|
|
DRAFT LEGISLATIVE LANGUAGE
(c) AVAILABILITY.—-Amounts deposited into the Fund shall remain available until
expended.
(d) EXPENDITURES FROM FUND.—Amounts deposited in the Fund shall be
available for the purposes of subsection (a).
(e) TRANSFER AUTHORITY.—Amounts available in the Fund may be transferred
to any account of the Department of State or the United States Agency for International
Development authorized by the Secretary of State for the purposes of carrying out a
program described in subsection (a). Any amount so transferred shall be credited to the
account to which it is transferred. The transfer authority provided in this subsection is in
addition to any other transfer authority available to the Department of State.
Recommendation: Enhance the United States’ Position as an International Digital Research
Hub.
Component #2: Establish the Multilateral AI Research Institute (MAIRI).
SEC. ___.—MULTILATERAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE.—
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment
of this Act, the Director of the National Science Foundation (“Director”) shall establish a
Multilateral Artificial Intelligence Research Institute (“MAIRI”) that leverages the National
Artificial Intelligence Research Institutes as well as contributions from international partners,
U.S. Government agencies, and non-governmental partners to facilitate international
collaborative research and development initiatives involving artificial intelligence (“AI”).
MAIRI shall have both a physical center located in the United States and a virtual presence.
(b) PURPOSE.—The purpose of MAIRI shall be to facilitate collaboration of
international artificial intelligence research, foster international artificial intelligence
innovation, and develop the next generation global artificial intelligence workforce in
a manner that comports with democratic values and helps to preserve free and open
societies.
(c) INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS.—As authorized by section 1872 of title 42,
United States Code, the Director, in coordination with the Secretary of State, shall seek to
develop partnerships with foreign governments that have existing research agreements
and collaborative relationships with the United States. The Director of MAIRI shall provide
for international partners to collaborate in the governance of MAIRI, contingent upon
appropriate contributions of financial support.
(d) OTHER PARTNERS.—To further the goals of MAIRI, the Director shall seek,
as necessary, partnerships with other U.S. Federal departments and agencies, and their
national laboratories, and non-governmental partners, such as from industry, academia,
research institutions, and philanthropies on a project-by-project basis.
p
724
APPENDIX D
(e) FACILITATION.—The Director, in coordination with the Secretary of State, shall
facilitate the operations of MAIRI by creating a trusted learning cloud and associated
compute capacity to facilitate international collaborative research by enabling access to
needed resources, compute, and data for shared innovation, research, and development
(f) RESEARCH AGENDA.—MAIRI shall work with international partners, as well as
U.S. Government partners, as needed, to—
(1) develop principles for multilateral artificial intelligence research,
which address the importance of research integrity, the need for transparency,
the necessity of open data and data sharing, the development of risk-benefit
frameworks, and the use of merit-based competition reviews for research
proposals; and
(2) develop research priorities that leverage members’ capabilities and
may include the development of—
(A) shared, secure compute resources, including joint
benchmarking projects and data sharing, pooling, and storing initiatives
founded on commonly agreed principles that ensure trust, privacy and
security;
(B) privacy-preserving artificial intelligence and machine learning
technologies, including technologies like federated learning and on-device
prediction that enable remote execution, encrypted computation through
multi-party computation and homomorphic encryption, and differential
privacy; and
(C) smart city technologies, aligned with democratic values, that
promote sustainability as well as norms that should guide standards
development at bodies like the ITU and technical standards bodies.
(g) SOLICITATION AUTHORIZED.—The Director is authorized to issue one or
more solicitations to create a physical facility to support the establishment of MAIRI. Any
such solicitation shall provide for the selection of an awardee on a competitive, merit-
reviewed basis.
(h) FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO ESTABLISH AND SUPPORT MAIRI.—Subject to
the availability of funds appropriated for this purpose, the Director, the Secretary of Energy,
the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Commerce, and other Federal agency heads may
award financial assistance, as determined by an agency head, to establish and support
MAIRI and associated research.
p
725
DRAFT LEGISLATIVE LANGUAGE
(i) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATION.—There is authorized to be appropriated
for fiscal years 2022 through 2027, in such funds as may be required, for the purpose of—
(1) establishing and maintaining a physical center for MAIRI in the United
States;
(2) carrying out MAIRI research initiatives in cooperation with the National
Science Foundation, the Department of Energy, the Department of State, and
other appropriate federal agencies;
(3) creating a trusted learning cloud and associated compute capacity to
facilitate international collaborative research;
(4) U.S. researchers’ travel and associated expenses to participate in
MAIRI workshops, conferences, and similar events; and
(5) the establishment of an endowment fund in cooperation with
international partners.
Recommendation: Reorient U.S. Foreign Policy and the Department of State for Great
Power Competition in the Digital Age.
Expedite necessary reorganization of the Department of State by passing legislation to
create an Under Secretary for Science, Research and Technology (Q).
