydrogen and syngas
Characterization Study of Temper Embrittlement of Chromium-
reformer furnaces. These components typically operate at high temperatures
in the range of 750 to 950 °C (1382 to 1742 °F) where they are potentially
MolybdenumSteels
subject to high-temperature creep, stress relaxation, hot corrosion, and
Evaluates the temper embrittlement characteristics of Cr-Mo pressure vessel
thermal fatigue damage. In recent years a number of reformer furnace
steels. The steels are designated A387 in Part 4 of the ASTM Book of
operators have encountered problems of in-service degradation and
Standards. Most of the samples studied were of Grade 22 (2-1/4-1Mo) and a
cracking of outlet pigtails and manifold components, while others have had
few samples of Grades 11 and 21 were also included, (1-1/4Cr-1/2Mo, 3Cr-
little or no problems of this type. Both direct experience in addressing
1Mo). The 64 samples studied represented a wide range of commercially
specific cases of outlet pigtail and manifold cracking problems and indirect
available steel, including qualification welds in 1-in. and 6-in. steel plate, large
experience gained from surveying industry with regard to these problems
nozzle cut-outs, and randomly-shaped pieces of forging material. These
were used in preparing this report. The objective of the project was to
materials received heat treatment typical of hydro-treater reactor fabrication.
develop an understanding, based on published literature and industry
118
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The objective of this program was to characterize typical commercial reactor
drivers for continuing improvement in erosion-resistant refractories and the
steels and weldments in terms of toughness and other physical properties
role of ASTM C704/C704M for the selection and installation quality control
prior to being placed in service and the changes anticipated in toughness
of refractories used in these installations. This report documents changes
due to long-time service at elevated temperatures.
made to the setup and procedures to improve the reproducibility of the test.
It is important to note that the materials studied were typical of commercial
These changes are designed to achieve this end, while providing a rough
production and fabrication up to about 1975 and are not representative of
equivalency consistent with historical data before the changes were made.
plate, forgings, and weld metal having low temper embrittlement
These results are validated by the results of extensive international round-
susceptibility, generally available after 1975. Pages: 145
robin and ruggedness testing, and are reported herein. Pages: 27
1st Edition | January 1982 | Product Number: C95900 | Price: $171.00
1st Edition | February 2018 | Product Number: C97701 | Price: $120.00
TR 978
RP 970
Monolithic Refractories: Manufacture, Properties, and Selection
Corrosion Control Document Systems
Covers the installation and dryout of monolithic refractory lining materials for
Provides users with the basic elements for developing, implementing, and
Hydrocarbon Processing Industry (HPI) applications. It discusses the best
maintaining a Corrosion Control Document (CCD) for refining and, at the
practice procedures and techniques used in the installation of refractory
owner’s discretion, may be applied at petrochemical and chemical process
concrete, as well as those for air and heat setting plastics and ramming
facilities. A CCD is a document or other repository or system that contains all
mixes. In addition, it addresses the need for curing and dryout procedures to
the necessary information to understand materials damage susceptibility
achieve successful results. This instruction is consistent with API 936, which
issues in a specific type of operating process unit at a plant site. CCDs are a
is the HPI industry standard for the installation quality control of monolithic
valuable addition to an effective Mechanical Integrity Program. They help to
refractories. Pages: 82
identify the damage mechanism susceptibilities of pressure containing
1st Edition | March 2019 | Product Number: C97801 | Price: $115.00
piping and equipment, factors that influence damage mechanism
susceptibilities, and recommended actions to mitigate the risk of loss of
TR 979
containment or unplanned outages. This RP serves as the basis for tracking
CCD development, implementation, and maintenance to maintain
Applications of Refractory Lining Materials
consistency and to integrate the CCD work process with other plant integrity
Covers the use of refractory concrete (castables), plastics, and ramming
programs, such as Management of Change (MOC), Process Hazards Analysis
mixes for applications for the hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI). Its
(PHA), and Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM). Pages: 61
content is complemented by the two other reports in this series:
2nd Edition | April 2023 | Product Number: C97002 | Price: $202.00
•
API TR 978, Monolithic Refractories: Manufacture, Properties and
Selection;
Std 975
•
API TR 980, Monolithic Refractories: Installation and Dryout.
Refractory Installation Quality Control-Inspection and Testing of
These technical reports update and add to the original reports written by
Refractory Brick Systems and Materials
Committee 547 of the American Concrete Institute (ACI) in 1979 and 1989.
These are ACI 547.R-79, State-of-the Art Report: Refractory Concrete, and
Provides installation quality control (QC) procedures for aluminum silicate
ACI 547.1R-89, State-of-the Art Report: Refractory Plastics and Ramming
dense and insulating fire brick refractory systems and may be used to
Mixes. TR 979 focuses specifically on the information on the applications of
supplement owner specifications. Materials, equipment, and personnel are
refractories contained in ACI 547.R-79 and ACI 547.1R-89.
qualified by the methods described, and applied refractory quality is closely
The original content of these reports was focused primarily on steel- and
monitored, based on defined procedures and acceptance criteria. The
glass-making applications, which represent the largest refractory markets.
responsibilities of inspection personnel who monitor and direct the QC
API, in tailoring the revision of this content to the HPI, has greatly expanded
process are also defined. Pages: 40
the text pertaining to the specialized oil-refining and petrochemical-
1st Edition | November 2021 | Product Number: C97501 | Price: $94.00
processing applications. At the same time, API has retained and updated
the information covering applications outside of the HPI (see Section 5)
Std 976
because of the similarities and applicability that this information has for
Refractory Installation Quality Control-Inspection and Testing of
refractory professionals in these other industries. Pages: 63
AES/RCFFiber Linings and Materials
1st Edition | October 2018 | Product Number: C97901 | Price: $135.00
Provides installation quality control procedures and lining system design
TR 980
requirements for AES/RCF fiber linings and may be used to supplement
owner specifications. Materials, equipment, and personnel are qualified by
Monolithic Refractories: Installation and Dryout
the methods described, and applied refractory quality is closely monitored,
Covers the installation and dryout of monolithic refractory lining materials for
based on defined procedures and acceptance criteria. The responsibilities of
hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI) applications. It discusses the best
inspection personnel who monitor and direct the quality control process are
practice procedures and techniques used in the installation of refractory
also defined. The lining described in this standard is for internal refractory
concrete, as well as those for air-and heat-setting plastics and ramming
linings on the process side of the equipment. External insulation and
mixes. In addition, it discusses the need for curing and dryout and
jacketing are not covered in this standard. Pages: 34
procedures to achieve successful results. This instruction is consistent with
1st Edition | March 2018 | Product Number: C97601 | Price: $131.00
Std 936, which is the HPI industry standard for the installation quality
control of monolithic refractories. It also serves as the body of knowledge
document for the API 936 Refractory Personnel Certification Program. This
TR 977
report is the last in a series of three API reports covering the use of refractory
ASTM C704 Test Variability Reduced to Allow Further Optimization of
concrete (castables), plastics, and ramming mixes for applications for the
Erosion-Resistant Refractories for Critical Oil Refining Applications
hydrocarbon processing industry. Its content is complemented by the two
other reports in this series:
Documents the results of a joint project conducted by the API CRE
•
API TR 978, Monolithic Refractories: Manufacture, Properties and
Subcommittee on Refractory Materials and the ASTM C08 Committee to
Selection, and
improve the reproducibility of the 2015 edition of ASTM C704/C704M,
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Refractory Materials at
•
API TR 979, Applications of Refractory Lining Materials. Pages: 66
Room Temperature. Erosion-resistant refractories are used in many oil
1st Edition | April 2018 | Product Number: G98001 | Price: $157.00
refining applications, such as Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units (FCCUs), to resist
the wearing effects of solids particles circulating at elevated velocities in a
high-temperature process environment. This technical report also reviews the
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
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119
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TR 981
Publ 4261
Thermal Expansion Under Load and Creep of Refractories-An
Alcohols and Ethers: A Technical Assessment of Their Application as
Evaluation and Comparison of Testing Methods
Fuels and Fuel Components
Documents the results of thermal expansion under load (TEUL) and creep in
Summarizes information from the technical literature on producing and
compression testing conducted by ASTM C832 and DIN 993-9 (same test
applying alcohols and ethers as fuels and fuel components for the
as ISO 3187). The prime objective for this study is to determine if one or
transportation sector. It assesses the technical advantages and
both tests should replace the ASTM C16 method. ASTM C16, modified from
disadvantages of alcohols and ethers with respect to hydrocarbon fuels.
1.5-hour to 100-hour hold, has been widely used to qualify brick for sulfur
Since the amendment of the Clean Air Act in 1977, and subsequently in
reaction furnace use. In addition to deformation after 100 hours, the creep
1990, public interest in the role of oxygenates in transportation has
tests will provide additional information of TEUL and evidence of
significantly increased. This edition of Publ 4261 has been updated and
mineralogical changes during their early life cycle in process operation.
expanded to include a review of the oxygenate regulations and the technical
Pages: 28
literature that has been published since 1988. It provides a technical
1st Edition | March 2021 | Product Number: C98101 | Price: $88.00
assessment suitable for policy discussions related to alcohols and ethers in
transportation. Pages: 119
RP 982
3rd Edition | June 2001 | Product Number: C42613 | Price: $176.00
Inspection and Assessment of Refractory Linings
Publ 4262
Provides recognized industry practices, requirements, and guidance for the
installation, in-service inspection, and repair assessment of refractory lining
Methanol Vehicle Emissions
installed into equipment that is used in general refinery services. Refinery
December 1990 | Product Number: F42620 | Price: $136.00
equipment included in the scope of this standard includes, but may not be
limited to, fluid solids units-including fluid catalytic cracker units (FCCUs),
reforming units, fired heaters, incinerators, sulfur recovery units, flue gas
PROCESS SAFETY STANDARDS
ducts, calciners, steam-methane reformers (SMRs), cracker furnaces,
boilers, hydrogen plant and transfer lines, and flue gas stacks. Pages: 71
RP 752
1st Edition | October 2023 | Product Number: C98201 | Price: $163.00
Management of Hazards Associated with Location of Process Plant
Permanent Buildings
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND PETROLEUM PRODUCT SURVEYS
Provides guidance for managing the risk from explosions, fires and toxic
material releases to on-site personnel located in new and existing buildings
API/NPRA Survey
intended for occupancy. This RP was developed for use at refineries,
Final Report: 1996 API/NPRA Survey of Refining Operations and
petrochemical and chemical operations, natural gas liquids extraction
plants, natural gas liquefaction plants, and other onshore facilities covered
Product Quality
by the OSHA Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals,
A survey of industry refining data for the period May 1 through August 31,
29 CFR1910.119.
1996. The report includes information on domestically produced gasoline
Buildings covered by this RP are rigid structures intended for permanent use
and diesel product quality as well as aggregate domestic refining capacity
in fixed locations. Tents, fabric enclosures and other soft-sided structures are
and average operating data. Pages: 190
outside the scope of this document. This 3rd Edition of RP 752:2009
1st Edition | July 1997 | Product Number: F10001 | Price: $67.00
supersedes all previous editions, including the technical data provided in
Aviation Turbines Fuels,2001| Price:$96.00
those documents.
Heating Oils, 2002 | Price: $106.00
Significant research and development of technology pertinent to building
Motor Gasolines,Winter 2001-2002 | Price: $128.00
siting evaluations has been performed since the publication of the previous
Motor Gasolines,Summer 2001 | Price: $128.00
editions of RP 752. Examples of updated technology include prediction of
Diesel Fuel Oils, 2002 | Price: $106.00
blast damage to buildings, determination of occupant vulnerabilities, and
estimates of event frequencies. Prior versions of RP 752 and the technical
Magnetic computer tapes of raw data are available upon request. Reports
data included in them should not be used for building siting evaluations. The
from previous years are also available.
2nd Edition of RP 752 covered all building types both permanent and
Order these petroleum product surveys from:
portable. This 3rd Edition of RP 752 does not cover portable buildings.
TRW Petroleum Technologies
Portable buildings are now covered by RP 753. It is recognized, however, that
P.O. Box 2543 | Bartlesville, OK 74005
portable buildings specifically designed for significant blast load represent a
Attn: Cheryl Dickenson
potential area of overlap between RP 753 and RP 752. In accordance with
918-338-4419
1.3 of this document:
“Buildings described in API RP 753, Management of Hazards
Associated with Location of Process Plant Portable Buildings, First
Edition, June 2007, as ‘portable buildings specifically designed to
resist significant blast loads’ and intended for permanent use in a fixed
location are covered in this document (API RP 752). All other portable
buildings are covered by API RP 753.” Pages: 27
3rd Edition | December 2009 | Reaffirmed: August 2020
Product Number: K75203 | Price: $153.00
120
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
Refining
To purchase individual API standards, visit apiwebstore.org
RP 753
safety-sensitive decisions. On-site contractors involved in process safety-
Management of Hazards Associated with Location of Process Plant
sensitive actions shall have fatigue risk management systems equivalent to
the criteria outlined in this document. Pages: 17
Portable Buildings
2nd Edition | May 2019 | Product Number: K75502 | Price: $145.00
Provides guidance for reducing the risk to personnel located in portable
buildings from potential explosion, fire and toxic release hazards. While
TR 755-1
occupied permanent buildings (e.g. control rooms, operator shelters)
Technical Support Document for ANSI/API RP 755, Fatigue Risk
located near covered process area are typically constructed to be blast and
fire resistant, conventional portable buildings (i.e. light wood trailers) are
Management Systems for Personnel in the Refining and
typically not constructed to be blast and fire resistant. Past explosion
Petrochemical Industries
accidents have demonstrated that occupants of conventional portable
Identifies and explains the scientific and operational issues considered
buildings are susceptible to injuries from structural failures, building
during the preparation of RP 755. By providing the reasoning behind the
collapse, and building debris and projectiles.
specific wording in the RP 755 document, this document supports each key
statement in RP 755 in sequence so that it can be used in parallel with the
Guidance is provided based on the following principles.
RP 755 text. To make this document accessible and manageable, key
•
Locate personnel away from covered process areas consistent with safe
scientific sources and references are provided to help readers gain access to
and effective operations.
the scientific literature.
•
Minimize the use of occupied portable buildings in close proximity to
Fatigue Risk Management Systems (FRMS) have emerged and been widely
covered process areas.
recognized as a more effective approach to managing and mitigating
•
Manage the occupancy of portable building especially during periods of
employee fatigue risk in the 24/7 workplace. The core feature of the FRMS is
increased risk including unit start up or planned shut-down operations.
that it is a data-driven, risk-informed, safety performance-based system. The
FRMS implementation process first identifies all sources of fatigue risk in the
•
Design, construct, install, and maintain occupied portable buildings to
business operation, then introduces mitigating policies, technologies, and
protect occupants against potential hazards.
procedures to reduce the risk, and most importantly then maintains them in
•
Manage the use of portable buildings as an integral part of the design,
a proactively managed continuous improvement system. The history of FRMS
construction, and maintenance operation of a facility. Pages: 22
was recently summarized.
1st Edition | June 2007 | Reaffirmed: August 2020
This method represents a significant step change from the traditional
Product Number: K75301 | Price: $153.00
approaches of either relying on maximum limits to hours of work or minimum
limits to hours of rest (variously called Hours of Service, Work-Rest Rules,
Working Time Directives), or adopting intermittent or piece-meal solutions
RP 754
(e.g. a fatigue training program or a shift schedule redesign), depending on
Process Safety Performance Indicators for the Refining and
the interests and initiative of local site managers.
Petrochemical Industries
One essential feature of FRMS is that it is a system meant to be improved
(ANSI/API RP 754)
upon on a regular and continuous basis. It is not a set of guidelines
Identifies leading and lagging process safety indicators useful for driving
designed for one-time compliance but instead provides a framework that will
performance improvement. As a framework for measuring activity, status, or
evolve over time, driven by the collection of data on fatigue risk and fatigue
performance, this document classifies process safety indicators into four
outcomes (e.g. fatigue-related incidents). Pages: 49
tiers of leading and lagging indicators. Tiers 1 and 2 are suitable for
1st Edition| April 2010| Product Number:K755101| Price: $112.00
nationwide public reporting and Tiers 3 and 4 are intended for internal use
at individual facilities. Guidance on methods for development and use of
RP 756
performance indicators is also provided. This RP was developed for the
Management of Hazards Associated with Location of Process Plant
refining and petrochemical industries, but may also be applicable to other
industries with operating systems and processes where loss of containment
Tents
has the potential to cause harm. Applicability is not limited to those facilities
Provides guidance for managing the risk from explosions, fires and toxic
covered by the OSHA Process Safety Management Standard, 29 CFR
material releases to on-site personnel located in tents. The term “tent” is
1910.119, or similar national and international regulations. Pages: 134
used to describe a wide range of structures and is defined in §3.15. This RP
3rd Edition | August 2021 | Product Number: K75403 | Price: $182.00
was developed for use at refineries, petrochemical and chemical operations,
natural gas liquids extraction plants, natural gas liquefaction plants, and
other onshore facilities covered by OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119.
