|
|
Toponymic guidelines for map and other editors, for international use (from the 1970s to the present)
Germany
2002
4th ed.
E/CONF.94/CRP.29
8th UN Conf
Berlin
1998
3rd ed.
E/CONF.91/L.26
7th UN Conf
New York
1992
2nd ed.
E/CONF.85/L.93
6th UN Conf
New York
FRG 1982
E/CONF.74/L.9
4th UN Conf
Geneva
FRG 1981
prel.
WP.11
9th UNGEGN
New York
GDR 1981
WP.60
9th UNGEGN
New York
Greece
2000
rev.
WP.90
20th UNGEGN
New York
1998
E/CONF.91/CRP.22
7th UN Conf
New York
1981
WP.28
9th UNGEGN
New York
Hungary
2002
3rd ed.
E/CONF.94/INF.9
8th UN Conf
Berlin
1994
WP.10
17th UNGEGN
New York
1981
WP.35
9th UNGEGN
New York
Iceland
1982
E/CONF.74/L.15
4th UN Conf
Geneva
Iran, Islamic
2000
2nd ed.
WP.41
20th UNGEGN
New York
Republic of
Ireland
1994
WP.65
17th UNGEGN
New York
1992
E/CONF.85/WP.3
6th UN Conf
New York
Italy
2004
3rd ed.
WP.112
22nd UNGEGN
New York
2002
prel. rev. E/CONF.94/CRP.61
8th UN Conf
Berlin
2000
2nd ed.
WP.86
20th UNGEGN
New York
1998
1st ed.
E/CONF.91/CRP.20
7th UN Conf
New York
1987
prel.
E/CONF.79/L.30
5th UN Conf
Montreal
Japan
1994
2nd ed.
WP.43
17th UNGEGN
New York
1987
E/CONF.79/INF/11
5th UN Conf
Montreal
Netherlands
1992
E/CONF.85/L.2
6th UN Conf
New York
1987
E/CONF.79/INF/6
5th UN Conf
Montreal
1986
WP.5
12th UNGEGN
Geneva
Norway
1998
E/CONF.91/CRP.16
7th UN Conf
New York
1982
E/CONF.74/L.16
4th UN Conf
*
Geneva
Poland
2002
3rd rev.
E/CONF.94/CRP.7
8th UN Conf
Berlin
(ISBN 83-239-4555-1, Warsaw 2002)
2000
WP.21
20th UNGEGN
New York
(ISBN 83-7239-596-9; Warsaw 1999)
1996
WP.6
18th UNGEGN
Geneva
(ISBN 83-900969-2-7; Warsaw 1993)
Republic of Korea
2002
E/CONF.94/INF.49
8th UN Conf
Berlin
Romania
1994
WP.79
17th UNGEGN
New York
1991
WP.20
15th UNGEGN
Geneva
Russia (only as USSR)
Slovakia
2000
3rd ed.
WP.47
20th UNGEGN
New York
1996
WP.72
18th UNGEGN
Geneva
Czechoslovakia 1987
E/CONF.79/INF/62
5th UN Conf
Montreal
Slovenia
1995
(published 1995; Ljubljana)
150
Manual for the national standardization of geographical names
South Africa
1992
E/CONF.85/L.23
6th UN Conf
New York
1991
3rd ed.
WP.4
15th UNGEGN
Geneva
1987
E/CONF.79/L.35
5th UN Conf
Montreal
1986
2nd ed.
WP.6
12th UNGEGN
Geneva
1984
1st ed.
WP.19
11th UNGEGN
Geneva
Spain
1982
E/CONF.74/L.86
4th UN Conf
Geneva
Suriname
1985
E/CONF.77/CRP.2
3rd UN Americas
New York
1981
WP.12
9th UNGEGN
New York
Sweden
1998
E/CONF.91/L.46
7th UN Conf
New York
1982
E/CONF.74/L.17
4th UN Conf
Geneva
1981
prel.
WP.38
9th UNGEGN
New York
Switzerland
1982
E/CONF.74/L.67
4th UN Conf
Geneva
Thailand
2002
E/CONF.94/INF.50
8th UN Conf
Berlin
Turkey
1982
E/CONF.74/L.7
4th UN Conf
Geneva
United Kingdom
1982
E/CONF.74/L.57
4th UN Conf
Geneva
United States
1989
WP.28
14th UNGEGN
Geneva
1987
E/CONF.79/L.19
5th UN Conf
Montreal
1985
E/CONF.77/CRP.4
3rd UN Americas
New York
1982
E/CONF.74/L.102
4th UN Conf
Geneva
USSR
1987
E/CONF.79/INF.53
5th UN Conf
Montreal
1984
prel.