SEC. ___.—UNDER SECRETARY OF STATE FOR SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND
TECHNOLOGY.—
(a) POSITION ESTABLISHED.—Subsection (b) of section 2651a of title 22, United
States Code, is amended—
(1) in paragraph (1), by striking “6” and inserting “7”;
(2) by redesignating paragraph (4) as paragraph (5); and
(3) by inserting before redesignated paragraph (5) the following new
paragraph:
“(4) UNDER SECRETARY FOR SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY.
There shall be in the Department of State, among the Under Secretaries authorized
by paragraph (1), an Under Secretary for Science, Research and Technology, who
shall have primary responsibility to assist the Secretary and the Deputy Secretary
on matters related to international science and technology policy.”
(b) REORGANIZATION REQUIRED.—Not later than 180 days after the date of
the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of State shall develop a plan to consolidate the
p
726
APPENDIX D
science and technology policy functions of the Department in a single division under the
leadership of the Under Secretary for Science, Research and Technology.
CHAPTER 16: ASSOCIATED TECHNOLOGIES
Blueprint for Action
Recommendation: Foster a Vibrant Domestic Quantum Fabrication Ecosystem.
Enact a package of provisions that incentivizes the domestic design and manufacturing of
quantum computers and their constituent materials.
SEC. ___.—TAX CREDIT FOR DOMESTIC DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OF
QUANTUM COMPUTERS AND CONSTITUENT MATERIALS.—Section 41(d) of title 26,
United States Code, is amended by adding at the end a new paragraph (5), as follows—
“(5) SPECIAL RULE FOR DOMESTIC DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OF
QUANTUM COMPUTERS AND CONSTITUENT MATERIALS.—
“(A) With regard to domestic design and manufacturing of qualified
quantum computers and constituent materials, the term ‘qualified research’ shall
include, in addition to research described in paragraph (1)—
“(i) the development and production of qualified quantum
computers and constituent materials in the United States; and
“(ii) the training of United States persons with regard to the
development and production of qualified quantum computers and
constituent materials.
“(B) In this paragraph, the term
‘qualified quantum computers and
constituent materials’ means—
“(i) any computers have been identified by the Secretary, in
consultation with the Secretary of Commerce, as quantum computers;
and
“(ii) any components or constituent parts of such computers that
have been identified by the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of
Commerce, as critical to the operation of such computers.”
General Note: Should Congress establish a National Technology Foundation pursuant to
the Commission’s Chapter 11 recommendation, Congress should also review conflicting
National Science Foundation authorities and delegating appropriate authorities to the NTF.
p
727
APPENDIX E
Appendix E: Funding
Recommendation Table
Funding Recommendation Table
Cabinet
Departments,
Chapter
Recommendation
Major Agencies,
Amount
Approprations Detail
and Program
Offices
Create a Foreign
Malign Influence
Office of the
1
Response Joint
Director of National
$30 million
-
Interagency Task
Intelligence
Force (JIATF).
Increase DARPA
funding for
media media
Department of
authentication,
Defense:
$60 million to
2
-
disinformation
USD(R&E) -
$80 million
detection,
DARPA
attribution, and
disruption.
Fund a machine
Chapter 1
- Emerging
speed AI-enabled
Department of
3
$10 million
-
Threats in the
cyber defense
Homeland Security
acceleration study.
AI Era
Increase DARPA
Department of
funding for AI-
Defense:
4
$20 million
-
enabled cyber
USD(R&E) -
defense research.
DARPA”
Increase National
Institute of
National Institute
5
Standards and
of Standards and
$25 million
-
Technology AI
Technology
testbed funding.
Provide funding for
Cyberspace
6
a SolarWinds threat
Solarium
$6.5 million
-
review.
Commission
p
729
FUNDING RECOMMENDATION TABLE
Cabinet
Departments,
Chapter
Recommendation
Major Agencies,
Amount
Approprations Detail
and Program
Offices
Department of
Establish a
1
Defense:
$200 million
-
dedicated AI Fund.
USD(R&E)
Increase
Department of
2
investments in AI
$8 billion
-
Defense
R&D.
Establish a fund
to to accelerate
procurement
Department of
and integration
Defense:
3
$100 million
-
Chapter 2 -
of commercial
Joint Artificial
Foundations of
AI solutions
Intelligence Center
Future Defense
for business
applications.
Department of
Provide funding to
Defense:
4
build enterprise data
$125 million
-
Office of the Chief
sets.
Data Officer
Provide funding for
technology scouting
Department
5
tools, data, and a
of Defense,
$10 million
-
technology fellows
USD(R&E)
program.
Develop innovative
operational
concepts that
Department of
integrate new
1
Defense:
$5 million
-
warfighting
USD(R&E)
capabilities
with emerging
technologies.
Incentivize
Chapter 3 - AI
experimentation
and Warfare
with AI-enabled
Department of
2
applications through
Defense:
$10 million
-
the Warfighting
USD(R&E)
Lab Incentive Fund
(WLIF).