RP 755
Fatigue Risk Management Systems for Personnel in the Refining and
The focus of this RP is primarily on process related hazards. However, non-
process related hazards may exist which could present risks to tent
Petrochemical Industries
occupants. Previous accidents have demonstrated that tent occupants are
(ANSI/API RP 755)
susceptible to injuries from fires originating inside the tent, from tent
Provides guidance to all stakeholders (e.g. employees, managers,
collapse due to extreme weather, and from falling objects. Some of these
supervisors) on understanding, recognizing, and managing employee fatigue
hazards are addressed by tent design standards, manufacturer’s
in the workplace. Should sites decide to use this document, the owners/
recommendations, and local regulations. Pages: 25
operators shall establish policies and procedures to meet the purpose of this
1st Edition| September 2014 | Reaffirmed: August 2020
recommended practice.
Product Number: C75601 | Price: $136.00
This document was developed for refineries, petrochemical and chemical
operations, natural gas liquefaction plants, and other facilities such as those
covered by the OSHA Process Safety Management Standard, 29 CFR
1910.119. This document is intended to apply to a workforce that is
commuting daily to a job location.
ANSI/API RP 755 applies to all employees working night shifts, rotating
shifts, extended hours/days, or call outs who are involved in process safety-
sensitive actions. It should also be considered for others making process
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
121
Refining
To purchase individual API standards, visit apiwebstore.org
TR 756-1
exclusively from wheeled vehicles (i.e. tank trucks or railroad tank cars); and
tanks covered by OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119 and EPA 40 CFR 68, or similar
Process Plant Tent Responses to Vapor Cloud Explosions-Results of
regulations. Pages: 75
the American Petroleum Institute Tent Testing Program
5th Edition | September 2020
Beginning in 2011, the American Petroleum Institute (API) to performed
Product Number: K235005 | Price: $135.00
vapor cloud explosion (VCE) tests to determine the response of tents to the
potential explosion hazards that may be present at refineries, petrochemical
and chemical operations, natural gas and other onshore process facilities
HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT,AND SAFETY: SOIL AND GROUNDWATER
covered by OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119. The testing was conducted to provide
data for use by the API committee developing RP 756. This publication, TR
Publ 422
756-1, contains information on the results of the API tent testing program.
Groundwater Protection Programs for Petroleum Refining and
Pages: 597
Storage Facilities: A Guidance Document
1st Edition|September 2014|Product Number: C756101|Price: $206.00
Reflects continuing industry action and commitment to positively address
HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT,AND SAFETY: GENERAL
groundwater protection by developing and implementing individual
groundwater protection plans. Provides additional guidance to help
petroleum facilities identify the types of issues that may need to be
Cumulative Impact of Environmental Regulations on the U.S.
addressed in a groundwater protection plan. Intended to help refineries,
Petroleum Refining,Transportation andMarketing Industries
terminals associated with transportation pipelines, product distribution
terminals, and other downstream petroleum storage units develop
1st Edition | Product Number: C00015 | available at https://www.api.org
groundwater protection plans that are tailored to their individual
circumstances.Pages: 9
RP 751
1st Edition | October 1994 | Product Number: C42201 | Price: $71.00
Safe Operation of Hydrofluoric Acid Alkylation Units
Provides requirements (shall) and recommendations (should) for practices
Publ 800
and procedures related to safety, operations, design, inspection, and
Literature Survey: Subsurface and Groundwater Protection Related
maintenance to support the safe and reliable operation of hydrofluoric acid
(HF) alkylation units. Topics include hazard management; operating
to Petroleum Refinery Operations
procedures and worker protection; materials, construction, inspection, and
This report is the principal product of an API-sponsored project to prepare a
work practices; transportation and inventory control; pressure-relief, product
background basis for the development of further information on subsurface
treatment, and utility systems; and risk mitigation. This document contains
and groundwater protection at refineries. It contains an explanation of how
requirements and recommendations that have been found effective based
the literature survey was conducted; annotations for pertinent articles; a
on broad industry acceptance, proven effective industry practices, testing,
discussion of applicable federal statutes and regulations; and annotations
and regulatory requirements. Pages: 181
for pertinent regulatory programs under the 5 principal statutes that apply to
5th Edition | August 2021 | Product Number: K75105 | Price: $194.00
refinery operations. Pages: 145
1st Edition | September 1988 | Product Number: C80000 | Price: $100.00
Std 2350
Overfill Protection for Storage Tanks in Petroleum Facilities
SECURITY
(includes Errata 1 dated April 2021)
(ANSI/API Std 2350))
Std 780
Applies to storage tanks associated with marketing, refining, pipeline, and
Security Risk Assessment Methodology for the Petroleum and
terminals operations and with tanks containing Class I or Class II petroleum
Petrochemical Industries
liquids and use is recommended for Class III petroleum liquids. This
standard addresses overfill protection for petroleum storage tanks. It
Prepared by a Security Risk Assessment (SRA) Committee of the American
recognizes that prevention provides the most basic level of protection, thus
Petroleum Institute (API) to assist the petroleum and petrochemical
while using both terms “protection” and “prevention,” the document
industries in understanding security risk assessment and in conducting
emphasizes prevention. The standard's scope covers overfill (and damage)
SRAs. The standard describes the recommended approach for assessing
prevention practices for aboveground storage tanks in petroleum facilities,
security risk widely applicable to the types of facilities operated by the
including refineries, marketing terminals, bulk plants, and pipeline terminals
industry and the security issues the industry faces. The standard is intended
that receive flammable and combustible liquids. The fourth edition continues
for those responsible for conducting security risk assessments and
to build on experience and new technology through the use of management
managing security at these facilities. The method described in this standard
systems. Since operations are the primary overfill prevention safeguard, new
is widely applicable to a full spectrum of security issues from theft to insider
definitions and requirements are established for alarms. Risk reduction is
sabotage to terrorism. The API SRA Methodology was developed for the
also addressed by current and generally accepted industry practices.
petroleum and petrochemical industry, for a broad variety of both fixed and
mobile applications. This recommended practice describes a single
The essential elements of this document are based on current industry safe
methodology, rather than a general framework for SRAs, but the
operating practices and existing consensus standards. Federal, state, and
methodology is flexible and adaptable to the needs of the user. This
local regulations or laws may contain additional requirements for tank overfill
methodology constitutes one approach for assessing security vulnerabilities
protection programs. For existing facilities, the results of a risk-based
at petroleum and petrochemical industry facilities. However, there are other
analysis of aboveground atmospheric petroleum storage tanks may indicate
risk assessment techniques and methods available to industry, all of which
the need for more protection against overfilling. In such cases, some
share common risk assessment elements.Pages: 113
provisions from this standard may be suitable.
The purpose of this standard is to assist owner/operators and operating
1st Edition | May 2013 | Reaffirmed: February 2022
personnel in the prevention of tank overfills by implementation of a
Product Number: K78001 | Price: $206.00
comprehensive overfill prevention process (OPP). The goal is to receive
product into the intended storage tank without overfill or loss of containment.
This standard does not apply to: underground storage tanks; aboveground
tanks of 1320 U.S. gallons (5000 liters) or less; aboveground tanks which
comply with PEI 600; pressure vessels; tanks containing non-petroleum
liquids; tanks storing LPG and LNG; tanks at service stations; tanks filled
122
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
Refining
To purchase individual API standards, visit apiwebstore.org
RP 781
Facility Security Plan Methodology for the Oil and Natural Gas
Industries
Provides the framework to establish a secure workplace. The plan provides
an overview of the threats facing the facility and describes the security
measures and procedures designed to mitigate risk and protect people,
assets, operations, and company reputation. This API standard was
prepared with guidance and direction from the API Security Committee, to
assist the petroleum and petrochemical industries in the preparation of a
Facility Security Plan (FSP). This standard specifies the requirements for
preparing an FSP as well as a discussion of the typical elements included in
an FSP.
This standard is intended to be flexible and adaptable to the needs of the
user. It is noted that the content of an FSP can vary depending on
circumstances such as facility size, location, and operations. This
methodology is one approach for preparing an FSP at petroleum and
petrochemical facilities. There are other security plan formats available for
the industry. It is the responsibility of the user to choose the format and
content of the FSP that best meets the needs of a specific facility. The format
and content of some FSPs should be dictated by government regulations for
covered facilities. This standard is not intended to supersede the
requirements of any regulated facility but may be used as a reference
document. Pages: 82
1st Edition | September 2016 | Product Number: K78101 | Price: $157.00
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
123
Safety and Fire Protection
If you have any questions or comments regarding API standards, please visit
While some chemicals intended for various nonexplosive applications can
prove explosive when misused (such as lithium batteries), it is not the intent
of this RP to address these materials. Pages: 85
UPSTREAMSAFETYSTANDARDS
3rd Edition | October 2019 | Product Number: G06703 | Price: $121.00
RP 54
RP 74
Occupational Safety and Health for Oil and Gas Well Drilling and
Recommended Practice for Occupational Safety for Onshore Oil and
Servicing Operations
Gas Production Operation
(includes Addendum 1 dated June 2021)
Recommends practices and procedures for promoting and maintaining safe
Recommends practices and procedures for promoting and maintaining safe
working conditions for personnel engaged in onshore oil and gas production
and healthy working conditions for personnel in drilling and well servicing
operations,including special services.Pages: 23
operations. These recommendations apply to rotary drilling rigs, well
1st Edition | October 2001 | Reaffirmed: January 2013
servicing rigs, and special services as they relate to operations on location. It
Product Number: G74001 | Price: $67.00
is intended that the applicable requirements and recommendations of some
sections of the standard be applied, as appropriate, to other sections. The
recommendations are not intended to cover seismic drilling or water well
RP 75
drilling operations. These recommendations do not apply to site preparation
Safety and Environmental Management System for Offshore
and site remediation operations. Pages: 62
Operations and Assets
4th Edition | February 2019 | Product Number: G54004 | Price: $140.00
Provides companies engaged in offshore operations with a framework for the
establishment, implementation, and maintenance of a Safety and
Std 65-2
Environmental Management System (SEMS) to manage and reduce risks
Isolating Potential Flow Zones During Well Construction
associated with safety and the environment to prevent incidents and events.
Contains best practices for zone isolation in wells to prevent annular
This recommended practice applies, in part or whole, to companies engaged
pressure and/or flow through or past pressure-containment barriers that are
in offshore operations, from lease evaluation through decommissioning.
installed and verified during well construction. Well construction practices
This document is not intended to be prescriptive or limiting on the
that may affect barrier sealing performance are mentioned along with
expectations of each SEMS element; rather, it allows flexibility appropriate to
methods to help ensure positive effects or to minimize any negative ones.
the size, scope, and risk of a Company's assets and operations. It is advised
The objectives of this guideline are two-fold. The first is to help prevent and/
that users of this document review and comply with applicable legal and
or control flows just prior to, during, and after primary cementing operations
to install or “set” casing and liner pipe strings in wells. The second objective
regulatory requirements, and conform with applicable industry codes and
is to help prevent sustained casing pressure (SCP). The guidance from this
standards.
document covers recommendations for pressure-containment barrier design
Consideration may be given to using this document to help systematically
and installation and well construction practices that affect the zone isolation
manage other aspects of operations,such as security and health. Pages: 34
process to prevent or mitigate annular fluid flow or pressure. Pages: 83
4th Edition | December 2019 | Product Number: G07504 | Price: $110.00
2nd Edition | December 2010 | Reaffirmed: November 2016
Product Number: G65202 | Price: $141.00
Bull 75L
You may download a PDF of this document from https://www.api.org/oil-and-
Guidance Document for the Development of a Safety and
natural-gas/wells-to-consumer/exploration-and-production/hydraulic-
Environmental Management System for Onshore Oil and Natural
fracturing/65-2-isolating-potential-flow-zones
Gas Production Operations and Associated Activities
Provides general information and guidance for the development of a safety
RP 65-3
and environmental management system (SEMS) for onshore oil and natural
Wellbore Plugging and Abandonment
gas operations, including drilling, production, and well servicing activities.
Provides guidance for the design, placement, and verification of cement
Although there is an extensive amount of information that has been
plugs in wells to be temporarily or permanently abandoned, as well as
developed on the topic of safety and environmental management systems,
remediation and verification of annular barriers. Wells temporarily
this document focuses on this industry sector to help foster continuous
abandoned (suspended) are intended to be re-entered in the future. The
improvement in our industry’s safety and environmental performance. It is
placement of barriers may depend on whether the well is to be temporarily or
recognized that many onshore oil and natural gas companies have effective
permanently abandoned. Cement plug lengths are not considered in this
SEMS in place; however, the intent of this document is to provide an
document. Pages: 52
additional tool that can assist these and especially other operators in taking
1st Edition | June 2021 | Product Number: G65301 | Price: $112.00
the next step toward implementing a complete system at a pace that
complements their business plan. For those who already have a mature
RP 67
SEMS in place, this document can be used for continuous improvement of
RecommendedPractice for Oilfield Explosives Safety
the system. Pages: 12
Applicable to chemical explosives used as an energy source to do work in
1st Edition | November 2007 | Product Number: G75L01 | Price: $37.00
oil- and gas-producing operations, and more specifically to explosives
intended for use inside a wellbore. The purpose of this recommended
practice (RP) is primarily to prevent the inadvertent initiation of these
explosives at the wellsite but also includes some recommendations for safe
and secure storage and transportation and handling, as well as
requirements for design and manufacture of selected equipment.
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
125
Safety and Fire Protection
To purchase individual API standards, visit apiwebstore.org
RP 76
portable buildings specifically designed for significant blast load represent a
Contractor Safety Management for Oil and Gas Drilling and
potential area of overlap between RP 753 and RP 752. In accordance with
Production Operations
1.3 of this document:
“Buildings described in API RP 753, Management of Hazards Associated
Intended to assist operators, contractors, and subcontractors (third parties)
in the implementation of a contractor safety program and improve the overall
with Location of Process Plant Portable Buildings, First Edition, June 2007,
safety performance while preserving the independent contractor relationship.
as ‘portable buildings specifically designed to resist significant blast loads’
It is intended for the Upstream Segment of the petroleum industry; however,
and intended for permanent use in a fixed location are covered in this
since the operator requirements and the contracted work are diverse, this
document (API RP 752). All other portable buildings are covered by API RP
publication may not be applicable to all operations at each company or to
753.” Pages: 27
all contract work performed in those operations. Many oil and gas
3rd Edition | December 2009 | Reaffirmed: August 2020
exploration and production companies contract for equipment and
Product Number: K75203 | Price: $153.00
personnel services for a wide range of activities, including drilling production,
well servicing, equipment repair, maintenance, and construction. Certain
RP 753
activities of contractors have the potential to take place either contractor
Management of Hazards Associated with Location of Process Plant
and/or operator personnel and/or equipment at risk. It is important that
operations are carried out in a safe manner. Operators and contractors need
Portable Buildings
to provide safe work places and to protect the safety of their work places and
Provides guidance for reducing the risk to personnel located in portable
to protect the safety of their workforces and the general public. When they
buildings from potential explosion, fire and toxic release hazards. While
work together to improve safety, both benefit. Pages: 60
occupied permanent buildings (e.g. control rooms, operator shelters)
2nd Edition | November 2007 | Reaffirmed: January 2013
located near covered process area are typically constructed to be blast and
Product Number: G07602 | Price: $62.00
fire resistant, conventional portable buildings (i.e. light wood trailers) are
typically not constructed to be blast and fire resistant. Past explosion
MULTI-SEGMENT PUBLICATIONS
accidents have demonstrated that occupants of conventional portable
buildings are susceptible to injuries from structural failures, building
collapse, and building debris and projectiles.
Firefighting Foam Transition Guidance
Guidance is provided based on the following principles.
Provides the industry with suggestions and considerations for the transition
from C8 legacy fluorinated foams concentrates to another type of foam
•
Locate personnel away from covered process areas consistent with safe
concentrate [such as C6 or synthetic fluorine-free foam (SFFF)]. For each
and effective operations.
step of the MOC, a separate document is available that provides
•
Minimize the use of occupied portable buildings in close proximity to
considerations and examples on how an entity may choose to execute the
covered process areas.
transition. While it is ideal to have a drop-in foam concentrate replacement
•
Manage the occupancy of portable building especially during periods of
with minimum changes in processes or practices to use during this
increased risk including unit start up or planned shut-down operations.
transition, the MOC process plans for any changes that must be accounted
•
Design, construct, install, and maintain occupied portable buildings to
for. Pages: 32
protect occupants against potential hazards.