WP.39
11th UNGEGN
Geneva
General
Kerfoot, H.
2000
WP.6
20th UNGEGN
New York
(Canada) and
Närhi, E.M.
(Finland)
Breu, J. (Austria)
1987
E/CONF.79/L.7
5th UN Conf
Montreal
Breu, J. (Austria)
1986
WP.9
12th UNGEGN
Geneva
Breu, J. (Austria)
1984
WP.20
11th UNGEGN
Geneva
Breu, J. (Austria)
1984
INF.6
11th UNGEGN
Geneva
Gall, F.
1981
WP.2
9th UNGEGN
New York
(Guatemala)
Appendix III
Toponymic guidelines on the Web
Austria
Estonia
Finland
http://www.kotus.fi/inenglish/toponymicguidelines/ toponymicguidelines.shtml
Germany
Norway
Poland
Slovakia
Slovenia
UNGEGN
United Nations
Map Collection
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Toponymic guidelines for map and other editors, for international use (from the 1970s to the present)
Appendix IV
United Nations Conferences on the Standardization of Geographical Names: resolutions on toponymic
guidelines2
Resolution
Year
Title
No.
Adopted
IV/4
1982
Publication of toponymic guidelines for map and other editors
V/11
1987
Differentiation of toponyms from other map text
V/14
1987
Publication of toponymic guidelines
VI/7
1992
Toponymic guidelines for map and other editors
2 Full texts are available on the website of the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
(http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/) or in the individual Conference reports.
152
Manual for the national standardization of geographical names
Chapter X
Some selected websites relevant to
geographical names standardization
Compiled by Helen Kerfoot (Canada)
United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
•
Divisions of the Group of Experts
•
Baltic Division
•
Dutch- and German-speaking Division
•
Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen (StAGN)
•
East Central and South-East Europe Division
•
French-speaking Division
•
Romano-Hellenic Division
Working Groups of the Group of Experts
•
Country names
•
List of country names (United Nations Cartography Section, United Nations, New
York)
•
Exonyms
•
Publicity and funding
•
Group of Experts brochure: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/documents.htm
•
Romanization
•
Letter database (displaying languages, special characters and Unicode with images of
the letters) at Institute of the Estonian Language http://www.eki.ee/letter/
•
Toponymic data files and gazetteers
•
Training courses in toponymy
•
Web-based toponymy training courses
153
Some selected websites relevant to geographical names standardization
•
International Cartographic Association: http://lazarus.elte.hu/cet/
•
L’Université Laval (Canada): http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca.
Path: Outils.
Group of Experts: toponymic guidelines
•
Austria
•
Estonia
•
Finland
•
Germany
•
Norway
•
Poland
•
Slovakia
•
Slovenia
United Nations
•
United Nations home page
•
United Nations Map Library (Group of Experts documents)
•
United Nations: cartography (United Nations Cartographic Section)
•
United Nations Statistics Division
International organizations
•
International Council of Onomastic Sciences (ICOS): general information
•
International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)
•
General information: http://www.iho.shom.fr/
•
General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) Gazetteer of Undersea Feature
•
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
•
General information and ISO catalogue: http://www.iso.ch/
•
ISO Technical Committee dealing with Geographic Information/Geomatics
154
Manual for the national standardization of geographical names
•
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR): Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica
•
Unicode Consortium
Countries: national names authorities
•
Australia and New Zealand: Committee for Geographical Names in Australasia (CGNA)
•
Canada: Geographical Names Board of Canada (GNBC)
•
Czech Republic: Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre
•
Estonia
•
Place Names Board of Estonia: http://www.eki.ee/knn/index2.htm
•
Place Names Act of Estonia: http://www.eki.ee/knn/kns2.htm
•
Finland: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland
•
France: Institut Géographique National: toponymie
•
Iceland: Place Name Committee
•
Iranian Committee for Standardization of Geographical Names
•
Lithuania: State Commission of the Lithuanian Language
•
New Zealand: The New Zealand Geographic Board/NgƗ Pou Taunaha o Aotearoa
•
Slovakia: geographical names authorities and the pertinent acts
•
Slovenia: Slovene Governmental Commission for the Standardisation of Geographical
Names
•
South African Geographical Names Council (SAGNC)
hical_Names_Council_(SAGNC).htm
•