Department of
Encourage a culture
Defense:
3
$2.5 million
-
of “Thinking Red.”
Joint Warfighting
Analysis Center
p
730
APPENDIX E
Cabinet
Departments,
Chapter
Recommendation
Major Agencies,
Amount
Approprations Detail
and Program
Offices
Direct the military
services, in
coordination with
the Under Secretary
of Defense (for
Acquisition and
Sustainment),
the Joint Staff,
Department of
and the Defense
Defense:
4
Logistics Agency,
Office of the
$100 million
-
and enabled by
Deputy Secretary
enterprise services
of Defense
Chapter 3 - AI
and Warfare
and expertise at the
JAIC, to prioritize
integration of
AI into logistics
and sustainment
systems wherever
possible.
Define a joint
“Department of
warfighting network
Defense:
5
$5 million
-
architecture by the
Office of the Chief
end of 2021.
Information Officer”
Work with the
intelligence
community to
establish a 10-year,
$1 billion, Program
Chapter 5 - AI
of Record to
Office of the
$1 billion
and the Future
provide long-term,
1
Director of National
annually for FYs
-
of National
predictable funding
Intelligence
2022-2032
Intelligence
for technologies
identified in the
technology annex
to the National
Intelligence
Strategy.
Congress should
Office of
create a National
1
Management and
$16 million
-
Reserve Digital
Budget
Corps.
Chapter 6
$5 million for
Congress should
- Technical
Department of
FY 2022 &
2
establish a STEM
-
Talent in
Defense
$5 million for
Corps.
Government
FY 2023
Congress should
create a United
$40 million initial
3
New Entity
-
States Digital
appropriation
Service Academy.
p
731
FUNDING RECOMMENDATION TABLE
Cabinet
Departments,
Chapter
Recommendation
Major Agencies,
Amount
Approprations Detail
and Program
Offices
Department of
Defense;
Office of the
This funding supports
Director of National
one responsible AI lead
Intelligence;
and two supporting staff.
Department of
Chapter 7
Appoint responsible
Additionally, the funding
Homeland Security;
- Establish-
AI leads and
includes responsible
Federal Bureau of
ing Justified
1
supporting staff in
$21.5 million
AI leads for each of the
Investigation;
Confidence in
each agency critical
armed services in the
Department of
AI Systems
to national security.
Department of Defense
State;
and each of the agencies
Department of
of the Intelligence
Energy; &
Community.
Department of
Health and Human
Services
Congress should
establish third-party
testing center(s) to
Chapter 8 -
allow independent,
National Institute
Upholding
1
third-party testing of
of Standards and
$1.2 million
-
Democratic
national security-
Technology
Values
related AI systems
that could impact
U.S. persons.
Chapter 9 - A
Strategy for
Create a Technology
The White House:
Competition
1
Competitiveness
Executive Office of
$2 million
-
and
Council.
the President
Cooperation
Congress should
Department of
Chapter 10
One time
pass a new National
Education;
- The Talent
1
apprporiation of
-
Defense Education
National Science
Competition
$8.2 billion
Act.
Foundation
$30 million initial
appropriation
for start-up
expenses;
$1 billion for FY
2022;
Chapter 11 -
Establish a
$5 billion for FY
Accelerating AI
1
National Techology
New Entity
-
2023;
Innovation
Foundation.
$10 billion for
FY 2024;
$15 billion for
FY 2025; &
$20 billion for
FY 2026
p
732
APPENDIX E
Cabinet
Departments,
Chapter
Recommendation
Major Agencies,
Amount
Approprations Detail
and Program
Offices
Multiple agencies,
including:
the NSCAI
proposed National
Technology
$2 billion for
Foundation;
FY 2022;
National Science
$4 billion for
Foundation;
Increase federal
FY 2023;
Department of
funding of Non-
$8 billion for
1
Energy;
-
Defense AI R&D at
FY 2024;
National Institute
compounding levels.
$16 billion for
of Standards and
FY 2025; &
Technology;
$32 billion for
National Institutes
FY 2026
of Health; &
National
Aeronautical
and Space
Administration
$200 million
for FY 2022;
Expand the Network
National Science
$200 million
2
of AI Research
-
Foundation
for FY 2023;
Institutes.
& $200 million
for FY 2024
Chapter 11 -
Establish an AI
National Science
3
$125 million
-
Innovator Award.
Foundation
Accelerating AI
Innovation
$50 million
for FY 2022;
$100 million
for FY 2023;
$150 million
Establish a team-
National Science
4
for FY 2024;
-
based AI Award.
Foundation
$200 million
for FY 2025;
& $250 million
annually for FYs
2026-2028
Implement the
National Science
5
$30 million
-
NAIRR Roadmap.
Foundation
Fund an AI Data
Department of
6
$25 million
-
Program.