October 2020 | To obtain a copy of this report, please visit
•
Manage the use of portable buildings as an integral part of the design,
construction, and maintenance operation of a facility. Pages: 22
fighting-Foam-Transition-Guidance-October-2020.pdf
1st Edition | June 2007 | Reaffirmed: August 2020
Product Number: K75301 | Price: $153.00
RP 752
Management of Hazards Associated with Location of Process Plant
RP 754
Permanent Buildings
Process Safety Performance Indicators for the Refining and
Provides guidance for managing the risk from explosions, fires and toxic
Petrochemical Industries
material releases to on-site personnel located in new and existing buildings
(ANSI/API RP 754)
intended for occupancy. This RP was developed for use at refineries,
Identifies leading and lagging process safety indicators useful for driving
petrochemical and chemical operations, natural gas liquids extraction
performance improvement. As a framework for measuring activity, status, or
plants, natural gas liquefaction plants, and other onshore facilities covered
performance, this document classifies process safety indicators into four
by the OSHA Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals,
tiers of leading and lagging indicators. Tiers 1 and 2 are suitable for
29 CFR 1910.119.
nationwide public reporting and Tiers 3 and 4 are intended for internal use
at individual facilities. Guidance on methods for development and use of
Buildings covered by this RP are rigid structures intended for permanent use
performance indicators is also provided. This RP was developed for the
in fixed locations. Tents, fabric enclosures and other soft-sided structures are
refining and petrochemical industries, but may also be applicable to other
outside the scope of this document. This 3rd Edition of RP 752:2009
industries with operating systems and processes where loss of containment
supersedes all previous editions, including the technical data provided in
has the potential to cause harm. Applicability is not limited to those facilities
those documents.
covered by the OSHA Process Safety Management Standard, 29 CFR
Significant research and development of technology pertinent to building
1910.119, or similar national and international regulations. Pages: 134
siting evaluations has been performed since the publication of the previous
3rd Edition | August 2021 | Product Number: K75403 | Price: $182.00
editions of RP 752. Examples of updated technology include prediction of
blast damage to buildings, determination of occupant vulnerabilities, and
estimates of event frequencies. Prior versions of RP 752 and the technical
data included in them should not be used for building siting evaluations. The
2nd Edition of RP 752 covered all building types both permanent and
portable. This 3rd Edition of RP 752 does not cover portable buildings.
Portable buildings are now covered by RP 753. It is recognized, however, that
126
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
Safety and Fire Protection
To purchase individual API standards, visit apiwebstore.org
RP 755
RP 756
Fatigue Risk Management Systems for Personnel in the Refining and
Management of Hazards Associated with Location of Process Plant
Petrochemical Industries
Tents
(ANSI/API RP 755)
Provides guidance for managing the risk from explosions, fires and toxic
Provides guidance to all stakeholders (e.g. employees, managers,
material releases to on-site personnel located in tents. The term “tent” is
supervisors) on understanding, recognizing, and managing employee fatigue
used to describe a wide range of structures and is defined in §3.15. This RP
in the workplace. Should sites decide to use this document, the owners/
was developed for use at refineries, petrochemical and chemical operations,
operators shall establish policies and procedures to meet the purpose of this
natural gas liquids extraction plants, natural gas liquefaction plants, and
recommended practice.
other onshore facilities covered by OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119. The focus of
this RP is primarily on process related hazards. However, non-process related
This document was developed for refineries, petrochemical and chemical
hazards may exist that could present risks to tent occupants. Previous
operations, natural gas liquefaction plants, and other facilities such as those
accidents have demonstrated that tent occupants are susceptible to injuries
covered by the OSHA Process Safety Management Standard, 29 CFR
from fires originating inside the tent, from tent collapse due to extreme
1910.119. This document is intended to apply to a workforce that is
weather, and from falling objects. Some of these hazards are addressed by
commuting daily to a job location.
tent design standards, manufacturer’s recommendations, and local
ANSI/API RP 755 applies to all employees working night shifts, rotating
regulations. Pages: 25
shifts, extended hours/days, or call outs who are involved in process safety-
1st Edition | September 2014 | Reaffirmed: August 2020
sensitive actions. It should also be considered for others making process
Product Number: C75601 | Price: $136.00
safety-sensitive decisions. On-site contractors involved in process safety-
sensitive actions shall have fatigue risk management systems equivalent to
TR 756-1
the criteria outlined in this document. Pages: 17
Process Plant Tent Responses to Vapor Cloud Explosions-Results of
2nd Edition | May 2019 | Product Number: K75502 | Price: $145.00
the American Petroleum Institute Tent Testing Program
TR 755-1
Beginning in 2011, the American Petroleum Institute (API) to performed
Technical Support Document for ANSI/API RP 755, Fatigue Risk
vapor cloud explosion (VCE) tests to determine the response of tents to the
potential explosion hazards that may be present at refineries, petrochemical
Management Systems for Personnel in the Refining and
and chemical operations, natural gas and other onshore process facilities
Petrochemical Industries
covered by OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119. The testing was conducted to provide
Identifies and explains the scientific and operational issues considered
data for use by the API committee developing RP 756. This publication, TR
during the preparation of RP 755. By providing the reasoning behind the
756-1, contains information on the results of the API tent testing program.
specific wording in the RP 755 document, this document supports each key
Pages: 597
statement in RP 755 in sequence so that it can be used in parallel with the
1st Edition|September 2014|Product Number: C756101|Price: $206.00
RP 755 text. To make this document accessible and manageable, key
scientific sources and references are provided to help readers gain access to
Publ 770
the scientific literature.
A Manager's Guide to Reducing Human Errors-Improving Human
Fatigue Risk Management Systems (FRMS) have emerged and been widely
Performance in the Process Industries
recognized as a more effective approach to managing and mitigating
Intended for an audience of middle managers to senior executives who have
employee fatigue risk in the 24/7 workplace. The core feature of the FRMS is
different levels of knowledge about human factors engineering. It is designed
that it is a data-driven, risk-informed, safety performance-based system. The
to equip them with a basic understanding of the causes of human errors and
FRMS implementation process first identifies all sources of fatigue risk in the
to suggest ways for reducing human errors at individual facilities. It also
business operation, then introduces mitigating policies, technologies, and
describes how to incorporate human reliability analysis (HRA) into process
procedures to reduce the risk, and most importantly then maintains them in
safety management activities. Pages: 85
a proactively managed continuous improvement system. The history of FRMS
1st Edition | March 2001 | Product Number: K77001 | Price: $82.00
was recently summarized.
This method represents a significant step change from the traditional
approaches of either relying on maximum limits to hours of work or minimum
limits to hours of rest (variously called Hours of Service, Work-Rest Rules,
Working Time Directives), or adopting intermittent or piece-meal solutions
(e.g. a fatigue training program or a shift schedule redesign), depending on
the interests and initiative of local site managers.
One essential feature of FRMS is that it is a system meant to be improved
upon on a regular and continuous basis. It is not a set of guidelines
designed for one-time compliance but instead provides a framework that will
evolve over time, driven by the collection of data on fatigue risk and fatigue
outcomes (e.g. fatigue-related incidents). Pages: 49
1st Edition| April 2010 | ProductNumber:K755101| Price: $112.00
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
127
Safety and Fire Protection
To purchase individual API standards, visit apiwebstore.org
Std 780
RP 2009
Security Risk Assessment Methodology for the Petroleum and
Safe Welding, Cutting, and Hot Work Practices in the Petroleum and
Petrochemical Industries
Petrochemical Industries
Prepared by a Security Risk Assessment (SRA) Committee of the American
Provides information to assist in the safe performance of welding, cutting,
Petroleum Institute (API) to assist the petroleum and petrochemical
and other hot work activities to be done safely in petroleum and
industries in understanding security risk assessment and in conducting
petrochemical operations. The understanding of potential hazards, and
SRAs. The standard describes the recommended approach for assessing
application of this knowledge, can help reduce the probability and severity of
security risk widely applicable to the types of facilities operated by the
incidents and the risk of harmful health effects from those activities.
industry and the security issues the industry faces. The standard is intended
Personnel engaged in hot work should have a comprehensive understanding
for those responsible for conducting security risk assessments and
of the potential hazards associated with the activity and materials involved.
managing security at these facilities. The method described in this standard
RP 2009 was updated to include added precautions to prevent fires and
is widely applicable to a full spectrum of security issues from theft to insider
incidents during welding operations, as well as an awareness of the hazards
sabotage to terrorism. The API SRA Methodology was developed for the
of inhalation of welding fumes. Additionally, it includes specific guidance to
petroleum and petrochemical industry, for a broad variety of both fixed and
evaluate procedures for certain types of work equipment in service, supports
mobile applications. This recommended practice describes a single
UN Sustainable Development Goal #9 for Resilient Infrastructure, and is
methodology, rather than a general framework for SRAs, but the
included in the U.S. Department of Labor OSHA’s resources materials for
methodology is flexible and adaptable to the needs of the user. This
Process Safety Management. Pages: 43
methodology constitutes one approach for assessing security vulnerabilities
at petroleum and petrochemical industry facilities. However, there are other
8th Edition | March 2022 | Product Number: K20098 | Price: $105.00
risk assessment techniques and methods available to industry, all of which
share common risk assessment elements. Pages: 113
RP 2027
1st Edition | May 2013 | Reaffirmed: February 2022
Ignition Hazards and Safe Work Practices for Abrasive Blasting of
Product Number: K78001 | Price: $206.00
Atmospheric Storage Tanks in Hydrocarbon Service
Provides safe work practices for the prevention and control of vapor, ignition,
RP 2001
and other potential hazards during abrasive blasting of aboveground storage
Fire Protection in Refineries
tanks in liquid hydrocarbon service at atmospheric pressure. It also provides
assistance to employers in developing operating procedures that provide for
Provides a better understanding of refinery fire protection and the steps
hazard recognition to significantly reduce ignition risks during abrasive
needed to promote the safe storage, handling, and processing of petroleum
blasting of hydrocarbon storage tanks in service that may contain or have the
and petroleum products in refineries. A basic premise of this standard is that
potential to develop a flammable atmosphere in the vapor space. This RP
fire prevention provides the fundamental foundation for fire protection.
applies to safe work practices required for abrasive blasting of exterior shells
This publication covers basic concepts of refinery fire protection. It reviews
and exterior roofs of all aboveground atmospheric storage tanks in liquid
the chemistry and physics of refinery fires; discusses how the design of
hydrocarbon service. It also applies to safe work practices for abrasive
refinery systems and infrastructure impact the probability and consequences
blasting conducted on the roofs and inner portions of the exposed surfaces
of potential fires; describes fire control and extinguishing systems typically
of shells (that portion of the shell above the roof level) on open-top
used in refineries; examines fire protection concepts that should be covered
(external) floating roof tanks. This RP also covers recognition and control of
in operating and maintenance practices and procedures; and provides
ignition hazards that are specific to and may be present during abrasive
information on organization and training for refinery emergency responders.
blasting of aboveground storage tanks in liquid hydrocarbon service at
atmospheric pressure. The ignition sources covered in this RP include static
Many of the concepts, systems, and equipment discussed in this document
electricity, internal combustion engines, electric motors, friction sparks, hot
are covered in detail in referenced publications, standards, or governmental
metal surfaces, and external-to-the-work ignition sources. Pages: 27
requirements. Pages: 90
4th Edition | November 2018 | Product Number: C20274 | Price: $132.00
10th Edition | July 2019 | Product Number: C200110 | Price: $180.00
RP 2028
RP 2003
Flame Arrestersin Piping Systems
Protection Against Ignitions Arising Out of Static, Lightning, and
Covers the use and limitations of flame arresters installed in piping systems
Stray Currents
in the petroleum and petrochemical industries. It provides a general overview
Presents the current state of knowledge and technology in the fields of static
of flame arresters currently in use and some potential concerns or
electricity, and stray currents applicable to the prevention of hydrocarbon
limitations. Applicable combustion and flame propogation parameters are
ignition in the petroleum industry and is based on both scientific research
discussed including the distinction between arresting flames versus arresting
and practical experience. The principles discussed in this recommended
detonations. Pages: 12
practice are applicable to other operations where ignitable liquids and gases
3rd Edition | February 2002 | Reaffirmed: December 2010
are handled. Their use should lead to improved safety practices and
2-Year Extension: February 2015 | Product Number: K20283 | Price: $65.00
evaluations of existing installations and procedures. Pages: 76
8th Edition | September 2015 | Reaffirmed: March 2020
RP 2030
Product Number: K20038 | Price: $206.00
Application of Fixed Water Spray Systems for Fire Protection in the
Petroleum and Petrochemical Industries
Provides guidance for the petroleum industry and some petrochemical
industry applications (for non-water-reactive petrochemicals with physical
and combustion characteristics comparable to hydrocarbons) in determining
where water spray systems might be used to provide protection from fire
damage for equipment and structures. Pages: 21
4th Edition | September 2014 | Product Number: K20304 | Price: $114.00
128
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
Safety and Fire Protection
To purchase individual API standards, visit apiwebstore.org
RP 2201
brief descriptions of a variety of incidents involving vacuum trucks, including
Safe Hot Tapping Practices in the Petroleum and Petrochemical
offloading into open areas. These may be useful in reviewing specific
operating procedures or developing materials for safety meetings or pre-job
Industries
briefings.Pages: 60
Provides information to assist in safely conducting hot tapping operations on
4th Edition | June 2016 | Product Number: K22194 | Price: $179.00
equipment in service in the petroleum and petrochemical industries. No
document can address all situations nor answer all potential questions;
Publ 2375
however, the understanding of potential hazards, and application of this
knowledge, can help reduce the probability and severity of incidents. Pages: 27
1996 Summary of U.S. Occupational Injuries, Illnesses, and
Fatalities in the Petroleum Industry
5th Edition | June 2003 | Reaffirmed: March 2020
2-Year Extension: February 2015 | Product Number: K22015 | Price: $94.00
This annual summary reports on cases recordable in 1996 under the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics’ recordkeeping guidelines. The survey is based on
RP 2210
data submitted to the American Petroleum Institute by 176 oil and gas
Flame Arresters for Vents of Tanks Storing Petroleum Products
companies, employing 285,885 persons. The report includes information
regarding injuries, illnesses, fatalities, lost workday cases, and incidence
Discusses the benefits and detriments associated with the use of flame
rates by function.
arresters on vents utilized on atmospheric fixed-roof tanks. Pages: 4
June 1997 | Product Number: K23751 | Price: $104.00
3rd Edition | June 2000 | Reaffirmed: March 2020
Product Number: K22103 | Price: $71.00
Publ 2376
1997 Summary of U.S. Occupational Injuries, Illness, and Fatalities
RP 2217A
in the Petroleum Industry
Safe Work in Inert Confined Spaces in the Petroleum and
Petrochemical Industries
June 1998 | Product Number: K23761 | Price: $104.00
Covers design, materials, face-to-face dimensions, pressure-temperature
ratings, and examination, inspection, and test requirements for two types of
Publ 2377
check valves:
1998 Summary of U.S. Occupational Injuries, Illness, and Fatalities
•
Type ‘A’ check valves are short face-to-face and can be: wafer, lug, or
in the Petroleum Industry
double flanged; single plate or dual plate; gray iron, ductile iron, steel,
nickel alloy, or other alloy designed for installation between Classes 125
March 1999 | Product Number: K23771 | Price: $112.00
and 250 cast iron flanges as specified in ASME B16.1, between Classes
150 and 300 ductile iron flanges as specified in ASME B16.42, between
Publ 2378
Classes 150 and 2500 steel flanges as specified in ASME B16.5, and
1999 Survey on Petroleum Industry Occupational Injuries, Illness,
between Classes 150 and 600 steel pipeline flanges as specified in MSS
SP-44 or steel flanges as specified in ASME B16.47.
and Fatalities Summary Report: Aggregate Data Only
•
Type ‘B’ bolted cover swing check valves are long face-to-face as defined
June 2000 | Product Number: K23781 | Price: $112.00
in 5.1.2 and can be: flanged or buttwelding ends of steel, nickel alloy, or
other alloy material. End flanges shall be as specified in ASME B16.5 or
Publ 2379
ends shall be butt-welding as specified in ASME B16.25. Pages: 34
2000 Survey on Petroleum Industry Occupational Injuries, Illness,
5th Edition | July 2017 | Product Number: K2217A5 | Price: $157.00
and Fatalities Summary Report: Aggregate Data Only
RP 2218
March 2001 | Product Number: K23790 | Price: $112.00
Fireproofing Practices in Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing
Plants
Publ 2380
Intended to provide guidance for selecting, applying, and maintaining
2001 Survey on Petroleum Industry Occupational Injuries, Illness,
fireproofing systems designed to limit the extent of fire-related property loss
and Fatalities Summary Report: Aggregate Data Only
from pool fires in the petroleum and petrochemical industries. Where
comparable hazards exist, and to the extent appropriate, it may be applied
March 2002 | Product Number: K23801 | Price: $112.00
to other facilities that could experience similar severe fire exposure and
potential losses.