Spain: Instituto Geográfico Nacional
•
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: Permanent Committee on
Geographical Names for British Official Use (PCGN)
•
United States of America: United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN)
155
Some selected websites relevant to geographical names standardization
Countries: searchable databases of geographical names
•
Australia
•
2005 Gazetteer of over 315,500 geographical names of Australia
•
Australian Antarctic Gazetteer (Australian Antarctic Names and Medal Committee)
•
Austria
•
Hydrological Atlas of Austria: http://www.lebensministerium.at
•
Atlas of Eastern and Southeastern Europe: http://www.osi.ac.at
•
Bulgaria: Bulgaria Antarctic Gazetteer
•
Canada
•
Canadian Geographical Names Data Base: http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/
•
Canadian Geographical Names Service: http://cgns.nrcan.gc.ca
•
Gazetteer Map Service http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/dataservices/gazetteer.html
•
Denmark: lists of authorized Danish place names
•
Estonia: Place Names Database
•
Finland
•
National Land Survey of Finland
•
Nordic Place Names Database (some 2000 place names stored in Unicode, including
Saami-language characters): http://nondb.nls.fi/
•
France: Institut Géographique National: Communes
•
Hungary
•
Gazetteer of Hungary: http://fish.fomi.hu/angolfish/
•
Detailed Gazetteer of Hungary
•
Japan
•
Topographic Map Browsing System, 1:25,000: http://watchizu.gsi.go.jp
•
Digital Japan web system: http://cyberjapan.jp
•
Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Estadística Geografía e Informática (INEGI) database
•
New Zealand: Geographic Placenames Database
•
Norway: Central Place Names Register
•
Poland: names of countries, their capitals and inhabitants
•
Qatar: landmark and street names in GIS
•
•
•
South Africa: Official South African Geographical Names System
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Manual for the national standardization of geographical names
•
Spain: Registro de Entidades Locales
•
Sweden
•
National Atlas of Sweden: The Swedish Gazetteer
•
Land Survey place-name database: http://www.lantmateriet.se
•
Switzerland: Federal Office of Topography: “SwissNames”
•
United Kingdom
•
Ordnance Survey (OS) geo-referenced street dataset ("National Street Gazetteer"
(NSG)): http://www.nsg.org.uk/
•
Ordnance Survey (OS) placename search for Get-a-map
•
Ordnance Survey (OS): place-name search with 1:50,000 map
•
Ordnance Survey (OS) gazetteer of British place names
•
United States of America
•
Geographic Names Information System (GNIS): http://geonames.usgs.gov/
•
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA): GEOnet Names Server, 4 million
features for outside United States of America and Antarctica
•
The National Map: http://www.nationalmap.usgs.gov
•
United States Antarctica Geographic Names Database:
•
United States Department of State
• Independent States in the World:
• Dependencies and areas of special sovereignty
Miscellaneous
•
Country names
•
In the German language (StAGN)
•
From the Institut Géographique National (IGN), France
•
Exonyms
•
In the Dutch language (Nederlandse Taalunie): pronunciation being added
•
In the German language (2nd ed. (StAGN))
157
Some selected websites relevant to geographical names standardization
•
Gazetteers
•
Alexandria Digital Library project, University of California
•
Letters and languages database
Contact
For updated information, consult the UNGEGN website:
or contact the UNGEGN secretariat at United Nations Headquarters in New York:
UNGEGN secretariat
United Nations Statistics Division, Office of the Director
Two UN Plaza, DC2-1640
New York, NY 10017
USA
Tel:
212 963 3042
Fax:
212 963 9851
E-mail:
laaribi@un.org
158
Manual for the national standardization of geographical names
Annex
Texts of selected resolutions adopted by United Nations
Conferences on the Standardization of Geographical Names
First United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, 1967
I/4.
National standardization
The Conference,
Recognizing that the national standardization of geographical names provides economic and
practical benefits to individual nations,
Further recognizing that national standardization of geographical names by all nations is an
essential preliminary to international standardization,
1.
Requests that the following recommendations on the national standardization of
geographical names be reviewed by the proper United Nations authorities;
2.
Urges that these recommendations be conveyed to all Member States and interested
international organizations for favourable consideration.