Energy
Sponsor an
National Science
7
Open Knowledge
$25 million
-
Foundation
Network.
Funding recommended
Form a network of
National Institute
$200 million for
at $20 million per
8
Regional Innovation
of Standards and
FYs 2022-2026
Regional Innovation
Clusters.
Technology
Cluster
p
733
FUNDING RECOMMENDATION TABLE
Cabinet
Departments,
Chapter
Recommendation
Major Agencies,
Amount
Approprations Detail
and Program
Offices
Increase federal
grants for
Department of
$3 billion per project on
1
$15 billion total
microelectronics
Commerce
average
manufacturing.
$400 million
These funding levels
Increase funding for
Department of
for FY 2022 &
should ramp up on
DARPA’s Electronics
Defense:
2
$5 billion total
an annual basis as
Resurgence
USD(R&E) -
for FYs 2022-
absorptive capacity
Initiative (ERI).
DARPA
2026
increases
Increase funding
$300 million
These funding levels
for National
for FY 2022 &
should ramp up on
National Science
3
Science Foundation
$2.5 billion total
an annual basis as
Foundation
semiconductor
for FYs 2022-
absorptive capacity
research.
2026
increases
Chapter 13 -
Increase funding
$400 million
These funding levels
Microelectronics
for Department
for FY 2022 &
should ramp up on
Department of
4
of Energy
$4.5 billion total
an annual basis as
Energy
semiconductor
for FYs 2022-
absorptive capacity
research.
2026
increases
Establish the
$1 billion for
Advanced
National Institute
FY 2022 &
5
Packaging National
of Standards and
$5 billlion total
-
Manufacturing
Technology
for FYs 2022-
Program.
2026
Department of
Commerce in
$100 million
Establish
collaboration with
FY 2022 &
the National
6
the Department
$2 billlion total
-
Semiconductor
of Defense and
for FYs 2022-
Technology Center.
Department of
2026
Energy
p
734
APPENDIX E
Cabinet
Departments,
Chapter
Recommendation
Major Agencies,
Amount
Approprations Detail
and Program
Offices
Provide funding for
U.S. International
Development
Finance Corporation
U.S. International
to execute
Development
1
$1 billion
-
development
Finance
financing for
Corporation
technology
infrastructure
projects.
Provide funding
to support U.S.
Department of
International
State;
2
Development
U.S. Agency for
$200 million
-
Finance Corporation
International
development
Development
financing initiatives.
U.S. Agency for
Provide funding
International
for U.S. Agency
Development:
3
for International
Bureau of
$200 million
-
Development Digital
Democracy,
Strategy.
Development, and
Chapter 15 -
Innovation
A Favorable
International AI
Order
National Institute
Funding includes five
of Standards and
full-time employee (FTE)
Technology;
Provide funding
from National Institute of
Department of
for an Interagency
Standards and Technol-
Defense;
AI Standards
ogy and one FTE from
Department of
team to support
each of the following de-
State;
National Institute
partments and agencies:
Office of the
of Standards
Department of Defense,
4
Director of National
$3.3 million
and Technology
Department of State,
Intelligence;
AI Standards
Office of the Director of
Department of
Coordinator and
National Intelligence,
Energy;
fund travel and
Department of Energy,
Department of
other administrative
Department of Home-
Homeland Security;
needs.
land Security, and U.S.
U.S. Agency for
Agency for International
International
Development.
Development
Provide funding to
support grants for
small- and medium-
sized businesses
Small Business
5
$1 million
-
to participate in
Administration
international data
and technical
standards efforts.
p
735
FUNDING RECOMMENDATION TABLE
Cabinet
Departments,
Chapter
Recommendation
Major Agencies,
Amount
Approprations Detail
and Program
Offices
Funding for
administrative costs
associated with
National Science
6
establishing an U.S.
$1 million
-
Foundation
Center of Expertise
relationship with
GPAI/OECD.
Funding for the
Multilateral AI
Research Initiative
(MAIRI), including
$10 million to National
establishing and
Science Foundation/
maintaining physical
Department of State/
National Science
center; supporting
Department of Energy for
Foundation;
research initiatives;
$12.15 million
research and personnel;
Department of
7
created a trusted
annually for FYs
$2M to National
State;
learning cloud
2022-2027
Science Foundation
Department of
resource; and
for infrastructure;
Energy
supporting U.S.
$150,000 to National
Chapter 15 -
researchers’ travel
Science Foundation for
A Favorable
and involvement
administrative costs.
International
in workshops,
AI Order
conferences, and
events.
Provide funding
for trusted learning
Funding includes
cloud to facilitate
National Science
underlying infrastructure,
collaborative R&D
Foundation;
data storage and sharing
8
$11.3 million
with allies and
Department of
capacity, grants for
partners (envisioned
State
researchers, foreign
as a component of
assistance grants.
MAIRI).