Publ 2381
This RP identifies fireproofing needs for petroleum and petrochemical plants
2002 Survey on Petroleum Industry Occupational Injuries, Illness,
specifically focusing on property loss protection for pool fires scenarios in
on-shore processing plants.Pages: 60
and Fatalities Summary Report: Aggregate Data Only
3rd Edition | July 2013 | Reaffirmed: March 2020
June 2003 | Product Number: K23811 | Price: $112.00
Product Number: K22183 | Price: $174.00
Publ 2382
RP 2219
2003 Survey on Petroleum Industry Occupational Injuries, Illness,
Safe Operation of Vacuum Trucks Handling Flammable and
and Fatalities Summary Report: Aggregate Data Only
Combustible Liquids in Petroleum Service
May 2004 | Product Number: K23821 | Price: $112.00
Provides information concerning the safe operation of vacuum trucks
engaged in all aspects of handling flammable and combustible liquids,
associated waste water, produced water, sour water, basic sediment and
Publ 2383
water (BS&W), caustics, spent acids, or other fluids stemming from
2004 Survey on Petroleum Industry Occupational Injuries, Illness,
petroleum operations, products, powders, and the hazard of dust explosions.
and Fatalities Summary Report: Aggregate Data Only
This publication discusses the types of vacuum pumps and cargo tanks
associated with vacuum truck operations, the common hazards associated
March 2005 | Product Number: K23831 | Price: $112.00
with those vacuum truck operations, and representative safe work practices
and precautions to help prevent accidents and injuries. Appendix G provides
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
129
Safety and Fire Protection
To purchase individual API standards, visit apiwebstore.org
Publ 2384
Publ 2510A
2005 Survey on Petroleum Industry Occupational Injuries, Illness,
Fire Protection Considerations for the Design and Operation of
and Fatalities Summary Report: Aggregate Data Only
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Storage Facilities
This annual summary reports on cases recordable in 2005 under the US
Supplements Std 2510 and addresses the design, operation, and
Bureau of Labor Statistics’ record keeping guidelines. The survey is based on
maintenance of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) storage facilities from the
data submitted to the American Petroleum Institute by oil and gas
standpoint of prevention and control of releases, fire protection design, and
companies. The report includes information regarding injuries, illness, and
fire control measures. The history of LPG storage facility safety experience,
fatalities, lost workday cases, and incidence rates by function.
facility design philosophy, operating and maintenance procedures, and
May 2006 | Product Number: K23841 | Price: $112.00
various fire protection and fire-fighting approaches are presented. The
storage facilities covered are LPG installations (storage vessels and
Publ 2385
associated loading/unloading/transfer systems) at marine and pipeline
2006 Survey on Petroleum Industry Occupational Injuries, Illness,
terminals, natural gas processing plants, refineries, petrochemical plants,
and tank farms. Pages: 45
and Fatalities Summary Report: Aggregate Data Only
2nd Edition | December 1996 | Reaffirmed: December 2015
June 2007 | Product Number: K23851 | Price: $112.00
Product Number: K2510A | Price: $110.00
Publ 2386
STORAGE TANK SAFETY STANDARDS
2007 Survey on Petroleum Industry Occupational Injuries, Illness,
and Fatalities Summary Report: Aggregate Data Only
Std 2015
May 2008 | Product Number: K23861 | Price: $112.00
Requirements for Safe Entry and Cleaning of Petroleum Storage Tanks
Publ 2387
Applicable to stationary atmospheric and low-pressure (up to and including
15 psig) aboveground petroleum storage tanks used in all sectors of the
2008 Survey on Petroleum Industry Occupational Injuries, Illness,
petroleum and petrochemical industry, including crude oil and gas
and Fatalities Summary Report: Aggregate Data Only
production; refining; petrochemicals; pipelines and terminals; bulk storage;
March 2009 | Product Number: K23871 | Price: $112.00
and ethanol facilities. This standard provides requirements for safely
planning, coordinating, and conducting tank entry and cleaning operations,
Publ 2388
from removal from service through return to service. Pages: 146
2009 Survey on Petroleum Industry Occupational Injuries, Illness,
8th Edition | January 2018 | Product Number: K20158 | Price: $215.00
and Fatalities Summary Report: Aggregate Data Only
RP 2021
Reports on cases recordable in 2009 under the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics’
recordkeeping guidelines. The survey is based on data submitted to API by oil
Management of Atmospheric Storage Tank Fires
and gas companies. The report includes information regarding injuries, illness,
Provides experience-based information to enhance the understanding of
and fatalities, lost workday cases, and incidence rates by function.
fires in atmospheric storage tanks containing flammable and combustible
materials. It presents a systematic management approach that can assist
April 2010 | Product Number: K23881 | Price: $112.00
tank fire prevention. If fires do occur, this information can help responders
optimize fire suppression techniques to reduce the severity of an incident
1989 Summary of Occupational Injuries, Illnesses and Fatalities in
and reduce the potential for escalation.Pages: 83
the Petroleum Industry
4th Edition | May 2001 | Reaffirmed: March 2020
January 1989 | Product Number: K19996 | Price: $64.00
Product Number: K20214 | Price: $145.00
1990 Summary of Occupational Injuries, Illnesses and Fatalities in
RP 2026
the Petroleum Industry
Safe Access/Egress Involving Floating Roofs of Storage Tanks in
July 1991 | Product Number: K19988 | Price: $89.00
Petroleum Service
Addresses the hazards associated with access/egress onto external and
1991 Summary of Occupational Injuries, Illnesses and Fatalities in
internal floating roofs of in-service petroleum storage tanks and identifies
the Petroleum Industry
some of the most common practices and procedures for safely
accomplishing this activity. This RP is intended primarily for those persons
September 1992 | Product Number: K19987 | Price: $89.00
who are required to perform inspection, service, maintenance, or repair
activities that involve descent onto floating roofs of in-service petroleum
1992 Summary of Occupational Injuries, Illnesses and Fatalities in
tanks. Pages: 28
the Petroleum Industry
4th Edition | July 2022 | Product Number: K202604 | Price: $110.00
August 1993 | Product Number: K19986 | Price: $89.00
RP 2207
1993 Summary of Occupational Injuries, Illnesses and Fatalities in
Preparing Tank Bottoms for Hot Work
the Petroleum Industry
Addresses only the safety aspects of hot work performed on petroleum
June 1994 | Product Number: K19985 | Price: $104.00
storage tank bottoms. It discusses safety precautions for preventing fires,
explosions, and associated injuries. The term “hot work,” as used in this
1994 Summary of U.S. Occupational Injuries, Illnesses and
publication, is defined as an operation that can produce a spark or flame
Fatalities in the Petroleum Industry
hot enough to ignite flammable vapors. RP 2009 provides more in-depth
information on safe hot work practices, and its requirements are not
June 1995 | Product Number: K19984 | Price: $104.00
duplicated here. Pages: 28
1995 Summary of U.S. Occupational Injuries, Illnesses, and
8thEdition | April 2022 | Product Number:K22078 |Price: $121.00
Fatalities in the Petroleum Industry
May 1996 | Product Number: K19983 | Price: $104.00
130
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
Safety and Fire Protection
To purchase individual API standards, visit apiwebstore.org
Std 2350
Overfill Protection for Storage Tanks in Petroleum Facilities
(includes Errata 1 dated April 2021)
(ANSI/API Std 2350)
Applies to storage tanks associated with marketing, refining, pipeline, and
terminals operations and with tanks containing Class I or Class II petroleum
liquids and use is recommended for Class III petroleum liquids. This
standard addresses overfill protection for petroleum storage tanks. It
recognizes that prevention provides the most basic level of protection, thus
while using both terms “protection” and “prevention,” the document
emphasizes prevention. The standard's scope covers overfill (and damage)
prevention practices for aboveground storage tanks in petroleum facilities,
including refineries, marketing terminals, bulk plants, and pipeline terminals
that receive flammable and combustible liquids. The fourth edition continues
to build on experience and new technology through the use of management
systems. Since operations are the primary overfill prevention safeguard, new
definitions and requirements are established for alarms. Risk reduction is
also addressed by current and generally accepted industry practices.
The essential elements of this document are based on current industry safe
operating practices and existing consensus standards. Federal, state, and
local regulations or laws may contain additional requirements for tank overfill
protection programs. For existing facilities, the results of a risk-based
analysis of aboveground atmospheric petroleum storage tanks may indicate
the need for more protection against overfilling. In such cases, some
provisions from this standard may be suitable.
The purpose of this standard is to assist owner/operators and operating
personnel in the prevention of tank overfills by implementation of a
comprehensive overfill prevention process (OPP). The goal is to receive
product into the intended storage tank without overfill or loss of containment.
This standard does not apply to: underground storage tanks; aboveground
tanks of 1320 U.S. gallons (5000 liters) or less; aboveground tanks which
comply with PEI 600; pressure vessels; tanks containing non-petroleum
liquids; tanks storing LPG and LNG; tanks at service stations; tanks filled
exclusively from wheeled vehicles (i.e. tank trucks or railroad tank cars); and
tanks covered by OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119 and EPA 40 CFR 68, or similar
regulations. Pages: 75
5th Edition | September 2020
Product Number: K235005 | Price: $135.00
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
131
Health and Environmental Issues
NOTE Free publications with an asterisk are subject to a $10.00 handling charge for
Publ 326
each total order,plus actualshippingcharges.
The Cost Effectiveness of VOC and NOx Emission Control Measures
Provides air pollution control planners and other interested parties in ozone
Air Research
nonattainment areas with a “menu” of possible control options using the
EMISSIONS: GENERAL
most up-to-date information and accurate analyses for significant sources of
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx. The menu provides a
preliminary demonstration of how cost-effective packages of attainment
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emergency Response Tactical Guidance
strategies and control measures can be developed to reduce VOC emissions
Document
by 15 % by 1996. Appendices provide a detailed analysis of costs,
This field operations guide is not an educational or decision-making tool.
effectiveness, and application limitations. Pages: 354
This guide contains a set of operational tools and references to assist in the
September 1994 | Product Number: J32600 | Price: $160.00
response to a pipeline release of carbon dioxide (CO2). The priorities for CO2
response are people (safety of response personnel and the public);
Publ 332
environment (prevention of environmental, human health, and welfare
Comparison of Screening Values from Selected Hydrocarbon
effects); assets (minimizing damage to structures and equipment); and
relations (keep customers, community, and federal, state, and local
Screening Instruments
government agencies informed). Pages: 33
Describes a study carried out at two refineries to compare differences in
1st Edition | August 2023 | You may download a PDF of this document
equipment leak screening values obtained from four instruments commonly
used to measure fugitive emissions. The effect of screening distance was
also evaluated, and the results from the study were compared to those of an
tactical-guidance
earlier study conducted in 1979. Adjustment factors to relate screening
values from one instrument are presented, which are applicable to
API Guidance Document for GHG Reporting
marketing, transportation, and exploration and production facilities as well
Drives consistency of voluntary reporting by individual oil and natural gas
as refineries. Pages: 128
companies of a core set of company-wide GHG indicators. This is intended
August 1995 | Product Number: J33200 | Price: $98.00
to enhance comparability across company-by-company climate-related
reporting in the oil and natural gas industry, in order to provide decision
Publ 342 and Publ 343
useful information to the financial sector, policy makers, industry customers,
and other stakeholders. Pages: 40
Fugitive Emissions from Equipment Leaks I: Monitoring Manual and
Fugitive Emissions from Equipment Leaks II: Calculation Procedures
1st Edition | March 2022 | You may download a PDF of this document
for Petroleum Industry Facilities
API-Template-for-Climate-related-Reporting-Initiative-March-2022.pdf
A number of federal, state, and local regulations are designed to control
fugitive emissions of volatile organic compounds and hazardous air
Compendium of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimation
pollutants. API sponsored this project to present options and
Methodologies for the Oil and Gas Industry
recommendations on procedures for obtaining inspection and maintenance
data from certain process equipment with the potential to leak fugitive
API Tools for Estimating GHG Emissions
emissions. The two resulting manuals focus on the recommended fugitive
Accurate estimation of greenhouse gas emissions is indispensable to
emission practices in the petroleum industry, specifically for refineries,
responsibly addressing climate change. Through API, the U.S. oil and natural
marketing terminals, and the oil and gas production industries. Pages: 204
gas industry has provided a suite of tools for estimating emissions. It
June 1998
includes API's updated 2009 compendium of emissions estimation
Product Number for Publ 342: J34200 | Price: $69.00
methodologies, software for emissions estimation and inventorying, and
Product Number for Publ 343: J34300 | Price: $69.00
guidelines (created by the International Petroleum Industry Environmental
Conservation Association) to assist in the accounting and reporting of
emissions. Pages: 807
Publ 344
Critical Review of Source Sampling and Analysis Methodologies
August 2009 | Available for download at https://www.api.org/~/
media/files/ehs/climate-change/2009_ghg_compendium.ashx
for Characterizing Organic Aerosol and Fine Particulate Source
Emission Profiles
DR 141
Intended for use in designing future measurement programs for
Global Emissions of Carbon Dioxide from Petroleum Sources
characterizing emissions from stationary sources that contribute to fine
particle concentrations in the atmosphere. The benefits and drawbacks of
Describes carbon dioxide emission estimates developed for a broadly
various measurement approaches are discussed, and a recommended
defined petroleum industry whose five segments include (1) exploration and
approachfor combustionsources is presented.Pages: 128
extraction; (2) crude petroleum transportation to refineries; (3) refining
operations; (4) refinery products transportation; and (5) end uses. Emission
June 1998 | Product Number: J34400 | Price: $80.00
estimates for carbon dioxide have been developed for each industry
segment and for each country.Activity factors describe the activity level for a
Publ 348
particular industrial activity. Corresponding emission factors for each activity
Air Toxics Emission Factors for Combustion Sources Using
factor were developed from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and
Petroleum-Based Fuels, Volume 1-Development of Emission
industry documents. Pages: 91
Factors Using API/WSPA Approach
July 1991 | Product Number: I00141 | Price: $65.00
This project was performed with the cooperation of the California Air
Resources Board (CARB) and Western States Petroleum Association to
develop updated air toxic emission factors for combustion sources using
petroleum-based fuels. The emission factors developed using the best
available source testing information in this project will help the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency to revise AP-42. In addition, the emission
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
133
Health and Environmental Issues
To purchase individual API standards, visit apiwebstore.org
factors will be integrated into CARB’s California Air Toxics Emission Factor
Publ 4720
database. Environmental, health, and safety engineers can use these
Comparison of API and EPA Toxic Air Pollutant Emission Factors for
emission factors to develop more accurate and complete emission
Combustion Sources
inventories without additional source testing, which could help facilities in
the permitting process. Pages: 88
Compares and explains differences in published toxic air pollutant emission
factors for combustion sources and recommends priorities for gathering
August 1998 | Product Number: J34800 | Price: $109.00
additional emission factor information. Pages: 50
Publ 4653
September 2002 | Product Number: I47200 | Price: $100.00
Fugitive Emission Factors for Crude Oil and Product Pipeline
Publ 4772
Facilities
Measuring Particulate Emissions from Combustion Sources
Presents the results of a study to determine equipment component fugitive
emission factors for crude oil and product pipeline facilities. The emission
Since the inception of the Clean Air Act, the petroleum refining industry has
been faced with the need to determine criteria pollutant emissions from
factors presented in this report will allow pipeline operators to estimate total
combustion sources. While some of these species, such as NOx, SO2, and
hydrocarbon emissions from equipment components located at pipeline
facilities in light crude service, heavy crude service, and product service.
CO remain in the vapor phase during and after combustion and are relatively
Pages: 50
simple to measure, particulate matter (PM) measurements are much more
challenging. This is because while some PM such as fly ash or catalytic
June 1997 | Product Number: I46530 | Price: $86.00
cracking catalyst fines is clearly solid material that is readily collected and
measured on a sampling filter, other species that may exist in the vapor
Publ 4703
phase during combustion can later condense into aerosols downstream from
Gas Fired Boiler-Test Report Site A: Characterization of Fine
the combustion zone. This can occur before or after any control devices,
Particulate Emission Factors and Speciation Profiles from Stationary
depending upon the temperature and composition of the combustion gases.