RECOMMENDATION A. NATIONAL NAMES AUTHORITIES
It is recommended that, as a first step in international standardization of geographical names, each
country should have a national geographical names authority:
(a)
Consisting of a continuing body, or coordinated group of bodies, having clearly stated
authority and instructions for the standardization of geographical names and the determination of names
standardization policy within the country;
(b)
Having such status, composition, function and procedures as will:
(i)
Be consistent with the governmental structure of the country;
(ii)
Give the greatest chance of success in the national names standardization
programme;
(iii)
As appropriate, provide within its framework for the establishment of regional or
local committees according to area or language;
(iv)
Provide for consideration of the effects of its actions on government agencies,
private organizations and other groups and for the reconciliation of these
interests, as far as possible, with the long-range interests of the country as a
whole;
(v)
Make full use of the services of surveyors, cartographers, geographers, linguists
and any other experts who may help the authority to carry out its operations
efficiently;
(vi)
Permit recordkeeping and publication procedures that will facilitate the prompt
and wide distribution of information on its standardized names, both nationally
and internationally.
159
Annex
It is recommended that those countries that have not yet begun to exercise their prerogative of
standardizing their geographical names on a national basis should now proceed to do so.
It is further recommended that the appropriate United Nations office be kept informed by each
national names authority of its composition and functions, and of the address of its secretary.
RECOMMENDATION B. COLLECTION OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES
For each geographical name that is to be standardized, it is recommended that:
(a)
The field and office research be as complete as possible in order to provide information
on the following points:
(i)
Written and spoken form of the name and its meaning according to local
inhabitants;
(ii)
Spelling in cadastral documents and land registers;
(iii)
Spelling on modern and old maps and in other historical sources;
(iv)
Spelling in census reports, gazetteers and other relevant documents of value;
(v)
Spelling used by other local administrative and technical services;
(b)
The local spoken form of the name be recorded on tape and written in the phonetic
notation approved by the national names authority;
(c)
The character, extent and position of the feature named be determined -- in this regard it
should be noted that aerial photographs can provide useful supplementary information -- and recorded as
accurately as possible, and that the meaning of the generic terms used locally be clearly defined;
(d)
If possible, at least two local independent sources be consulted for each inquiry.
It is further recommended that personnel responsible for the collection of names should have
training adequate to recognize and deal with the linguistic problems (phonetic system, grammatical
structure and orthography), geographical phenomena and terminology that they are likely to encounter.
RECOMMENDATION C. PRINCIPLES OF OFFICE TREATMENT OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES
It is recommended that each names authority formulate, adopt and define the guiding principles
and practices that it will normally apply in the course of operation.
These principles and practices should cover:
(a)
Formal procedures to be followed in the submission to the authority of proposals for new
names or changes in names;
(b)
Factors that the authority will take into account when considering name proposals, such as:
(i)
Current usage;
(ii)
Historical background;
(iii)
Treatment in multilingual areas and in unwritten languages;
(iv)
The extent to which hybrid names should be avoided;
(v)
Avoidance of repetition of names;
(vi)
Avoidance of more than one name for one feature;
(vii)
Clarification of the precise extent of application of each individual geographical
name, including the naming of the whole and the parts of major features;
(viii)
Elimination of objectionable names;
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Manual for the national standardization of geographical names
(c)
Rules of writing names applied by the authority;
(d)
Procedures whereby all interested parties may express their views on a name proposal
prior to decision by the authority;
(e)
Formal procedures for promulgation of the authority's decisions and for ensuring that
standardized names shall appear on the national maps.
In the elaboration of these principles, it is recommended that:
(1)
Unnecessary changing of names be avoided;
(2)
The spelling of geographical names be as much as possible in accordance with the current
orthographic practice of the country concerned, with due regard to dialect forms;
(3)
Systematic treatment of names should not operate to suppress significant elements;
(4)
Where some names occur in varying or grammatical forms, the national names authority should
consider making one of these forms the standard name (for nouns that can be declined, it will
normally be the nominative case);
(5)
In all countries in whose languages the definite article can enter into geographical names, the
national names authority should determine which names contain the definite article and standardize
them accordingly. For languages in which both definite and indefinite forms exist for all or most
names, it is recommended that standardization be based on one or the other form;
(6)
All countries set up standards for the use of abbreviations of elements in their geographical names;
(7)
A system be devised in each country for the treatment of compound names.
It is further recommended that the names authority give adequate publicity to these principles and
practices.
RECOMMENDATION D. MULTILINGUAL AREAS
It is recommended that, in countries in which there exist more than one language, the national
authority as appropriate:
(a)
Determine the geographical names in each of the official languages, and other languages
as appropriate;
(b)
Give a clear indication of equality or precedence of officially acknowledged names;
(c)
Publish these officially acknowledged names in maps and gazetteers.