Provide funding
to support grants
for scholars and
researchers to
Department of
9
$5 million
-
participate in
State
international data
and technical
standards efforts.
p
736
APPENDIX E
Cabinet
Departments,
Chapter
Recommendation
Major Agencies,
Amount
Approprations Detail
and Program
Offices
Provide funding
for immediate
augmentation and
$550,000 - STAS;
training of U.S.
$550,000 - Office of
diplomatic corps
Communication and
for efforts related
Information Policy;
to AI and emerging
$400,000 - Office of
technology (funding
Science and Technology
does not include
Department of
Cooperation; $3.8 million
10
$8 million
future funding
State
- Regional Technology
needs which
Officers (12 locations);
we recommend
$1.25 million - Office
be determined
of the Special
by a focused
Representative to Silicon
planning effort to
Valley; $450,000 - FSI
be undertaken
training.
by Department of
State).
Provide funding
for the Bureau
of Cyberspace
Department of
11
$20 million
-
Security and
State
Emerging
Technologies.
Chapter 15 -
A Favorable
International
Provide funding for
AI Order
public diplomacy
and engagement
Department of
12
$5.5 million
-
activities on AI
State
innovation and
democratic values.
Provide funding
for AI exchange
programs to support
U.S. values and
Department of
13
fund participation
$8.5 million
-
State
by developing
countries in
multilateral AI
activities.
Provide funding for
efforts to promote
U.S. innovation and
values and support
Department of
14
American Spaces,
$3 million
-
State
Tech Camps, Maker
Spaces, Speakers
Program, and other
initiatives.
p
737
FUNDING RECOMMENDATION TABLE
Cabinet
Departments,
Chapter
Recommendation
Major Agencies,
Amount
Approprations Detail
and Program
Offices
Provide funding
for tracking
and analysis of
public opinion to
Department of
15
$1 million
-
measure impact of
State
engagement efforts
and guide strategic
planning.
Provide funding
for U.S. Science
Department of
16
Envoys and
$1 million
-
State
Embassy Science
Fellows programs.
Funding includes ETC
support, creation of an
Provide funding
Department of
advisory committee on
to support U.S.
State:
emerging technology,
leadership in AI
Office of the Under
private sector
17
through Emerging
Secretary for
$5.5 million
engagement, multilateral
Technology
Economic Growth,
R&D efforts, tech-
Coalition and
Energy, and the
oriented diplomatic
internal programs.
Environment (E)
efforts, innovation
Chapter 15 -
enhancements.
A Favorable
International
“Funding to
AI Order
support promotion
of human rights
Department of
and fundamental
State: Office of the
freedoms in AI
Under Secretary for
context through civil
Civilian Security,
society initiatives,
Democracy, and
18
promoting AI
$1.5 million
-
Human Rights (J):
and emerging
Bureau of
tech to counter
Democracy, Human
censorship,
Rights, and Labor
and supporting
(DRL)
research and
awareness
campaigns”
Provide funding to
support use of AI
“Department
for national security/
of State: Office
military applications
of the Under
through cooperation
19
Secretary of State
$3 million
-
with allies and
for Arms Control
partners, to include
and International
joint exercises,
Security (T)”
grants, fellowships,
and other activities.
p
738
APPENDIX E
Cabinet
Departments,
Chapter
Recommendation
Major Agencies,
Amount
Approprations Detail
and Program
Offices
Provide funds to
support building
technical capacity
in emerging
Department of
20
$3 million
-
democracies and
State
market economies
to counter malign
influence.
Provide funds to
support research
Department of
21
grants on malign
$2 million
-
State
influence in AI
ecosystems.
Provide funds to
support public
diplomacy intiatives
on international
Department of
22
AI standards
$2 million
-
State
and tracking
and reporting of
impact on public
engagement.
Chapter 15 -
A Favorable
Provide funds to
International
support US Global
AI Order
Innovation through
Department of
23
$1 million
-
Science and
State
Technology (GIST)
Initiative.
Provide additional
funding to support
foreign assistance
activities around
emerging tech and
digital infrastructure,
to include planning,
assessments,
and provision of
assistance. Funds
Department of
24
would support
$230 million
-
State
targeted, digital
programs in several
areas, including
rule of law (INL),
democracy and
human rights (DRL),
security cooperation
(AVC/PM/ISN), and
technical assistance
(EB, STAS, others).
*Unless otherwise noted funding is annual beginning in Fiscal Year 2022.
**All funding figures should be considered initial estimates for consideration by Congress and the
Executive Branch.
p
739
FUNDING RECOMMENDATION TABLE
p
740
APPENDIX F
Appendix F:
Commissioner Bios
Dr. Eric Schmidt, Chair
Dr. Eric Schmidt is an accomplished technologist,
entrepreneur, and philanthropist. He joined Google
in
2001 and helped grow the company from a
Silicon Valley startup to a global leader in technology
alongside founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page.