Consequently, it has been customary to refer to PM as being composed of
Petroleum Industry Combustion Sources
two PM components, filterable and condensable, the relative amounts of
In 1997, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated new
each depending on the stack gas composition and temperature, control
ambient air standards for particulate matter (PM) smaller than 2.5
devices in use at the unit, and the method for measuring PM. While
micrometers in diameter (PM 2.5). Source emissions data are needed to
measuring filterable PM is relatively straightforward (i.e. PM collected on a
assess the contribution of petroleum industry combustion sources to
filter), condensable PM is a more esoteric quantity and its contribution to
ambient PM 2.5 concentrations. This report presents particulate
total PM emissions is very much dependent upon the choice of the
measurement results from a 550,000 pounds per hour steam boiler firing
measurement method. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency apparently
refinery process gas. The particulate stack measurements were made using
recognized this issue, and until the interest in measuring and controlling
both a dilution tunnel research test method and traditional EPA sampling
PM 2.5 emissions emerged in the 1990s, their PM sampling methods were
methods. Pages: 119
centered on measuring only filterable PM. At the time that these methods
July 2001 | Product Number: I47030 | Price: $96.00
were originally instituted, the best available pollution control devices were
mainly limited to filterable PM and could not control the condensable
portion of PM emissions. As interest in the health effects associated with PM
Publ 4704
emissions increased, efforts were centered on determining the contribution
Gas Fired Heater-Test Report Site B: Characterization of Fine
of the PM 2.5 fraction that was believed to most responsible for these effects
Particulate Emission Factors and Speciation Profiles from Stationary
and principally composed of condensable matter. This report will review the
Petroleum Industry Combustion Sources
conditions leading to the formation of condensable particulate matter from
stack gas components along with the methods used to measure PM
In 1997, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated new
emissions from refinery combustion sources. Pages: 27
ambient air standards for particulate matter (PM) smaller than
September 2008 | Product Number: I47720 | Price: $68.00
2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM 2.5). Source emissions data are needed
to assess the contribution of petroleum industry combustion sources to
ambient PM 2.5 concentrations. This report presents particulate
Publ 4775
measurement results from a 114 million British thermal unit (MMBtu) per
Simulating the Effect of Aerobic Biodegradation on Soil Vapor
hour gas-fired refinery process heater. The particulate stack measurements
Intrusion into Buildings-Evaluation of Low Strength Sources
were made using both a dilution tunnel research test method and traditional
Associated with Dissolved Gasoline Plumes
EPA sampling methods. Pages: 118
August 2001 | Product Number: I47040 | Price: $96.00
Aerobic biodegradation can contribute significantly to the attenuation of
petroleum hydrocarbon vapors in the unsaturated zone; however, most
regulatory guidance for assessing potential human health risks via vapor
Publ 4712
intrusion to indoor air either neglect biodegradation or only allow for one
Gas-Fired Steam Generator-Test Report Site C: Characterization of
order of magnitude additional attenuation for aerobically degradable
Fine Particulate Emission Factors and Speciation Profiles from
compounds, which may be overly conservative in many cases. This paper
Stationary Petroleum Industry Combustion Sources
describes results from three-dimensional numerical model simulations of
vapor intrusion for petroleum hydrocarbons to assess the influence of
In 1997, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency promulgated new
aerobic biodegradation on the attenuation factor for a variety of source
ambient air standards for particulate matter (PM) smaller than
concentrations and depths for buildings with basements and slab-on-grade
2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM 2.5). Source emissions data are needed
construction. Provided that oxygen is present in the vadose zone, aerobic
to assess the contribution of petroleum industry combustion sources to
biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon vapors in the unsaturated zone will
ambient PM 2.5 concentrations. This report presents that the gas fired
reduce the soil gas concentrations and the potential risks from vapor
steam generator has a maximum heat input of 62.5 MMBtu/Hr with an
intrusion to indoor air compared to nondegrading compounds. At lower
average rate of approximately 50 MMBtu/hr. Pages: 100
source concentrations and/or deeper source depths, aerobic biodegradation
July 2001 | Product Number: I47120 | Price: $90.00
may result in a reduction in vapor intrusion attenuation factors by many
orders of magnitude. The magnitude of the reduction depends on site-
specific conditions, which should be considered in the development of a
conceptual site model for each site. However, oxygen supply and
degradation rates are likely to be sufficient at many sites to mitigate potential
risks from vapor intrusion for low vapor concentration sources (less than
134
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This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
Health and Environmental Issues
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about 2 mg/L-vapor total hydrocarbons). The simulations conducted in this
calculating fugitive emissions are presented: EPA average emission factor
study provide a framework for understanding the degree to which bio-
method, EPA screening value range emission method, EPA correlation
attenuation will occur under a variety of scenarios and provide insight into
method, and leak quantification method. Pages: 62
site conditions that will result in significant biodegradation. This improved
July 1996 | Product Number: I46380 | Price: $67.00
understanding may be used to select site-specific attenuation factors for
degradable compounds and develop soil vapor screening levels appropriate
Publ 4661
for particular combinations of source concentrations, source depth, and
Exploration and Production Emission Calculator II (EPEC II) User's
building characteristics, which should be defined as part of a site conceptual
Guide
model. Pages: 53
The Exploration and Production Emission Calculator Version 2.0 (EPEC II) is
April 2009 | Product Number: I47750 | Price: $117.00
a software tool that can be used to estimate emissions for exploration and
production facilities. EPEC II integrates user inputs, emission calculations,
Publ 4776
and data summaries for many equipment types common to exploration and
A Guide to Understanding, Assessment and the Regulation of PAHs
production facilities. The calculation techniques and emission factors utilized
in the Aquatic Environment
by the EPEC II software were, in most cases, established by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, API, and the Gas Research Institute.
Designed to be an introductory guide to understanding and assessing
Published references that provide background information for the calculation
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aquatic environment
methods used in EPEC II are given for each equipment type in both the
(water and sediments). API prepared this guide primarily for refinery
software and in each section of this user's guide. Pages: 96
personnel and home office environmental staff who may have to address
2nd Edition | January 2007 | Product Number: I46610 | Price: $136.00
PAH issues. In addition, this guide may also be useful to staff in regulatory
agencies that work with PAHs in wastewater discharge permits, waste load
Publ 4662
allocations (total maximum daily loadings), and sediment investigation
and remediation.
Evaluation of a Petroleum Production Tank Emissions Model
The guide provides an overview on the chemistry, fate, and sources of PAHs
E&P TANK was evaluated for petroleum production tanks in an emission
in the environment and the regulatory implications. The guide also includes
measurement project sponsored by API and the Gas Research Institute.
descriptions of the different sources of PAHs (petrogenic, pyrogenic,
Emission testing was performed on storage tank vents located at seven sites
diagenic, biogenic) and techniques for differentiating these sources through
in widely diverse oil and gas producing regions across the United States.
their characteristic fingerprints, including straightforward ways to help identify
Measured emissions were found to be in agreement with E&P TANK model
or rule out potential sources.Pages: 60
predictions.Pages: 338
September 2011 | Product Number: I47760 | Price: $116.00
October 1997 | Product Number: I46620 | Price: $128.00
EMISSIONS: EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION
Publ 4679
Amine Unit Air Emissions Model and User’s Guide, AMINECalc
Publ 4589
Version 1.0
Fugitive Hydrocarbon Emissions from Oil and Gas Production
Operations
AMINECalc is a user-friendly Windows®-based software program that
estimates hydrocarbon emissions from amine-based sour gas and natural
The emission factors derived in this report indicate that fugitive emissions
gas liquid sweetening units. The output generated by the software can be
from production facilities are considerably lower than they were in the late
used for regulatory reporting by unit operators according to the requirements
1970s. Investigators use portable detectors to screen more than 180,000
of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. AMINECalc performs three types
components at 20 offshore and onshore facilities. Mass emission rates from
of calculation options: (1) mass balance calculation, (2) gas process (gas
“bagged” emitters, valves, connectors, and other components, such as seals
feed) simulation, and (3) NGL process (liquid feed) simulation. Mass
and vents, are used to develop emission factors for individual components
emission rates of hazardous air pollutants, including benzene, toluene,
and groups of components. A workbook included in the report provides site
ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), and volatile organic compounds can be
operators with three different options to calculate emissions from their
estimated with the use of AMINECalc. System requirements for running
facilities. See also Publ 4615. Pages: 263
AMINECalc Version 1.0 are IBM PC 486 compatible or higher, 8 MB RAM or
December 1993 | Product Number: I45890 | Price: $154.00
more, and Windows® 95/98/NT. Approximately 2 MB of hard disk space are
required to hold the program and its supporting run-time libraries. For better
Publ 4615
interface viewing, it is recommended that the user set the monitor to a high
Emission Factors for Oil and Gas Production Operation
color 16 bit (or higher) resolution. See also Publ 4680. Pages: 76
Supplements the information found in Publ 4589 and contains revised
January 1999 | Product Number: I46790 | Price: $535.00
emission factors developed from 1993 API data using correlation equations
established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1994. The report
Publ 4680
contains emissions factors for five types of production operations-light
Amine Unit Air Emissions Model Evaluation
crude production, heavy crude production, gas production, gas processing
plants, and offshore production. It also contains profiles of speciated
The implementation of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments in the United
emissions including air toxics and assesses regional differences in fugitive
States has created the need for a reliable method to estimate and report
emissions and control efficiency of inspection and maintenance programs.
hydrocarbon emissions from amine units. A simulation package, called
Component inventory data, screening data, and leak emission data are also
Amine Unit Air EmissionModel (AMINECalc) Version 1.0 was developed. This
included. See also Publ 4589. Pages: 56
report evaluates the AMINECalc model by comparing the simulation results
January 1995 | Product Number: I46150 | Price: $67.00
with field data collected from operating gas plants. It also recommends
improvements and modifications to refine the predictions. See also
Publ 4638
Publ 4679. Pages: 96
Calculation Workbook for Oil and Gas Production Equipment
December 1998 | Product Number: I46800 | Price: $131.00
Fugitive Emissions
This workbook, which is the result of five years of field testing of equipment
components at production facilities across the United States, is a valuable
tool for petroleum producers who are interested in estimating fugitive
emissions from their oil and gas production sites. Four methods of
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
135
Health and Environmental Issues
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Publ 4683
EMISSIONS: REFINING
Correlation Equations to Predict Reid Vapor Pressure and Properties
of Gaseous Emissions for Exploration and Production Facilities
Validation of Heavy Gas Dispersion Models with Experimental
Results of the Thorney Island Trials
Establishes simple techniques for exploration and production (E&P)
operators of petroleum storage tank facilities to use for the preparation of
Volumes I & II
site-specific emission inventories to meet environmental regulations.
June 1986
Analyses were performed of oil and gas sampling results and emissions
modeling results for more than 100 crude oil E&P storage tanks. Correlation
Publ 4587
equations or statistical averages were recommended to estimate Reid Vapor
Remote Sensing Feasibility Study of Refinery Fenceline Emissions
Pressure, vented flash gas molecular weight, vented working and standing
gas molecular weight, hydrocarbon speciation (including hazardous air
Reviews the state of the art of optical remote sensing (ORS) technology and
pollutants), and separator gas specific gravity. Pages: 82
examines the potential use of ORS systems combined with ancillary
measurements, such as meteorological and tracer gas release data to
December 1998 | Product Number: I46830 | Price: $86.00
determine fugitive emission rates. The report also highlights some issues to
consider in planning an ORS field study and clarifies the attendant tradeoffs
Publ 4697
for issues such as selection of appropriate ORS systems, consideration of
Production Tank Emissions Model (E&P TANK,Version 3.0)
detection limits and beam placement, choice of dispersion models, use of
E&P TANKS (API Publ 4697) is a computer-based software designed to use
tracer gas releases, time scale and timing of field studies, and the requisite
site-specific information to predict emission from petroleum production
meteorological measurements. Pages: 105
storage tanks, now compatible with 32-bit and 64-bit Windows 7 as well as
April 1994 | Product Number: I45870 | Price: $76.00
Windows 2000/XP/Vista. It estimates flashing, working, and standing losses
and calculates losses using specific operations for each user's tank. Cited by
Publ 4677
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), it allows the user to enter
Fugitive Emissions from Refinery Process Drains, Volume I, Fugitive
specific tank condition information to generate air emission reports.
Emission Factors for Refinery Process Drains
API has discontinued the sale of E&P Tanks v3.0; no new licenses for the
software will be issued.
Emissions from refinery process drains are under increasing scrutiny,
particularly with regard to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and hazardous
Existing customers should contact support@eptanks.com for assistance in
air pollutants because of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. This
transferring an existing E&P Tanks v3.0 license from one user to another user.
publication is volume one of a three-part study initiated by API to update the
API will continue to offer support for existing customers who encounter errors
AP-42 emission factor for refinery process drains, which may overestimate
inputting data into software in accordance with E&P Tanks user guide
refinery process drain fugitive emissions. This volume contains simplified
(Publication 4697).
emission factors that can be used to quickly estimate total VOC emissions
(Note that API provides no support for earlier versions of E&P Tanks.)
from refinery process drains. See also Publ 4639, Publ 4678, and
Publ 4681.Pages: 132
EMISSIONS: MARKETING
April 1999 | Product Number: I46770 | Price: $105.00
Publ 4588
Publ 4678
Development of Fugitive Emission Factors and Emission Profiles for
Fugitive Emissions from Refinery Process Drains, Volume II,
Petroleum Marketing Terminals, Volume 1
Fundamentals of Fugitive Emissions from Refinery Process Drains
To evaluate the accuracy of fugitive emission estimates for petroleum
Volume two of a three-part study initiated by API to update the AP-42 emission
marketing terminals, a study was designed to determine average emission
factor for refinery process drains, which may overestimate refinery process
factors and fugitive emission correlation equations for components in light
drain fugitive emissions. This volume describes theoretical concepts and
liquid and gas vapor services. Four marketing terminals were tested, and the
equations that may be used in a model (APIDRAIN) to estimate speciated
results of the study are presented in this report. See also appendices to this
volatile organic compound emissions. The model can provide insight on how to
document, Publ 45881. Pages: 146
change process drain variables (flow rate, temperature, etc.) to reduce
emissions. See also Publ 4639, Publ 4677, and Publ 4681. Pages: 104
May 1993 | Product Number: I45880 | Price: $134.00
April 1999 | Product Number: I46780 | Price: $105.00
Publ 45881
Publ 4681
Development of Fugitive Emission Factors and Emission Profiles for
Fugitive Emissions from Refinery Process Drains, Volume III, Process
Petroleum Marketing Terminals, Volume 2
Drain Emission Calculator: APIDRAIN Version 1.0
This volume is the appendix to Publ 4588. Appendices include statistical
analyses of data, field inventory sheet data, emitter data, nonaromatic
Volume three of a three-part study-the computer model with user’s guide to
estimate emissions from refinery process drains. APIDRAIN is a user-friendly
speciation data, and aromatic speciation data. See also Publ 4588.
Pages: 217
Windows®-based software program operating under the Microsoft Excel® for
Windows® environment. The model allows the user to sum up the emissions
May 1993 | Product Number: I45881 | Price: $124.00
from a refinery process unit area or from the entire refinery. The model user
can quickly and easily predict the contribution of process drain emissions to
the total emission inventory of a refinery. Unit operators can use the output
generated by the software for regulatory reporting according to the
requirements of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The minimum
system requirements for running APIDRAIN Version 1.0 are PC 486 DX2
Windows® 3.11 platform, 8 MB RAM, and Windows 95®/Windows NT®. The
user must have Windows® and Excel® installed on a personal computer to
begin using the software. The APIDRAIN model is enhanced with automatic
functions that enable the user to easily summarize important reporting
information and to generate tabular emissions totals for both specific
refinery process units and for the entire refinery. It is not necessary for the
user to possess a rigorous understanding of Excel® to use APIDRAIN; only a
136
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Health and Environmental Issues
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few common principles of the Windows® operating environment are needed
techniques tested and proven in Phase 1 of this study. The emission factor
(such as point-and-click and navigation of tab and arrow keys). See also
determined for heavy-duty diesel vehicles in this work was less than the EPA
Publ 4639,Publ 4677,and Publ 4678. Pages: 92
estimate. Pages: 96
April 1999 | Product Number: I46810 | Price: $446.00
December 1996 | Product Number: I46420 | Price: $141.00
Publ 4713
Publ 4646
Test Report: Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Unit at a Refinery (Site A),
Evaluation of Fuel Tank Flammability of Low RVP Gasolines
Characterization of Fine Particulate Emission Factors and Speciation
Twenty-two test fuels were varied with respect to Reid vapor pressure (RVP),
Profiles from Stationary Petroleum Industry Combustion Sources
pentane-to-butane ratio, and addition of ethanol and methyl tert-butyl ether
There are few existing data on emissions and characteristics of fine aerosols
(MTBE), to evaluate the conditions under which vapors from reformulated
from petroleum industry combustion sources, and the limited information that
gasoline contained in automobile fuel tanks become flammable. The results
is available is incomplete and outdated. API developed a test protocol to
show that temperature limits of flammability correlate with RVP; the addition
address this data gap, specifically to:
of ethanol or MTBE or both affects the upper flammability limits; and the
•
develop emission factors and speciation profiles for emissions of primary
ratio of pentane to butane has no consistent effect at similar RVP levels.
fine particulate matter (i.e. particulate present in the stack flue gas
Pages: 144
including condensable aerosols), especially organic aerosols from gas-
December 1996 | Product Number: I46460 | Price: $105.00
fired combustion devices, and
•
identify and characterize secondary particulate (i.e. particulate formed via
EXPOSURE:ASSESSMENTAND MONITORING
reaction of stack emissions in the atmosphere) precursor emissions.
This report presents the results of a pilot project to evaluate the test protocol
Publ 4617
on a refinery fluid catalytic cracking unit.Pages 113
A Monte Carlo Approach to Generating Equivalent Ventilation Rates
March 2002 | Product Number: I47130 | Price: $157.00
in Population Exposure Assessments
Publ 4723-A
Describes a study to improve breathing rate simulations in computer-based
models used to estimate the exposures of urban populations to ozone and
Refinery Stream Composition Data-Update to Speciation Data in
carbon monoxide. Algorithms producing equivalent ventilation rate values
API 4723
according to age, gender, activity, activity duration, and breathing rate
Since the publication of API 4723 in 2002, new regulatory requirements
category were developed from measured rates in primary-school children,
have resulted in many changes in refinery processes that may have altered
high-school children, outdoor adult workers, and construction workers. Seven
process stream compositions. Changing feedstocks, new process additives,
additional time/activity databases not used in the current pNEM
and new catalysts may also have affected the concentrations of chemical
methodology are described as well as models simulating maximum
species present in specific process streams.
sustainable ventilation rates as a function of exercise duration, age, and
gender. Pages: 168
Based on an assessment of the range and depth of more recent stream
speciation data, the Petroleum Environmental Research Forum (PERF)
March 1995 | Product Number: I46170 | Price: $86.00
elected to update the stream speciation profiles in API 4723 using more
recent composition sampling. The updated profiles are provided in this
Publ 4622
report. PERF members believe that the newer data are more representative
Petroleum Industry Data Characterizing Occupational Exposures to
due to improved sampling and analytical techniques and that these newer
Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE): 1983-1993
analyses better reflect changes in refinery operations over recent years.