RECOMMENDATION E. NATIONAL GAZETTEERS
It is recommended that each names authority produce, and continually revise, appropriate
gazetteers of all its standardized geographical names.
It is further recommended that, in addition to the standardized names, each gazetteer include, as a
minimum, such information as is necessary for the proper location and identification of the named
features.
161
Annex
In particular, it is recommended that the following be included:
(a)
The kind of feature to which the name applies;
(b)
Precise description of the location and the extent, including a point position reference if
possible, of each named feature;
(c)
Provision for the parts of natural features to be additionally defined by reference to the
whole and for the names of extended features to be defined as necessary by reference to their constituent
parts;
(d)
Such information on administrative or regional areas as is considered necessary and, if
possible, reference to a map or chart within which the features lie;
(e)
All officially standardized names for a feature, if there are more than one; and provision
for cross-reference to be made to names previously used for the same feature.
When national authorities determine it possible, both technically and economically, they may
include such information on geographical names as gender, number, definite and indefinite forms,
position of stress, tone and pronunciation in the system of the International Phonetic Association and such
other linguistic information as may lead to the better understanding and use of names both nationally and
internationally.
I/16. Recording geographical names from unwritten languages
The Conference,
Recognizing the many problems resulting from the lack of a writing system for many languages
of the world,
Recognizing further the need to record such languages as scientifically as possible in a suitable
writing system,
Recommends that for the purpose of recording geographical names of unwritten languages, the
methods to be employed, in order of preference, will be:
(a)
Recording in a phonetic writing system;
(b)
Recording in the alphabet of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA):
(i)
Where necessary, a narrow transcription of the pronunciation of the geographical
names will be carried out in order to record as precisely as possible the full
phonetic character of each name;
(ii)
In normal circumstances, the broad transcription of a name in the IPA will be
carried out;
(iii)
The final writing of the geographical name will be in an appropriate conventional
alphabet or script, to approximate as nearly as possible the sound represented by
the IPA broad transcription;
(c)
Recording in the alphabet of a kindred language for which an alphabet exists;
(d)
Recording directly into a conventional alphabet or other writing system, if possible by a
person familiar with the language from which the recording is made; if the person making the recording is
unfamiliar with the language, as much information as possible will be recorded in order to assess the
reliability of the name as finally written.
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Manual for the national standardization of geographical names
I/20. Revision of recommendation VII of the Group of Experts on Geographical Names
The Conference,
Having considered recommendation VII of the Group of Experts on Geographical Names,1
1.
Suggests that the following paragraphs replace those previously contained in that
recommendation:
“It is recommended that, if they have not already done so, countries of complicated ethnic and
linguistic constitution consider and attempt to solve the problems brought about by the existence
within their boundaries of geographical names from unwritten languages, or from minority
languages (written or unwritten) or from dialects of the principal languages. Since the solutions
of the problems brought about by the existence of names from unwritten languages or from
dialects of the principal language may be exceedingly difficult, it is suggested that the countries
concerned work together with, and profit from the experience of, other nations with similar
problems, to bring about solutions satisfactory for their own needs.
“For the treatment of names from unwritten languages, two stages are necessary. First, for
recording names from oral evidence, one can develop an unambiguous phonemic notation for
each language. Alternatively, where there is in use a phonetic alphabet adaptable to a number of
unwritten languages, for example, the International African Alphabet, it may be advantageous to
apply it. Secondly, one can write the names in final form by means of regular correspondence
established between that phonemic notation or phonetic alphabet and the writing system adopted
by the country concerned for the language in question.
“It is recommended that names from languages with different writing systems be rendered
systematically by transliteration or transcription as appropriate”;
2.
Recommends that the proposed United Nations Permanent Committee of Experts on
Geographical Names consider this question further.
Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, 2002
VIII/6.
Integration of geographical names data into national and regional spatial data
infrastructures
The Conference,
Emphasizing that standardized geographical names information is a crucial component of the
efficient development of national economies in all countries,
Noting that geographical names serve as a common means of access to geo-information and
spatial data infrastructures,
Recalling that the Fifteenth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia
and the Pacific, held in Kuala Lumpur in 2000, recognized the promotion of national and
regional geographical names standardization programmes,2
1 See World Cartography, vol. VII (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.62.I.25), p. 13.
2 See Fifteenth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific, Kuala Lumpur, 11-14
April 2000: Report of the Conference (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.01.I.2), chap. VIII, sect. 8, resolution 7.