Schmidt served as Google’s Chief Executive
Officer and Chairman from 2001 to 2011, as well
as Executive Chairman and Technical Advisor.
Under his leadership, Google dramatically scaled
its infrastructure and diversified its product offerings
while maintaining a strong culture of innovation.
In
2017, he co-founded Schmidt Futures, a philanthropic initiative that bets early on
exceptional people making the world better. Schmidt is the host of “Reimagine with Eric
Schmidt,” a podcast series of conversations with leaders to explore how society can build
a brighter future after the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Honorable Robert Work, Vice Chair
Robert Work was the 32nd Deputy Secretary of
Defense, serving alongside three Secretaries of
Defense from May 2014 to July 2017. In 2001, he
retired as a Colonel in the United States Marine
Corps after spending 27 years on active duty. He
subsequently served as Senior Fellow and Vice
President and Director of Studies at the Center for
Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. In January
2009, he was asked to join the Obama administration
as the 31st Under Secretary of the Navy, and was
confirmed in that role in May 2009. Work stepped
down as the Under Secretary in March 2013 to become the Chief Executive Officer for the
Center for a New American Security (CNAS). He remained in that position until he assumed
the role of Deputy Secretary of Defense in May 2014. He currently is the President and
Owner of TeamWork, LLC, which specializes in defense strategy and policy, programming
and budgeting, military-technical competitions, revolutions in war, and the future of war.
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Safra Catz
Safra A. Catz has served as chief executive officer of
Oracle Corporation since 2014 and a member of the
company’s board of directors since 2001. She joined
Oracle in 1999 and held various positions within the
company, including President and Chief Financial
Officer, prior to being named CEO. Catz currently
serves as a director of The Walt Disney Company and
previously served as a director of HSBC Holdings plc.
Dr. Steve Chien
Dr. Steve Chien is a Technical Fellow, Senior Research
Scientist, and the Technical Group Supervisor of the
Artificial Intelligence Group at the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. Chien
has led the deployment of AI software to a wide
range of missions. He is currently supporting the
development of onboard and ground automated
scheduling for the Mars
2020 rover mission, as
well as scheduling technologies for the ECOsystem
Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on
Space Station (ECOSTRESS) and Orbiting Carbon
Observatory 3 (OCO-3). Chien has received numerous awards for these efforts, to include
Lew Allen Award for Excellence, JPLs highest award recognizing outstanding technical
achievements by JPL personnel in the early years of their careers. He has been recognized
four times in the NASA Software of the Year competition and has received four NASA
medals for his work in AI for space. In 2011, Chien was awarded the inaugural American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Intelligent Systems Award for his contributions to
spacecraft autonomy.
The Honorable Mignon Clyburn
Mignon L. Clyburn served as Commissioner on the
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) from
2009 to 2018, and acting chair from May to November
of 2013. During her nearly nine years at the FCC,
Mignon was committed to closing persistent digital
and opportunities divides that continue to challenge
rural, Native, and low wealth communities. Previously,
Clyburn served for 11 years on the South Carolina
Public Service Commission. Prior to that, she was the
publisher and general manager of the Coastal Times,
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a family-founded, Charleston-based weekly newspaper focusing on issues affecting the
African American community. Clyburn is currently the principal of MLC Strategies, LLC.
Christopher Darby
Christopher Darby has served as President and
CEO of In-Q-Tel since September 2006. He is also
a member of its Board of Trustees. Prior to joining
In-Q-Tel, Darby was a Vice President and General
Manager at Intel, where he oversaw the Middleware
Products Division. He joined Intel in August 2005 with
the acquisition of Sarvega, a venture-backed supplier
of XML networking and security products, where
he served as President and CEO. Prior to Sarvega,
Darby was the Chairman and CEO of @stake, an
Internet security consulting firm ultimately acquired by
Symantec. Before that, Darby served as President and CEO of Interpath Communications,
which was later acquired by US Internetworking. Earlier in his career, he held several
executive positions at Digital Equipment Corporation (now Hewlett-Packard) and Northern
Telecom (now Nortel Networks). Chris began his career at Bell Northern Research.
Dr. Kenneth Ford
Dr. Kenneth Ford is Founder and CEO of the Institute
for Human & Machine Cognition. His research interests
include AI, human-centered computing, and human
performance and resilience. Ford is a Fellow of the
Association for the Advancement of AI (AAAI), and a
charter Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors.
He has received many awards and honors including
the Doctor Honoris Causas from the University of
Bordeaux in 2005, the 2008 Robert Englemore Award
for his work in AI, and the AAAI Distinguished Service
Award in 2015. In 2015, he was elected as Fellow of
the American Association for the Advancement of Science and in 2017 was inducted into
the Florida Inventors Hall of Fame. Ford has served on the National Science Board, the Air
Force Science Advisory Board, and the Defense Science Board. In 2008, he was named
as Chairman of the NASA Advisory Council - a capacity in which he served through 2011.