Describes the results of a survey of API member companies to acquire data
A large database of records was collated for the current study, representing
relating to occupational exposure to MTBE for various activities associated
information from 25 refineries.
with petroleum facilities. It provides a detailed description of the survey
The original study reported on 24 chemical species and the current study
questionnaire as well as a statistical analysis of some 1,833 workplace
provides data on 89 species. The original study reported on 65 refinery
concentration measurements associated with potential occupational
process streams and the current project provides data on 68 process
exposures. Pages: 105
streams.
August 1995 | Product Number: I46220 | Price: $67.00
The material contained in this report will be of use in estimating the
emissions of specific chemical species, preparing permit applications, and
Publ 4625
performing other environmental assessments. API, PERF, and the project
Service Station Personnel Exposures to Oxygenated Fuel
participants make no claims as to the suitability or acceptability of the
stream composition data reported herein for specific reporting or regulatory
Components
purposes. Pages: 278
Describes a study in four ozone nonattainment areas to measured
December 2018 | Product Number: I4723A | Price: $158.00
exposures of refueling attendants and mechanics to fuel oxygenate
species-methyl ttertiary butyl ether, tertiary amyl methyl ether, tertiary
EMISSIONS: VEHICLES
butyl alcohol, ethanol, and butyl alcohol-at service stations. The
aromatics-benzene, toluene, xylene, para-xylene, and ethylbenzene-
were also measured. Full shift (approximately 8-hour time-weighted
Publ 4642
average) and short-term (15-20 minutes) samples were collected at
A Study to Quantify On-Road Emissions of Dioxins and Furans from
each station. Volatility and meteorological measurements were also
Mobile Sources: Phase 2
taken. Pages: 144
Presents the results of a study to assess on-road emissions of dioxins and
August 1995 | Product Number: I46250 | Price: $71.00
furans from light- and heavy-duty vehicles in the United States. This study
was conducted in response to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s
Publ 4629
(EPA) draft dioxin reassessment document, which was based on data
Hexavalent Chromium Exposures During Hot Work
developed from studies conducted outside of the United States. Emissions
were measured in the Fort McHenry Tunnel in Baltimore, MD, based on
Details the findings from an air sampling survey contracted by API to evaluate
inhalation exposures to hexavalent chromium [chromium (VI)] during seven
types of hot work: carbon arc cutting (CAC), flux cored arc welding (FCAW), gas
metal arc welding (GMAW or MIG), grinding, gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW or
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
137
Health and Environmental Issues
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TIG), oxyfuel gas cutting (OFC or torch cutting), and shielded metal arc welding
national ambient air quality standards be modified; and the need for future
(SMAW or stick). After the First Edition of this report was published, it was
research efforts to explore the development of a suitable multiparameter
determined that 15 samples from one of the projects were listed as carbon
index to protect vegetation from ozone exposure. Pages: 156
steel base metal and should have been listed as stainless steel. While the
August 1991 | Product Number: J30500 | Price: $90.00
original report was careful to point out the use of electrodes typical for stainless
work, it was felt that a complete update was needed. Eighty-three samples
Publ 309
were collected in October and November 2005 at two petroleum sites during
maintenance turnarounds by API member companies. An additional 188
Current Status and Research Needs Related to Biogenic
samples were collected April-June 2006 at three different petroleum company
Hydrocarbons
sites by ICU Environmental Health and Safety. Of the 271 total samples, 63
Describes the literature on the state of science on biogenic hydrocarbons.
samples were at or above the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Among the areas covered are biogenic emission measurements, ambient
(OSHA) action level of 2.5 g/m3 and 51 were at or above the OSHA
concentration measurements, emission inventories, chemical kinetics, and
permissible exposure limit of 5 g/m3. Pages: 12
modeling studies from 1960 to 1992. The results of the review are used to
identify areas of understanding as well as uncertainty in present-day
June 2007 | Product Number: I46290 | Price: $93.00
knowledge.A list of references with 163 abstracts is included. Pages: 240
June 1992 | Product Number: J30900 | Price: $122.00
MODELING
Publ 4616
Publ 4546
Hazard Response Modeling Uncertainty (a Quantitative Method):
The Importance of Using Alternative Base Cases in Photochemical
Modeling
Evaluation of Commonly-Used Hazardous Gas Dispersion Models-
Volume 2
A series of Urban Airshed Model sensitivity studies were conducted using two
summer O3 episodes. Plausible alternative conditions were established to
Contains an evaluation of a group of 14 hazardous gas dispersion models.
define acceptable base cases, some of which provided model performance
All available measurement programs were considered for the evaluation,
comparable to the best achieved for the episodes. The alternative base
covering both the releases of dense gases and nondense tracer gases; eight
cases used in this study produced significant differences in estimates of the
data sets are used in the evaluation. The models are reviewed for their
air quality benefits of hypothetical emissions reductions. The study strongly
scientific validity. Statistical procedures and residual plots are used to
recommends that current photochemical modeling practices include this
characterize performance. A number of the models give predictions that
type of analysis to reduce the risk of focusing on the wrong ozone precursor,
reasonably match field data. Pages: 351
underestimating control requirements, or incurring costs to implement
October 1992 | Product Number: I45460 | Price: $154.00
unnecessary controls. Pages: 364
September 1994 | Product Number: I46160 | Price: $149.00
Publ 4628
A Guidance Manual for Modeling Hypothetical Accidental Releases
Environment and Safety Data
to the Atmosphere
The following summaries report on cases that are recorded under the U.S.
Presents methods for modeling hypothetical accidental releases of fluids
Bureau of Labor Statistics’ recordkeeping guidelines. The surveys are based
and gases into the atmosphere from process operations. Given a particular
on data submitted to API by oil and gas companies. The reports include
type of release and the chemicals or petroleum fractions involved, methods
information regarding injuries, illness, fatalities, lost workday cases, and
for modeling the release and subsequent dispersion phenomena are treated
incidence rates by function.
in a step-wise, comprehensive manner. Detailed simulation of eight
hypothetical release scenarios are presented to demonstrate how the
1989 Summary of Occupational Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities in
modeling procedures can be implemented. Pages: 212
the Petroleum Industry
November 1996 | Product Number: I46280 | Price: $154.00
January 1989 | Product Number: K19996 | Price: $64.00
Publ 4669
1990 Summary of Occupational Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities in
Review of Air Quality Models for Particulate Matter
the Petroleum Industry
API has published a review of existing source and receptor models
July 1991 | Product Number: K19988 | Price: $89.00
available for analyzing particulate matter (PM) concentrations. This report
critically reviews existing air modeling tools for PM, recommends models
for State Implementation Plan applications, and identifies areas where the
1991 Summary of Occupational Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities in
models need improvement. If you would like API to provide you with a hard
the Petroleum Industry
copy of this publication for a cost of $45.00, please contact the
September 1992 | Product Number: K19987 | Price: $89.00
Intellectual Property Department at API, 1200 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20001-5571; e-mail: apipubs@api.org;
1992 Summary of Occupational Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities in
phone: 202-682-8156. Pages: 311
the Petroleum Industry
March 1998
August 1993 | Product Number: K19986 | Price: $89.00
OZONE
1993 Summary of Occupational Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities in
Publ 305
the Petroleum Industry
Protecting Agricultural Crops from Ozone Exposures-Key Issues and
June 1994 | Product Number: K19985 | Price: $104.00
Future Research Directions
1994 Summary of U.S. Occupational Injuries, Illnesses, and
Identifies and reviews some of the key issues related to assessing the effects
Fatalities in the Petroleum Industry
of ozone exposure on vegetation. This report analyzes information on
components of ozone exposure that elicit adverse effects on vegetation; ways
June 1995 | Product Number: K19984 | Price: $104.00
to describe these components in the form of ozone exposure indices that
may be useful in the standard-setting process for protecting vegetation; the
change in nonattainment status that may occur should the existing ozone
138
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This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
Health and Environmental Issues
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1995 Summary of U.S. Occupational Injuries, Illnesses, and
Publ 2386
Fatalities in the Petroleum Industry
2007 Survey on Petroleum Industry Occupational Injuries, Illnesses,
and Fatalities Summary Report: Aggregate Data Only
May 1996 | Product Number: K19983 | Price: $104.00
May 2008 | Product Number: K23861 | Price: $112.00
Publ 2375
1996 Summary of Occupational Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities in
Publ 2387
the Petroleum Industry
2008 Survey on Petroleum Industry Occupational Injuries, Illnesses,
June 1997 | Product Number: K23751 | Price: $104.00
and Fatalities Summary Report: Aggregate Data Only
March 2009 | Product Number: K23871 | Price: $112.00
Publ 2376
1997 Summary of Occupational Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities in
Publ 2388
the Petroleum Industry
2009 Survey on Petroleum Industry Occupational Injuries, Illnesses,
June 1998 | Product Number: K23761 | Price: $104.00
and Fatalities Summary Report: Aggregate Data Only
April 2010 | Product Number: K23881 | Price: $112.00
Publ 2377
1998 Summary of Occupational Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities in
Publ 4714
the Petroleum Industry
A Guide to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons for the Non-Specialist
March 1999 | Product Number: K23771 | Price: $112.00
Provides an introduction to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for
persons working in the petroleum industry. It describes in general terms what
Publ 2378
PAHs are and how they are formed; PAH environmental transport, fate, and
1999 Survey on Petroleum Industry Occupational Injuries, Illnesses,
health effects; regulatory requirements related to PAHs; and analytical
and Fatalities Summary Report: Aggregate Data Only
methods for measuring PAH concentrations in the environment. This
June 2000 | Product Number: K23781 | Price: $112.00
information is of particular relevance to the petroleum industry due to the
natural presence of PAHs in crude oil, the formation of PAHs during some
Publ 2379
refining processes, and the potential for production of PAHs during the
combustion of petroleum products. The intended audience for this report
2000 Survey on Petroleum Industry Occupational Injuries, Illnesses,
includes environmental professionals who must address PAH regulatory
and Fatalities Summary Report: Aggregate Data Only
issues and field personnel who are responsible for the sampling and
March 2001 | Product Number: K23790 | Price: $112.00
analyses of PAHs. Pages: 36
February 2002 | Product Number: I47141 | Price: $86.00
Publ 2380
2001 Survey on Petroleum Industry Occupational Injuries, Illnesses,
Human Health Related Research
and Fatalities Summary Report: Aggregate Data Only
March 2002 | Product Number: K23801 | Price: $112.00
TR 400
Toluene: A Preliminary Study of the Effect of Toluene on Pregnancy of
Publ 2381
the Rat
2002 Survey on Petroleum Industry Occupational Injuries, Illnesses,
Describes a preliminary experiment performed on the pregnant rat to
and Fatalities Summary Report: Aggregate Data Only
determine appropriate exposure levels of toluene, for future investigation of
June 2003 | Product Number: K23811 | Price: $112.00
embryofetal toxicity in the rat when administered via the inhalation route
from days 5 to 15 of pregnancy inclusive. The inhalation route of
Publ 2382
administration was chosen as the most likely route of exposure in humans.
The exposure levels were chosen following a review of currently available
2003 Survey on Petroleum Industry Occupational Injuries, Illnesses,
information.See related documentTR 401.Pages: 113
and Fatalities Summary Report: Aggregate Data Only
June 1993 | Product Number: I00400 | Price: $67.00
May 2005 | Product Number: K23821 | Price: $112.00
TR 401
Publ 2383
Toluene: The Effect on Pregnancy of the Rat
2004 Survey on Petroleum Industry Occupational Injuries, Illnesses,
and Fatalities Summary Report: Aggregate Data Only
Describes a study to assess the toxicity of toluene on the pregnant rat as well
as on the developing fetus. Pregnant rats were exposed to 250, 750, 1500,
March 2005 | Product Number: K23831 | Price: $112.00
and 3000 ppm toluene via inhalation for 6 hours a day from days 6 to 15 of
pregnancy. Control rats were exposed to filtered air for the same length of
Publ 2384
time. Throughout the exposure period, animals were observed for clinical
2005 Survey on Petroleum Industry Occupational Injuries, Illnesses,
signs of toxicity. On day 20, the females were sacrificed and examined for
and Fatalities Summary Report: Aggregate Data Only
abnormalities. The number and distribution of live young as well as the
number of fetal deaths and abnormalities were also recorded. See related
May 2006 | Product Number: K23841 | Price: $112.00
document TR 400. Pages: 215
Publ 2385
June 1993 | Product Number: I00401 | Price: $95.00
2006 Survey on Petroleum Industry Occupational Injuries, Illnesses,
and Fatalities Summary Report: Aggregate Data Only
June 2007 | Product Number: K23851 | Price: $112.00
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
139
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TR 403
TR 412 and TR 414
Closed-Patch Repeated Insult Dermal Sensitization Study of TAME
A Range-Finding Developmental Inhalation Toxicity Study of
in Guinea Pigs
Unleaded Gasoline Vapor Condensate in Rats and Mice via Whole-
Body Exposure and an Inhalation Developmental Toxicity Study of
Describes a study to evaluate the allergic contact sensitization potential of
Unleaded Gasoline Vapor Condensate in the Rat via Whole-Body
tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME) in guinea pigs. Observations for mortality were
Exposure
made daily. Body weights were obtained and general health monitored
weekly. Dermal evaluations were made approximately 24 and 48 hours after
This two-part inhalation study sought to specifically evaluate the potential of
exposure. Pages: 32
unleaded gasoline for developmental toxicity in rodents. The composition of
the unleaded gasoline vapor condensate and the treatment pattern used are
February 1995 | Product Number: I00403 | Price: $67.00
representative of real-world exposure conditions encountered at service
stations and in other occupational settings. The results show that
TR 404
developmentally there were no differences between treated and control
An Inhalation Oncogenicity Study of Commercial Hexane in Rats and
groups in malformations, total variations, resorptions, fetal body weight, or
Mice, Part I-Rats
viability. Under the conditions of the study, unleaded gasoline vapors did not
produce evidence of developmental toxicity. (This volume includes
This abridged report, the first part of a two-part set, evaluates the oncogenic
publications TR 412 and TR 414.) Pages: 300
potential of commercial hexane administered to four groups of 50 Fischer
April 1998 | Product Number: I00412 | Price: $105.00
344 rats at concentrations of 0, 900, 3000 and 9000 ppm in air. Summary
text as well as pertinent data on changes in body weight, pathology, and
individual and overall tumor incidence including differences in survivorship
Publ 4592
between control and exposed groups are provided. The amendment and
Odor Threshold Studies Performed with Gasoline and Gasoline
table of contents to the unabridged final report are included.Pages: 152
Combined with MTBE, ETBE and TAME
January 1995 | Product Number: I00404 | Price: $86.00
Examines the effects on odor detection and recognition of adding
oxygenates such as methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tertiary butyl
TR 405
ether (ETBE), and tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME), to gasoline. Commercial
An Inhalation Oncogenicity Study of Commercial Hexane in Rats and
grade MTBE is also evaluated for its taste threshold in water. The odor
detection threshold is the minimum concentration at which 50 % of a given
Mice, Part II-Mice
population can differentiate between a sample containing the odorant and a
This abridged report, the second part of a two-part set, evaluates the
sample of odor-free air. The recognition threshold is the minimum
oncogenic potential of commercial hexane administered to four groups of 50
concentration at which 50 % of a given population can recognize the
B6C3F1 mice at concentrations of 0, 900, 3000 and 9000 ppm in air.
odorant. The addition of 11 % to 15 % by volume MTBE or 15 % by volume
Summary text and pertinent data on differences in survivorship between
of TAME or ETBE reduce the odor detection and recognition thresholds of
control and exposed groups, changes in body weight, and pathology are
gasoline. Pages: 76
provided. The table of contents to the unabridged final report is included.