163
Annex
Recalling also that the Seventh United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for the
Americas, held in New York in 2001, recognized the importance of standardized and consistent
geographical names as a fundamental data set of national and regional spatial data infrastructures,3
Recommends that standardized geographical names data should be considered in the
establishment of national and regional spatial data infrastructures and included in their design,
development and implementation.
VIII/10. Toponymic data-collection procedures
The Conference,
Recalling the importance of field collection of geographical names as conveyed in resolution 4,
recommendation B, of the First United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical
Names, and as noted in resolution 27 of the Second Conference,
Recognizing the rapidly developing requirement for highly accurate and complete geographical
names and associated information,
Noting the increasing demand for geographical names of all categories for use in a geographic
information system (GIS) environment as well as in specialized and multi-purpose automated databases,
Recommends that Governments expand their existing data-collection procedures for geographical
names, and establish procedures for collecting names from all acceptable sources so as to be responsive to
the needs of geographical names users.
VIII/15. Support for training and publications
The Conference
1.
Expresses its appreciation to Germany, the Netherlands and the United Nations through
the United Nations Statistics Division for providing funding for participants from developing countries to
attend the training course associated with the Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of
Geographical Names;
2.
Stresses the importance of this training and requests the Statistics Division, within
existing resources, to continue to provide funding for such training for participants from developing
countries;
3.
Recognizes the importance, for the foreseeable future, of both electronic and print
versions of documents available in all official languages of the United Nations and, in this connection;
4.
Requests the Statistics Division to include in its publication programme for thee biennium
2004-2005 the following:
(a)
A publication of about one hundred and sixty pages on romanization systems,
and formats and standards for toponymic data exchange;
(b)
A basic manual of about one hundred and fifty pages on geographical names.
3 See Report of the Seventh United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for the Americas, New York, 22-26
January 2001: Report of the Conference (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.01.I.13), chap. VI, sect. B,
resolution 7.
164
Manual for the national standardization of geographical names
INDEX
Abbreviation rules 36, 76, 140
Country names 88, 157
Abbreviations, cartographic - see Cartographic
Creole 100
abbreviations
Cultural heritage 2, 19, 46, 52, 55, 87, 111-112,
Administrative area names 19, 118
125-128
Administrative support, national names office
Cyrillic script
11, fig. II, 102, 104; - see also
29; - see also National names authorities and
Script
their offices, staff
Advisory committees 31, 35, 49
Databases - see Computer files
Aerial photographs 64-65
Data exchange 44, 120
Allonym 9-10, 130; definition 36
Data fields 42, 117-120
Alphabetic systems 14
Decentralized names authority 21, 25-26, 28; -
Altitude 42, 120, 140
see also National names authorities and their
Annotated maps 46, 58, 64, 65, 68, 70, 71
offices
Applying limits to vaguely identified entities -
Decisions, criteria - see Geographical name(s),
see Extent of features, vague
decisions
Arabic script 11, fig. II; - see also Script
Definite article in names 35-36
Archival files 43, 52
Definitions 9, 14, 15, 36, 74, 99, 100, 101, 102,
Atlases 47, 102, 103, 105, 145
104, 105, 129
Automatic data processing (ADP) 88; - see also
Designator 42
Computer files
Diacritics
14, 43, 101-102, 118, 129-130
Digital files - see Computer files
Base map files 44, 46
Dissemination of official toponyms 73-77
Boundaries 39
Documentary investigation 41, 138
Boundary names 39
Duplicate names 50
Cadastral documents 38
Economic and Social Council - see United
Card files 43, 118
Nations, Economic and Social Council
Cartographic: abbreviations 145; nomenclature
Elevation - see Altitude
17; programme 46; systems 44
Endonyms 101, 103, 130, 131
Cartography 13, 128, 139
Entity 42, 50, 52, 123, 133; location and
Cartotoponymy 38-39, 49; definition 38
identification 50-52, 64, 139; spatial and
Categories of names - see Geographical
hierarchic relationships 50-52, 64, 66, 134;
name(s), categories
type 42, 137, 139
CD-ROMs 73, 75
Exonyms 88, 94, 104, 127-128, 129-131, fig.