In 2010, Ken was awarded NASA’s Distinguished Public Service Medal - the highest honor
the agency confers.
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Dr. José-Marie Griffiths
Dr. José-Marie Griffiths is president of Dakota State
University in Madison, South Dakota. Griffiths has
spent her career in research, teaching, public service,
corporate leadership, economic development, and
higher education administration. She has served in
presidential appointments to the National Science
Board, the U.S. President’s Information Technology
Advisory Committee, and the U.S. National
Commission on Libraries and Information. Griffiths
has led projects for more than 28 U.S. federal
agencies such as the National Science Foundation
and NASA, and more than 20 major corporations including, AT&T Bell Laboratories and IBM,
in more than 35 countries. She also has worked with seven major international organizations,
including NATO and the United Nations. She has received over 20 significant awards in science,
technology, teaching, and the advancement of women in these fields.
Dr. Eric Horvitz
Dr. Eric Horvitz is a technical fellow at Microsoft,
where he serves as the company’s first Chief
Scientific Officer. Horvitz provides cross-
company leadership and perspectives on
advances and trends on scientific matters,
and on issues and opportunities arising at the
intersection of technology, people, and society.
He is recognized for his research on challenges
and opportunities with the uses of AI technologies
amidst the complexities of the open world. Horvitz
is the recipient of the Feigenbaum Prize and the
Allen Newell Prize for contributions to AI.
Andrew Jassy
Andy Jassy is the founder and CEO of
Amazon Web Services (AWS), the world’s most
comprehensive and broadly adopted cloud
platform. Jassy launched AWS in
2006 and
has managed an inventive and nimble team
that has delivered more than 165 services for
compute, storage, networking, databases,
analytics, mobile, Internet of Things, Artificial
Intelligence, security, hybrid, and enterprise
applications. Prior to founding AWS, Jassy held
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several leadership positions across Amazon. Shortly after joining the company in 1997,
he authored the business plan for Amazon’s Music business and served as its Director
of Product Management and General Manager. Jassy also started the Amazon Customer
Relationship Management team, led marketing for Amazon, and was Technical Advisor
(shadow) to Amazon Founder and CEO Jeff Bezos.
Gilman Louie
Gilman Louie is Co-Founder and Partner of Alsop
Louie Partners, an early-stage technology venture
capital firm founded in 2006. From 1999 until 2006,
Louie was the first CEO of In-Q-Tel. Prior to In-Q-Tel,
Louie built a career as a pioneer in the interactive
entertainment industry, during which he founded
and ran a publicly traded company called Spectrum
HoloByte, and served as Chief Creative Officer of
Hasbro Interactive. He serves as a member of the
Board of Directors for the Markle Foundation, Maxar
Technologies, Niantic, Lookingglass Cyber Solutions,
Aurora Insights and various other private companies and non-profit foundations. He is also
Chairman of the Board of the Federation of American Scientists. Louie has served as a
member of the Technical Advisory Group of the United States Senate Select Committee on
Intelligence, and as a Commissioner of the National Commission for Review of Research
and Development Programs of the United States Intelligence Community. He has received
dozens of awards for his achievements, including from the NGA, CIA, and DNI, and in 2002
was named as one of fifty scientific visionaries by Scientific American.
Dr. William Mark
Dr. William Mark leads SRI International’s Information
and Computing Sciences division, creating new
technology in machine learning, virtual personal
assistance, trusted systems, and speech and
vision analytics. The group also commercializes
technology, licensing to corporations and creating
spinoff companies such as Siri, Kasisto, CurieAI,
and LatentAI. Prior to joining SRI International, Mark
headed research groups at National Semiconductor,
Lockheed Martin, and the University of Southern
California Information Sciences Institute.
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Dr. Jason Matheny
Dr. Jason Matheny is the founding director of
Georgetown University’s Center for Security and
Emerging Technology (CSET). Previously he served
as Assistant Director of National Intelligence, and
Director of IARPA, responsible for the development
of breakthrough technologies for the U.S. intelligence
community. Before IARPA, he worked at Oxford
University, the World Bank, the Johns Hopkins
University Applied Physics Laboratory, the Center for
Biosecurity, and Princeton University, and was the co-
founder of two biotechnology companies.
The Honorable Katharina McFarland
Katharina McFarland serves as Chairman of the
Board of Army Research and Development at the
National Academies of Science, and as a Director
on the Boards of SAIC, Exyn Technologies, and
the Procurement Round Table. With more than 30
years of government service, McFarland is widely
recognized as a leading subject matter expert
on government procurement. She also serves as
an advisor to Raytheon Missile Systems Division
Senior Advisory Board, Cypress International Senior
Strategy Group, Transunion Corporation Advisory
Board, and Sehlke, Inc. Senior Advisory Board. From 2012 to 2017, McFarland served
as the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and as acting Assistant Secretary
of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics & Technology) from 2016-2017. She was President of
the Defense Acquisition University from 2010 to 2012, and the Director of Acquisition at
the Missile Defense Agency from 2006 to 2010. She has received an Honorary Doctoral
of Engineering from the University of Cranfield in the United Kingdom, the Presidential
Meritorious Executive Rank Award, the Secretary of Defense Medal for Meritorious Civilian
Service Award, the Department of the Navy Civilian Tester of the Year Award, and the Navy
and United States Marine Corps Commendation Medal for Meritorious Civilian Service.