January 1994 | Product Number: I45920 | Price: $86.00
Pages: 106
January 1995 | Product Number: I00405 | Price: $67.00
Publ 4623
Anecdotal Health-Related Complaint Data Pertaining to Possible
TR 409
Exposures to Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE): 1993 and 1994
Primary Skin Irritation Study in Rabbits of API 91-01 and PS-6
Follow-Up Surveys
Unleaded Test Gasolines
Describes the development and administration of an informal survey of API
Describes a study conducted to assess primary dermal irritation data for two
member companies and state agencies to acquire anecdotal complaint data
motor fuels according to Toxic Substances Control Act and Federal
relating to MTBE exposure. Data associated with 71 occupational and 13
Hazardous Substances Act guidelines. Test rabbits were exposed dermally to
nonoccupational health-related complaints including reported symptoms are
unleaded gasoline according to a specified protocol and observed daily for
presented. Pages: 33
signs of skin irritation. Such information is valuable for accurate hazard
September 1995 | Product Number: I46230 | Price: $67.00
assessment and first aid treatment.Pages: 58
March 1995 | Product Number: I00409 | Price: $67.00
Publ 4634
Index and Abstracts of API Health-Related Research
TR 410
This compendium of health-related research provides author, organization,
Chromosome Aberrations in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cells
and subject indices for research investigations and scientific reviews
Exposed to Tertiary Amyl Methyl Ether (TAME)
conducted for API between 1959 and 1994. It covers industrial hygiene and
exposure assessment, toxicology, environmental biology, product safety, and
Evaluates the clastogenic potential of TAME using CHO cells compared to the
community and occupational health research areas. Informative abstracts
solvent control group. Based on the findings of this study, TAME was
provide useful background on each study and give information on
concluded to be positive for the induction of structural chromosome
publication availability. Pages: 160
abberations in CHO cells. Pages: 56
September 1995 | Product Number: I46340 | Price: $86.00
December 1996 | Product Number: I00410 | Price: $95.00
Publ 4647
TR 411
Brain Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) as a Marker of
Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) HGPRT Mutation Assay of Tertiary
Neurotoxicity During Inhalation Exposure to Toluene
Amyl Methyl Ether (TAME)
Evaluates the concentration of GFAP in the rat’s brain as a practical
Describes a study conducted to evaluate the mutagenic potential of the test
biomarker of toluene-induced neurotoxicity. Adult male rats received
article, TAME based on quantitation of forward mutations at the
inhalation exposure to toluene scfromheduled to approximate occupational
hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) locus of CHO
exposure for up to 42 days. During and after exposure, the concentration of
cells. Under the conditions of this study, TAME was concluded to be negative
GFAP was determined in four brain regions and compared with standard
in the CHO/HGPRT mutation assay.Pages: 46
criteria of neurotoxicity: behavioral or neuropathological changes. Pages: 44
December 1996 | Product Number: I00411 | Price: $95.00
June 1997 | Product Number: I46470 | Price: $86.00
140
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This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
Health and Environmental Issues
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Publ 4648
available restoration techniques are not very effective for enhancing natural
Human Neurobehavioral Study Methods: Effects of Subject Variables
recovery and may, in certain cases, cause more severe impacts than the oil
spill alone. Pages: 171
on Results
1st Edition | October 1991 | Product Number: J30400 | Price: $90.00
Behavioral tests from two consensus neurotoxicity batteries were
administered to 715 subjects aged 26-45. These people had 0-18 years of
Publ 316
education and represented the following cultural groups: European-descent
majority, Native American Indian, African American, and Latin American.
Identifying and Measuring Nonuse Values for Natural and
Differences in educational level and locale (rural vs. urban) and gender were
Environmental Resources: A Critical Review
examined. All factors affected the outcome of the behavioral tests studied.
Takes an in-depth look at the theoretical arguments for using the contingent
Results suggested that education and cultural group should be controlled in
value method (CVM) as a scientifically valid and reliable tool for valuing
the design of the study rather than in the statistical analysis, and failure to
nonuse public goods, specifically, environmental resources. The theory of
do so could lead to false conclusions about the presence or absence of
option value is used to frame the concept of nonuse; prominent studies that
neurotoxic effects. Pages: 110
feature nonuse measurement are highlighted. The potential biases of the
December 1996 | Product Number: I46480 | Price: $105.00
CVM method are mentioned with suggestions on improving values.
Pages: 134
Publ 4689
August 1995 | Product Number: J31600 | Price: $65.00
Chemical Human Health Hazards Associated with Oil Spill Response
Contains an overview of human health hazards that could be encountered by
DR 342
personnel involved with spills or leaks of petroleum products. The discussion
Toxicity Bioassays on Dispersed Oil in the North Sea: June 1996
includes potential risks of basic components and products of concern.
Field Trials
Environmental factors that may affect exposure and a brief summary of other
exposureconsiderations are also included.Pages: 51
The purpose of the study described in this report was to gain more
information on water column impacts by taking advantage of the ongoing
August 2001 | Product Number: I46890 | Price: $90.00
efficacy and monitoring studies done by the Norwegian Clean Seas
Association for Operating Companies (NOFO) in order to conduct field
Publ 4743
toxicity tests.
HazardNarrative for Tertiary-Butyl Alcohol (TBA),
The goal of this study was to obtain field effects data using shipboard, real-
CAS Number 75-65-0
time toxicity tests with field water. These data can then be used in the future
to link field effects to laboratory toxicity data. Pages: 108
The purpose of this investigation was to conduct a quantitative risk
assessment according to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidelines in
June 2002 | Product Number: I34200 | Price: $151.00
which data on the mode of action by which TBA induced renal tumors in rats
and thyroid tumors in mice was considered.When data from animal studies,
Publ 4594
such as the TBA bioassays, are extrapolated to humans to provide estimates
A Critical Review of Toxicity Values and an Evaluation of the
of lifetime cancer risks, then potential differences in pharmacokinetics
Persistence of Petroleum Products for Use in Natural Resource
(metabolism) and pharmacodynamics (sensitivity and mode of action)
Damage Assessments
between the animal species and humans is considered in the estimation of
human equivalent doses and in extrapolation from high doses typically used
This document and accompanying 3.5-in. diskette provide a review of the
in the animal bioassays to low doses to which humans may be potentially
literature (post-1970) on the toxicity of crudes and oil products in aquatic
exposed. Pharmacokinetic, toxicity, and mode of action data for TBA were
environments. Some 748 toxicity values for fish, invertebrates, and algae are
reviewed and data selected for quantitative dose-response modeling.
assembled into a database-OILTOX. LC50 values can be identified as well
Pages: 76
as information on taxonomic groups and toxicity endpoints of interest. Key
November 2005 | Product Number: I47430 | Price: $161.00
methodological aspects of toxicity tests can be made as well as
determinations of which test procedures have a significant impact on results.
Users need 640 KB RAM, DOS 2.0 or higher, and at least a 2 MB hard disk.
Publ 45592
Text may be downloaded onto a diskette and stored as a file or printed.
Results of Toxicological Studies Conducted for the American
Pages: 196
Petroleum Institute Health and Environmental Sciences Department
January 1995 | Product Number: I45940 | Price: $128.00
Lists and provides the results through December 1994 of all toxicological
studies performed on petroleum-based materials, including gasoline and
Pollution Prevention
gasoline streams, middle distillates, lubes, heavy fuels, solvents, shale oils,
and miscellaneous products. It also provides details of the tests performed
Publ 300
and the species tested. A three-ring binder is provided to house this edition
The Generation and Management of Waste and Secondary
and future updates. Pages: 190
Materials in the Petroleum Refining Industry
January 1995 | Product Number: I45592 | Price: $86.00
In 1989, API initiated a census survey of domestic refineries to document
the management of waste and secondary materials in 1987 and 1988.
Natural Resource Damage Assessment
Outstanding responses by the refineries (115 out of the total U.S. population
of 176 refineries participated) aided in making confident estimates of the
Publ 304
amount of waste managed by the U.S. refining industry. Pages: 184
Evaluation of Restoration Alternatives for Natural Resources Injured
February 1991 | Product Number: J30000 | Price: $80.00
by Oil Spills
Publ 302
Builds upon previous work in the field of oil spill impact assessment and
habitat restoration to assess the technical feasibility and practicality of
Waste Minimization in the Petroleum Industry: A Compendium of
proactive restoration following oil spills and presents an approach for
Practices
evaluating tradeoffs between natural recovery and active restoration. The
In early 1988, API undertook a project to develop a compendium of the
scenarios developed to represent a broad spectrum of possible oil spills
waste minimization practices for several different segments of the petroleum
were based on selected case studies. The report concludes that in general,
industry. The compendium discusses a large variety of practices that can and
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
141
Health and Environmental Issues
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are being utilized by the industry to reduce both the volume and toxicity of
increased to 18.2 million wet tons as compared to 16.3 million wet tons in
wastes. From “good housekeeping practices” for marketing facilities to the
1989. Much of the increased quantity reflects generation peaks associated
recycling of solvents, stormwater, and other traditional waste streams at
with construction and remediation activities. Two long-term trends are worth
refineries, the compendium illustrates the various practices available to
noting: (1) the amount of total residuals being recycled continues to rise,
minimize wastes in the industry. Pages: 152
and (2) the amount of hazardous wastes going to land treatment and
November 1991 | Product Number: J30200 | Price: $98.00
disposal continues to fall. Pages: 123
August 1993 | Product Number: J32400 | Price: $97.00
Publ 303
Generation and Management of Wastes and Secondary Materials:
Publ 329
1989 Petroleum Refining Performance
Generation and Management of Residual Materials: Petroleum
This report is a follow-up to Publ 300 and documents the results of the
Refining Performance 1991 Survey
1989 Refining Solid Waste Survey. The quantitative results of the generation
This document is the fourth in a series that describes the 1991 data from
of the 28 waste and residual streams and their management according to
API’s annual survey of the types and amounts of residual materials
the environmental management hierarchy (i.e. source reduction, recycling,
generated and managed by the refining industry. In 1991, the industry
treatment, and disposal) is presented. In addition, the document contains a
generated 14.8 million wet tons of residual materials-the smallest quantity
discussion of the state of source reduction activities underway within the
generated since API began this collection effort in 1987. The industry also
industry, including a quantitation of source reduction achievements on the
reported that pollution prevention activities accounted for a reduction in
28 streams, and the methods used to calculate source reduction. Pages: 93
715,000 wet tons of materials. A trend analysis was performed on the last
June 1992 | Product Number: J30300 | Price: $98.00
five years. Oil companies can use the data in this report to compare their
residual generation and management practices with the rest of the industry.
Publ 311
Pages: 172
Environmental Design Considerations for Petroleum Refining
June 1994 | Product Number: J32900 | Price: $109.00
Processing Units
Publ 331
Demonstrates the application of pollution prevention concepts in the design
of a refinery crude processing unit. Included are realistic waste and emission
Environmental Performance Indicators: Methods for Measuring
reduction changes that would be economically and technically attractive to
Pollution Prevention
refiners. The document is intended to serve as a reference for refinery
Presents methods that can be used to measure progress toward pollution
designers during the preliminary design phase of building a new crude unit
prevention. It investigates a series of measurement parameters presented in
or revampingan existing crude unit.Pages: 214
five categories: program-based, activity-based, mass-based, normalized
February 1993 | Product Number: J31100| Price: $160.00
efficiency, and concentration-based. Within each category of measures, the
benefits and limitations are discussed and illustrated with industry
Publ 31101
examples. Pages: 30
Executive Summary: Environmental Design Considerations for
September 1994 | Product Number: J33100 | Price: $69.00
Petroleum Refining Crude Processing Units
Executive summary to Publ 311. Pages: 13
Publ 333
February 1993 | Product Number: J31101 | Price: $63.00
Generation and Management of Residual Materials
This report is the fifth in a series of reports detailing waste and residual
Publ 312
and management practices in the refining sector. It presents the results
Responding to Environmental Challenge: The Petroleum Industry
of the 1992-1993 survey and includes information on how the industry
and Pollution Prevention
has achieved compliance with the land disposal restrictions on Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) listed hazardous K-wastes
Informal proceedings of a pollution prevention plenary session held at API’s
(K0448-K052). It also documents the influence of the primary sludge
1990 Health and Environment Annual Meeting. Speakers representing
rule and new toxicity characteristic under RCRA. Pages: 170
federal and state government, public interest groups, and various petroleum
industry segments presented their views on pollution prevention. This
February 1995 | Product Number: J33300 | Price: $109.00
document also describes API’s initiatives for pollution prevention research.
Pages: 16
Publ 336
1990 | Product Number: J31200 | Price: Free*
Management of Residual Materials: 1994, Petroleum Refining
Performance
Publ 317
This report is the sixth in a series of reports presenting the results of the API
Industry Experience with Pollution Prevention Programs
Annual Refining Residual Survey. It provides a detailed assessment of the
The API Pollution Prevention Task Force has been actively involved in
size of refinery throughput, the types of crude oil utilized, the regions in which
promoting pollution prevention within the industry since 1990. Members of
the refineries are located, the types of wastewater treatment processes used,
the Task Force have accumulated a comprehensive body of knowledge on
the amounts of different residual streams produced and how they are
the subject of pollution prevention and have compiled a resource brochure
managed,and the averagecost ofresidual stream management.Pages: 98
on the key elements that make pollution prevention programs successful.
August 1996 | Product Number: J33600 | Price: $109.00
Pages: 4
June 1993 | Product Number: J31700 | Price: Free*
Publ 339
Management of Residual Materials: 1995, Petroleum Refining
Publ 324
Performance
Generation and Management of Residual Materials: Petroleum
This report is the seventh in a series of reports presenting the results of the
Refining Performance 1990 Survey
API Annual Refining Residual Survey. Included in the report are detailed
This document is third in a series that presents the results of API’s annual
assessments of generated quantities and management practices for 14
survey of the types and amounts of wastes and residuals generated and
individual and 2 combined residual streams, trends in management
managed by the petroleum refining industry. For 1990, source reduction
practices, average costs for selected residual stream management, types of
activities doubled over the previous year. The quantity of residuals generated
wastewater treatment systems employed at refineries, pollution prevention
142
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Health and Environmental Issues
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activities, refinery capacities, and regions in which refineries are located. The
Bulletin No. 8
data in this report indicate a decrease of greater than 25 % in the quantity of
Characteristics of Dissolved Petroleum Hydrocarbon Plumes: Results
residuals generated by the refining industry from 1994 to 1995. Further, the
from Four Studies
industry trend towards increased recycling of residuals has continued. In
1995, over half of the refinery residuals generated were recycled rather than
December 1998
being treated or disposed. Pages: 106
Bulletin No. 9
July 1997 | Product Number: J33900 | Price: $109.00
Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL) Mobility Limits in Soil
Publ 345
June 2000
Management of Residual Materials: 1996 Petroleum Refining
Bulletin No. 10
Performance
Simulation of Transport of Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) to
This report is the eighth in a series of reports presenting the results of the API
Ground-Water from Small-Volume Releases of Gasoline in the
Annual Refining Residual Survey. Included in the report are detailed
Valdose Zone
assessments of generated quantities and management practices for 14
residual streams representing approximately 80 % of all residuals managed
June 2000
at U.S. refineries. Industry trend towards increased recycling of residuals has
continued. In 1996, well over half of the refinery residuals generated were
Bulletin No. 11
recycled rather than being treated or disposed. Pages: 106
Strategies for Characterizing Subsurface Releases of Gasoline
June 1998 | Product Number: J34500 | Price: $109.00
Containing MTBE
August 2000
Soil and Groundwater Research
Bulletin No. 12
No-Purge Sampling: An Approach for Long-Term Monitoring
Publ 4722
October 2000
Groundwater Sensitivity Toolkit-Users Guide, Version 1.0
API and the California MTBE Research Partnership have produced a new
Bulletin No. 13
software utility to help site managers, water purveyors, and regulators
Dissolution of MTBE from a Residually Trapped Gasoline Source
evaluate the sensitivity of a groundwater resource to a potential release of
September 2001
compounds of concern [e.g. a methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE)-oxygenated
fuel]. The toolkit examines three aspects of sensitivity: resource value,
receptor vulnerability, and natural sensitivity. The user supplies site-specific
Bulletin No. 14
information, and the toolkit returns a “scorecard” addressing the three
Predicting the Effect of Hydrocarbon and Hydrocarbon-Impacted Soil
aspects of sensitivity. Although this utility was designed with petroleum
on Groundwater
hydrocarbon releases in mind, it can be used when dissolved chlorinated
September 2001
and inorganic compounds are the chemicals of concern. The toolkit runs on
Microsoft Excel® and comes with a user’s guide. Pages: 51
Bulletin No. 15
August 2002 | Product Number: I47220 | Price: $65.00
Vadose Zone Natural Attenuation of Hydrocarbon Vapors: An
Emperical Assessment of Soil Gas Vertical Profile Data
API Soil and Groundwater Research Bulletins
December 2001
API Soil and Groundwater Research bulletins summarize research results
from project overseen by API’s Soil and Groundwater Technical Task Force.
Bulletin No. 16
The Task Force disseminates information and research results through
publications, presentations, and interaction with industry clients and
Migration of Soil Gas Vapors to Indoor Air: Determining Vapor
regulatory agencies.