Census spellings 38
XXII, 157; - see also UNGEGN Working
Central names office 21-22, 28; - see also
Groups, Exonyms
National names authorities and their offices
Extent of features 34, 42, 44, 59; vague 65-66
Changing names - see Geographical name(s),
changes
Farm names 123, 133, 140
Chinese script 11, fig. II; - see also Script
Feature size and extent - see Extent of features
Citizen groups 28, 29
Feature type 13, 118
Compound names 36
Field collection of names 41, 49, 55-51, fig.
Computer files 38, 39, 41, 43-44, fig. VIII, 52,
XIII, fig. XV, 122, 127, 133-136; asking
58, 76, 117-120; web databases 156-157
questions 62-64; computers 68, 139; costs 55,
Contacts (UNGEGN secretariat) 3, 158
70-71; evaluation 63, 68, 71; formal approval
Conventional names 129; - see also Exonyms
60; group interviews 55, 70-71; initial contacts
Coordinates 42, 118-119
60, fig. XII; instructions 58, 62-71, 137-141;
165
Index
interpreters 69; interviews 55, 62-71 - see also
see Office, processing; proposal/submission
Informants; length of time 59; linguistic
forms 50, fig. IX; records 41-42, 43, 117;
requirements 69-70; manuals 55, fig. XIV;
researching problems 49-53; spelling 13, 18,
maps, annotated 58, 64, 65, fig. XIV, 68, 70,
34, 35, 38, 39, 49, 52, 58, 69, 74, 76, 128, 133,
71; nomadic groups 62; objectives 137; phases
138, 140, 145; standardization procedures -
56, fig. X; preparation 56-59, fig. XI;
see Standardization, procedures and processes;
procedures 59-60, 138-139; protocol 59;
status 119; streets 125; studies 126-127;
purpose 62; recording 66; reporting 61, 66, 71;
traditional 131; transcription - see
review 68, 71, fig. XVI; sparse population 59,
Transcription; transfer 125; transliteration -
60, 61; tape recording 56, 70; training 60; use
see Transliteration; usage reliability 62;
of other agencies 70; worksheets fig. XV, 68,
variants - see Variant names; worksheets - see
138-139
Field collection of names, worksheets
Field investigation - see Field collection of
Geographical names authorities - see National
names
names authorities and their offices
Field maps and overlays 56, 59, 64-65, 68, 138
Geographic Information System (GIS) 73, 119,
Fieldwork - see Field collection of names
120
Forms 49, fig. IX, 52, 67, 139; - see also
Global Positioning System (GPS) 55, 119
Geographical name(s), proposal/submission
Glossary of Terms for the Standardization
forms
of Geographical Names iii, 9, 93, 96-97, 99,
101, 102, 104, 105, 127, 129, 130, 144
Gazetteers 38, 47, 73-76, fig. XVII, 84, 88, 92,
145, 158, 161-162; content 73-74; definition
Heritage - see Cultural Heritage
74
Historical information and spelling 42, 126
Generic terms 13, 43, 59, 66, 105, 106;
Historical map sources 38, 47
hierarchic relationships 66
Historical usage 35
Geographical coordinates - see Coordinates
Geographical dictionaries 74
Identification of entity - see Entity
Geographical entity - see Entity
Inconsistently used names 49
Geographical name(s): act 113, 113-114;
Informants 56, 60-62; age 61, 66; area officers
application 35; application, vaguely defined
60; coding systems 68; contact Chief 60;
entities - see Extent of features, vague;
doctors 60; evaluation 63; general store 60;
approval date 119; basic data 42, 117-120;
identification 59; information about 66, fig.