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APPENDIX F
Dr. Andrew Moore
Dr. Andrew W. Moore is a distinguished computer
scientist with expertise in machine learning and
robotics. He became the head of Google Cloud
Artificial Intelligence division in January 2019. Moore
previously worked at Google from 2006 to 2014 and
was the founding director of Google’s Pittsburgh
engineering office in 2006. He then spent a four-
year hiatus at Carnegie Mellon University as the
dean of the School of Computer Science. Moore’s
research interests encompass the field of “big data”
— applying statistical methods and mathematical
formulas to massive quantities of information, ranging from web searches to astronomy to
medical records, in order to identify patterns and extract meaning from that information. His
past research has included improving the ability of robots and other automated systems to
sense the world around them and respond appropriately.
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APPENDIX G
Appendix G: Commission Staff
and Contributors
EXECUTIVE STAFF
Yll Bajraktari,
Michael J. Lueptow,
Executive Director
General Counsel
Michael L. Gable,
Tara M. Rigler,
Chief of Staff
Director of Strategy,
Communications & Engagements
Angela A. Ponmakha,
Director of Operations,
Designated Federal Officer
LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS
Brandon McKee
Jenilee Keefe Singer
SENIOR ADVISORS
Dr. Seth Center
Robert Nelson
RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS
Courtney Barno
Matthew Gentzel
Dr. Ryan Carpenter
Charles Howell
Matthew Cordova
LTC Michael Jackson, USA
Caroline Danauy
Rebekah Kennel
Raina Davis
Jeffrey Kojac
Tess deBlanc-Knowles
David Kumashiro
Rama Elluru
CAPT Lance Lantier, USN
Michael Garris
Christie Lawrence
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Paul Lekas
Paul Rhodes
Dr. Margaret Lentz
Dr. Christopher Rice
Quinn Lorenz
Joe Wang
Justin Lynch
Parker Wild
Col Paul “P.J.” Maykish, USAF
Jessica Young
Kevin McGinnis
Olivia Zetter
Christopher McGuire
OPERATIONS AND LEGAL TEAM
Chelsea Holt
Jennifer Sheehan
Sarah Johnson
Angela Stacks
Brent Myles
Jamie Tomberlin
INTERNS
Richard Altieri
Ariana Orne
Madeline Blanchard
Sultan Seraj
Sabrina Broderick
Katie Stolarczyk
Shaantam Chawla
Jaide Tarwid
Devin Davidson
Christopher Tonelli
Nickie Deahl
Claire Trotter
Hudson Dizon
Samuel Trotter
Dylan Halpern
Aristotle Vainikos
Courtney Lange
Jackson Valen
Alexander Mann
Zoe Weinberg
Nikhil Marda
Kate Yeager
M. Marin Ruelas Mendoza
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APPENDIX G
The Commission would like to thank Members of Congress, Congressional Staff,
government personnel, industry professionals, academia, members of the public, and all
others who participated in, advised on, or commented on our work. The unified effort of
everyone involved made this document possible. Additionally, the Commission thanks all
of our outside contributors whose hard work resulted in this product.
OUTSIDE CONTRIBUTORS
John Bansemer
Elsa Kania
Susanna Blume
Dr. Christopher Kirchhoff
Dr. Anne Bowser
Zachary Kuehn
Scott Britt
Thomas Kalil
Kristy Colbert
Peter Levine
Mark Cohen
Frank Long
Dr. David Danks
Michael “Brendan” McCord
Jeffrey Ding
Michael McNerney
Dr. Kathleen Fisher
Tariq Mehmood
Amanda Foley
Paul Michel
Dr. Kristin Gilkes
Dr. Nadia Schadlow Murphy
Dr. Bryce Goodman
Adam Mossoff
Gregory Grant
Geoffrey Odlum
Erin Hahn
Scott Padgett
Orin Hoffman
Jared C. Ponmakha
Dajonte Holsey
Douglas Rand
Dr. Michael Horowitz
Dr. Heather Roff
Dr. Andrew Imbrie
Craig Smith
Taylor Lineberger
Michael Soos
Dr. Albana Shehaj
Dean Souleles
Dr. Paul Scharre
Dr. Barbara Stephenson
Dr. William Scherlis
Francoise von Trapp
Raj Shah
German Wegbrait
John “Jack” Shanahan
Darren Wright
Dr. Bernadette Johnson
Dr. Amy Zegart
A special thanks to Lirijon Kadriu for designing the Commission’s logo.
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