Attenuation Factors Using a Screening-Level Model and Field Data
from the CDOT-MTL
The bulletins listed below can be downloaded at https://www.api.org/
April 2002
oil-and-natural-gas/environment/clean-water/ground-water/bulletins
Bulletin No. 17
Bulletin No. 1
Identification of Critical Parameters for the Johnson and Ettinger
Summary of Processes, Human Exposures and Remediation
(1991) Vapor Intrusion Model
Technologies Applicable to Low Permeability Soils
May 2002
September 1996
Bulletin No. 18
Bulletin No. 3
Answers to Frequently Asked Questions About Managing Risk at
Ten Frequently Asked Questions About MTBE in Water
LNAPL Sites
March 1998
June 2018
Bulletin No. 5
Bulletin No. 19
Evaluation of Sampling and Analytical Methods for Measuring
Evaluation of Small-Volume Releases of Ethanol-Blended Gasoline
Indicators of Intrinsic Bioremediation
at UST Sites
March 1998
October 2003
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This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
143
Health and Environmental Issues
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Bulletin No. 20
group of 12 hydrocarbons and hetero-organic compounds based on their
Answers to Frequently Asked Questions About Ethanol Impacts to
abundance in petroleum products and anticipated future interest from
regulatory agencies. Pages: 200
Groundwater
September 1994 | Product Number: I45930 | Price: $71.00
December 2003
Publ 4601
Bulletin No. 21
Transport and Fate of Dissolved Methanol, MTBE and Monoaromatic
Evaluation of Potential Vapor Transport to Indoor Air Associated with
Hydrocarbons in a Shallow Sand Aquifer
Small-Volume Releases of Oxygenated Gasolinein the Vadose Zone
January 2005
Describes a field investigation into the effect of oxygenates methanol and
methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) on the fate and transport of benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in groundwater. Natural gradient
Bulletin No. 22
tracer experiments were conducted to simulate the transport of dissolved
Maximum Potential Impacts of Tertiary Butyl Alcohol (TBA) on
plumes resulting from subsurface releases of oxygenated fuels. In these
Groundwater from Small-Volume Releases of Ethanol-Blended
experiments, methanol, MTBE, and BTEX concentrations were monitored by
Gasoline in the Vadose Zone
sampling from a dense network of multilevel piezometers, and plume
contours were mapped through application of moment analysis. A laboratory
January 2005
study on the effects of methanol and MTBE on the biodegradation of BTEX in
groundwater was also conducted. The relative mobility and persistence of
Bulletin No. 23
BTEX and the oxygenates were characterized based on field and laboratory
The Impact of Gasohol and Fuel-Grade Ethanol on BTX and Other
study data. Pages: 338
Hydrocarbons in Ground Water: Effect on Concentrations Near a
April 1994 | Product Number: I46010 | Price: $134.00
Source
December 2005
Publ 4627
In-Situ and On-Site Biodegradation of Refined and Fuel Oils: A
Bulletin No. 24
Review of Technical Literature 1988-1991
Downward Solute Plume Migration: Assessment Significance and
Implications for Characterization and Monitoring of “Diving Plumes”
Reviews more than 200 technical articles published between 1988 and
1991 in the area of on-site and in-situ bioremediation of petroleum
April 2006
hydrocarbons. It focuses specifically on current field and laboratory research
related to petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation including biodegradation of
Bulletin No. 25
crude oil and solvents. Recent work in fate and transport modeling that can
Remediation Progress at California LUFT Sites: Insights from the
be applied to petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in groundwater is also
GeoTracker Database
covered. The review is designed to complement an earlier (pre-1988) review
published by the U.S. Navy. Pages: 146
February 2012
June 1995 | Product Number: I46270 | Price: $67.00
Bulletin No. 26
Tertiary Butyl Alcohol (TBA) Biodegradation: Some Frequently Asked
Publ 4633
Questions
Barium in Produced Water: Fate and Effects in the Marine
Environment
March 2012
Provides a summary of what is currently known about the physical and
CONTAMINANT FATE AND TRANSPORT
chemical behavior of barium in produced water and in the ocean. It
discusses the factors that influence the rate of precipitation of barium as
Publ 4531
barite. The toxicity of barium to marine and freshwater organisms and
humans is discussed in relation to the concentrations and forms in which it
Chemical Fate and Impact of Oxygenates in Groundwater: Solubility
occurs in aquatic environments. Pages: 68
of BTEX from Gasoline-Oxygenate Mixtures
September 1995 | Product Number: I46330 | Price: $65.00
Oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds may be added to gasoline mixtures to
improve emission quality and octane ratings or to conserve petroleum
Publ 4643
resources, which may alter the behavior of dissolved organic compounds in
groundwater following a fuel spill. This study evaluates the effects of
Estimation of Infiltration and Recharge for Environmental Site
oxygenate additives such as methanol or methyl tertiary-butyl ether on the
Assessment
aqueous solubility of dissolved aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene,
A risk-based corrective action analysis of a site suspected of chemical
ethylbenzene, and the isomers of xylene, collectively referred to as BTEX)
contamination requires site-specific knowledge of the rate water infiltrates
from gasoline. It also explores the nature of the dissolved contaminant
through the soil to the water table. A comprehensive discussion of the current
plumes that could develop from a spill of gasoline containing methanol.
physical/chemical methods and mathematical models available to quantify
Pages: 110
those rates along with suggestions for selecting an appropriate technique,
August 1991 | Product Number: I45310 | Price: $67.00
depending on site conditions, are provided in this report. Pages: 204
July 1996 | Product Number: I46430 | Price: $105.00
Publ 4593
Transport and Fate of Non-BTEX Petroleum Chemicals in Soils and
Publ 4654
Groundwater
Field Studies of BTEX and MTBE Intrinsic Bioremediation
This literature survey documents available information on the chemical
A gasoline release field site in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina was
composition of petroleum products and the subsurface fate and transport of
monitored for more than three years to allow calculation of in-situ
selected non-BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes)
biodegradation rates. Laboratory microcosm experiments were performed to
constituents of these products. The evaluation focuses on a representative
further characterize the biodegradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,
and xylenes (BTEX) and methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) under ambient, in-
situ conditions. Finally, groundwater modeling studies were conducted to
144
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This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
Health and Environmental Issues
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facilitate the interpretation of field data and to evaluate various approaches
•
In the event of such an impact, what response actions are appropriate
for predicting the fate and effects of these gasoline constituents in the
and effective? Pages: 29
subsurface. Pages: 244
1st Edition | September 2006 | Product Number: I47580 | Price: $76.00
October 1997 | Product Number: I46540 | Price: $82.00
Publ 4784
Publ 4674
Quantification of Vapor Phase-Related Natural Source Zone
Assessing the Significance of Subsurface Contaminant Vapor
Depletion Processes
Migration to Enclosed Spaces-Site-Specific Alternative to Generic
Natural source zone depletion (NSZD) has emerged as an important concept
Estimates
within the realm of environmental remediation. NSZD is a term used to
Vapors in enclosed spaces pose two levels of concern. First, enclosed-space
describe the collective, naturally occurring processes of dissolution,
vapors may be found at concentrations near those that pose immediate
volatilization, and biodegradation that results in mass losses of light non-
flammability and/or health risks. These sites warrant immediate attention
aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) petroleum hydrocarbon constituents from the
and response as required by most state and federal regulatory guidance. In
subsurface.
the second class of sites, concentrations are lower and the concern is for
This document provides practical guidance on NSZD theory, application,
longer term health risks. This report focuses exclusively on this second class
measurement methods, and data interpretation. It is intended to be used by
of sites, where advection and diffusion occur through a soil layer and into an
practitioners to help plan, design, and implement NSZD monitoring
enclosed space, and time is available to adequately address the problem on
programs in support of petroleum hydrocarbon site remediation. Pages: 124
a site-specific basis. The options considered in this document include the
1st Edition | May 2017 | Product Number: I47840 | Price: $131.00
following:
•
direct measurement through sampling of enclosed-space vapors,
REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIES
•
use of near-foundation or near-surface soil gas sampling results,
•
use of site-specific homogeneous and layered soil diffusion coefficients in
DR 225
generic algorithms, and
Remediation of a Fractured Clay Till Using Air Flushing: Field
•
assessment of bioattenuation potential. Pages: 56
Experiments at Sarnia,Ontario
December 1998 | Product Number: I46740 | Price: $86.00
This study was conducted over a three-year period at a well-characterized
test site located in Canada near Sarnia, Ontario. A synthetic gasoline blend
Publ 4734
of known mass, volume, and composition was released into a test cell.
Modeling Study of Produced Water Release Scenarios
Samples were collected and analyzed for gasoline range organics to
Provides a scientific basis for operators, regulators, and landowners to
establish the three-dimensional distribution of the release. Conventional air
determine if assessment or remediation of produced water releases will
flushing technologies, soil vapor extraction and in-situ air sparging, were able
provide a meaningful environmental benefit.
to remove ~40 % of the spilled mass during the initial two months of
operation. Following active remediation, primarily low-volatility compounds
The two principal research objectives of this study are (1) the identification of
remained in the soil and almost no benzene or toluene remained. Based on
produced water release scenarios that have a potential to cause groundwater
mass balance data, a significant portion of the benzene, toluene,
quality impairment in homogeneous subsurface geologic profiles and (2) the
ethylbenzene, and xylene compounds was biodegraded. Pages: 220
prediction of chloride movement through the vadose zone for different release
scenarios. Secondary objectives of the study included evaluation of the effect
October 1998 | Product Number: I00225 | Price: $105.00
of heterogeneity on the migration of chloride through the vadose zone, the
impact of repeat releases, and the effect on groundwater quality of surface
Publ 4525
soil restoration by revegetation and soil leaching.
A Compilation of Field-Collected Cost and Treatment Effectiveness
The sensitivity analysis performed in this study provides an overview of the
Data for the Removal of Dissolved Gasoline Components from
likelihood of groundwater impairment for large release volumes (100 bbls and
Groundwater
10,000 bbls). Assuming homogeneous unsaturated zone soil profiles, the
results of over 1000 modeled release scenarios reveal that 49 % of single-
Documents, summarizes, and evaluates cost and treatment effectiveness
event releases do not cause impairment of groundwater above drinking water
data for air stripping and carbon adsorption systems designed to remove
standards for chloride (250 mg/L) in a monitoring well that is adjacent to the
dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons from groundwater. The compounds of
edge of the release. In 70 % of these scenarios, chloride concentrations in
primary interest were benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers
groundwater do not exceed 1000 mg/L. Although these numbers give no
(BTEX) as well as the oxygenates methyl tertiary-butyl ether and isopropyl
information about the fate of chloride from a specific produced water release,
ether. Operating data were gathered from 57 field sites throughout the
they do indicate that a release does not necessarily cause groundwater
United States, and treatment system profiles were generated for each site.
impairment. Pages: 124
The data will be used to assist companies in planning pump-and-treat
remediation systems for removal of BTEX and oxygenates from groundwater.
January 2005 | Product Number: I47340 | Price: $134.00
Pages: 240
Publ 4758
November 1990 | Product Number: I45250 | Price: $86.00
Strategies for Addressing Salt Impacts of Produced Water Releases
Publ 4609
to Plants, Soil, and Groundwater
In-Situ Air Sparging: Evaluation of Petroleum Industry Sites and
The exploration and production industry uses great care during the handling
Considerations for Applicability, Design and Operation
and disposal of the produced water that is generated as part of oil and gas
production. However, unintentional releases can occur. Depending on the
Describes the important literature findings as well as the hands-on
chemical composition of the produced water and the nature of the local
experiences of the petroleum industry at 59 air sparging sites. Design and
environment, salts associated with such releases can impair soils, vegetation,
operational data are analyzed for relationships that can be used to optimize
and water resources.
the technology or provide a better understanding of its fundamental
Provides a collection of simple rules of thumb, decision charts, models, and
processes. Topics covered include: site characterization; pilot testing; system
summary information from more detailed guidance manuals to help you
design and installation; and system operation, monitoring, and performance.
address the following assessment and response issues:
Pages: 132
•
Will a produced water release cause an unacceptable impact on soils,
May 1995 | Product Number: I46090 | Price: $105.00
plants, and/or groundwater?
This publication is a new entry in this catalog.
This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
145
Health and Environmental Issues
To purchase individual API standards, visit apiwebstore.org
Publ 4631
user with a means to estimate the baseline mass flux and remediation
Petroleum Contaminated Low Permeability Soil: Hydrocarbon
timeframe for various transport compartments and then evaluate how
different remedies reduce the mass flux and the remediation timeframe in
Distribution Processes, Exposure Pathways and In-Situ Remediation
each transport compartment. Pages: 71
Technologies
December 2003 | Product Number: I473000 | Price: $138.00
Presents a set of 10 papers on light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs)
in low permeability soils. Collectively, the papers address four key areas:
Publ 4760
(1) processes affecting the migration and removal of LNAPLs; (2) exposure
potential posed by clay soil and hydrocarbons via soil, groundwater, and
LNAPL Distribution and Recovery Model (LDRM)
air pathways; (3) models for predicting LNAPL removal; and (4) techniques
Simulates the performance of proven hydraulic technologies for recovering free-
of remediation. Pages: 298
product petroleum liquid releases to groundwater. The LDRM provides
September 1995 | Product Number: I46310 | Price: $95.00
information about light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) distribution in
porous media and allows the user to estimate LNAPL recovery rates, volumes,
Publ 4655
and times. Documentation for the LDRM is provided in two volumes.
Volume 1-Distribution and Recovery of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Liquids in
Field Evaluation of Biological and Non-Biological Treatment
Porous Media-documents the LDRM and provides background information
Technologies to Remove MTBE/Oxygenates from Petroleum Product
necessary to characterize the behavior of LNAPL in porous media with regard to
Terminal Wastewaters
performance of LNAPL liquid recovery technologies. Volume 2-User and
A pilot/demonstration study was conducted on three treatment
Parameter Selection Guide-provides step-by-step instructions for the LDRM
technologies-the fluidized bed biological reactor process, the activated
software. Four example problem applications are presented which highlight
sludge process incorporated with iron flocculation, and the ultraviolet light/
model use, parameter estimation using the API LNAPL Parameters Database,
hydrogen peroxide process-to evaluate their effectiveness in the treatment
and limitations of scenario-based models.
of petroleum marketing terminal wastewater contaminated with methyl tert-
January 2007 | Software and documentation can be downloaded at
butyl ether (MTBE). Contaminated groundwater was the primary constituent
of the wastewater, which also contained benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,
and xylenes (BTEX). All three technologies were able to remove at least 95 %
ground-water/lnapl/ldrm
of the MTBE and BTEX in the feed waters.Pages: 194
Publ 4762
August 1997 | Product Number: I46550 | Price: $134.00
API LNAPL Transmissivity Workbook: A Tool for Baildown Test
Publ 4671
Analysis-User Guide
Technical Bulletin on Oxygen Releasing Materials for In-Situ
LNAPL transmissivity is a measure of lateral mobility of free-product
Groundwater Remediation
hydrocarbon liquid within the groundwater environment. The magnitude of
Oxygen releasing materials (ORMs) are commercially available materials that
LNAPL transmissivity has been suggested as a possible endpoint criterion for
are being used to enhance bioremediation treatment of petroleum
LNAPL mass removal using LNAPL hydraulic recovery systems. Such
hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater aquifers. This technical bulletin
hydraulic recovery systems include skimmer wells, single-pump wells, dual-
provides a systematic approach for evaluating the utility of ORM treatment
pump wells, and trenches. Coupled with the LNAPL CSM, the magnitude of
and for designing ORM installations. It summarizes the current state of
LNAPL transmissivity will assist in the selection of recovery system. As such,
understanding of this technology to provide guidance for site managers
methods and their consistent application for estimating LNAPL transmissivity
evaluating options for enhanced groundwater remediation. Pages: 52
are significant. Perhaps the simplest methods for estimating LNAPL
transmissivity are borehole slug test methods, or baildown tests, in which a
July 1998 | Product Number: I46710 | Price: $76.00
volume of LNAPL is rapidly removed from a well and the rate of fluid-level
recovery (water and LNAPL) is measured and analyzed. Several analytical
Publ 4715
methods are available to analyze the data from baildown tests to estimate
Evaluating Hydrocarbon Removal from Source Zones and its Effect
LNAPL transmissivity and described herein. Following a brief description of
on Dissolved Plume Longevity and Concentration
suggested well configuration, pre-test and test measurements and methods,
application of the spreadsheet tool is discussed. Subsequent sections
Provides valuable information and utilities for regulators and practitioners
provide a more detailed discussion of significant parameters and basis for
interested in understanding the possible benefits of free-product removal. This
the various analysis procedures. A number of example applications are
report provides theory and concepts needed to evaluate light nonaqueous
presented. Further details on the different methods are provided in the
phase liquid (LNAPL) source distribution, chemistry, dissolution, and the
appendices. Pages: 40
effects various remediation strategies may have on risk reduction for the
groundwater and vapor exposure pathways. The companion software, API-
April 2016 | Product Number: I47620 | For a free copy of this document,
LNAST, links the multiphase and chemical processes controlling in-situ LNAPL
please visit https://www.api.org/~/media/
distribution, mobility, and cleanup to quantify estimates of the time-dependent
4762%20LNAPL%20Tn%20wkbk%20Baildown%20userguide%20Apr20
concentrations within the LNAPL source and the down gradient dissolved
16%20(2).pdf
plume. API-LNAST users can screen whether incremental LNAPL removal
provides any risk-reduction benefit over a time frame of interest, e.g. 30 years.
SITE CHARACTERIZATION
September 2002 | Software and documentation can be downloaded at
Publ 4599
ground-water/lnapl/evaluating-hydrocarbon-removal
Interlaboratory Study of Three Methods for Analyzing Petroleum
Hydrocarbons in Soils
Publ 4730
Presents the results of an interlaboratory study of three methods-diesel-
Groundwater Remediation Strategies Tool
range organics, gasoline-range organics, and petroleum hydrocarbons-used
Provides strategies for focusing remediation efforts on (1) the change in
to analyze hydrocarbons in soils. Each method is validated, its performance
contaminant mass flux in different subsurface transport compartments (e.g.
judged from measurements of accuracy and precision, and practical
the vadose zone, smear zone, or a zone within an aquifer of interest) and
qualification levels are estimated for each method. The full text of each
(2) the change in remediation timeframe.
method is included in the report. Pages: 166
In this approach, groundwater flow and contaminant concentration data are
July 1994 | Product Number: I47990 | Price: $105.00
combined to estimate the rate of contaminant mass transfer past user-
selected transects across a contaminant plume. The method provides the
146
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This publication is related to an API licensing, certification, or accreditation program.
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