categories 22, 140; changes 18, 34, 35, 39, 49;
XV, 68; librarians 60; local 52, 56, 59; number
changes, reporting 38; changes, requests 50;
of 60, 62; postmasters 60, 138; qualifications
collections 117, 127; composite 105; contested
62, 138; selection 60-62, 138; teachers 60,
34; conversion iii, 11, 14, 101-106, 129; data
138;
entry 117-120; decision criteria 27, 34-35;
International exchange of information and data
decisions 22, 24, 25-26, fig. 4, 29, 41, 49, 50,
44, 84
52, 55, 66, 73, 108; definition 9 - see also
International Cartographic Association (ICA) 3,
Toponym; derived 134; derogatory 35, 50;
94, 154
duplication 35, 50, 59; entity identification 50,
International organizations 85, 154-155
52; errors 38; existing 38; experts 31; function
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 14, 69,
of 123; giving 124-126; historical significance
100
58; inconsistent usage 49; knowledge 123-
International standardization - see
124, fig. XXI; legislated 34; length 35; length
Standardization, international
of settlement 126-127; local use - see Local
Internet
44, 47, 73; - see also Websites
usage; location narrative 120; meaning 52;
Internet training courses - see Training, web-
new 126, 135; official status 112-114; on signs
based
fig. VI, 59; placement 66, 139; policies - see
Interviews: integrity 62; interpreters 69; map use
Principles, policies and procedures;
56-58, 63; name application 64; names in
preservation 122, 125, 126-127; processing -
sentence context 64; problems 64; process 55,
166
Manual for the national standardization of geographical names
62, 63; questions 58, 62-64; tape recording 56,
Minority language names, treatment 34, 113,
70 - see also Field collection of names;
114, 135, fig. XXIII, 140-141
without bias 64
Multilingual areas, names in 19, 34, 36, fig. V,
ISO standards 120, 154
fig. VI, 99, 101, 161
Multilingual conditions 68-71, 76
Labels 141
Multiscriptual situations
52-53
Land registers 38
Language 28, 99-106, 111-112, 113-114, 120,
Name - see Geographical name(s)
128, 135, 143, 144, 157; and pronunciation
Names authorities - see National names
99-100 - see also Pronunciation; community
authorities and their offices
123; extinct 121; fieldwork 59, 62, 68-70;
Names committees, local ad hoc 70; - see also
indigenous 100; local 56, 66, 121; minority
National names authorities and their offices
69, 88; national 69; official 69; source or
Names standardization justification - see
donor 14; spoken 13, 52; target or receiver 14,
Standardization, justification
104, 105; unwritten 34, 56, 69-70, 88, 100,
Naming event 42
162, 163; use of tape recorder 70; vehicular
National mapping agency 24, 46, 59, 133, 138
99; written 11, 13, 52, 69
National names authorities and their offices 1,
Laptop computers 68
21-26, fig. III, fig. IV, 28, 50, 52-53, 78, 114-
Latin script - see Roman script and Script
115, 144, 159-160; chairperson 24-25, 28,
Legal authority - see National names authorities
108, 109; continuing status 18-19; cost 17, 28;
and their offices, legal/official authority
decisions - see Geographical name(s),
Letter files
41
decisions; leadership 28; legal/official
Lexicalization 124
authority 18, 109, 110, 112, 113; legislation
Limits and extents of features - see Extent of
107-115; limitations 19; list 139; mandate 18,
features
19, 110, 111-112; meetings 25, 109, 110;
Lingua franca 99
membership 24, 109, 110, 111, 112; policies -
Linguistic community 99, 100, 126, 128, 129,
see Principles, policies and procedures;
131
powers and responsibilities 107-108, 109, 110,
Linguistic requirements - see Field collection of
111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 123, 133; publicity
names, linguistic requirements
34; purpose statement 27; setting up 27-28;
Local authorities, street names 125
size 25, 28, 108, 110; staff 29-30; staff duties
Local dialects 56, 76
41; staff qualifications 30; staff research 41,
Local informants - see Informants, local
50, 58; staff responsibilities 29; staff size 30;
Local names committees, field assistance 70-71
staff support 29, 53; structure 21, 27; types 21-
Local usage 35, 36, 38, 43, 49, 50, 52, 66, 69
26, fig. III, 107-115; websites 155
133; amount and extent 35, 52; oral 35, 49, 50,
National names committees - see National
55
names authorities and their offices
Lodging in the field 59
National names office 21, 28-31, 41-47, fig.
Logographic systems 14
VII, 49-53; - see also National names
authorities and their offices
Mandate - see National names authorities and
National resource, name files 47
their offices, mandate
National standardization - see Standardization,
Map and aerial photo coverage 53, 56
national
Map files 44, 46
New names - see Geographical name(s), new
Maps and documents, kinds of 35
Maps and names fig. V, 38, 39, 43, 49, 58, 66,
Offensive and derogatory names - see
133, 135, fig. XXIII, 139, 145
Geographical name(s), derogatory
Maps, official 35, 47, 49, 73, 119, 133
Office: files 41, 43, 44-47; processing 41-47,
Microtoponyms 121
117, 122, 160-161; research tools 46-47;
Minor features 38
treatment of geographical names - see Office,
processing
167
Index
Official authority - see National names
Roman script 11, 14, 15, 144-145; - see also
authorities and their offices, legal/official
Script
authority
Official maps - see Maps, official
Scanning maps and documents 46, 120
Official name record 42; - see also
Script
11, fig. II, 12, 76, 84, 100, 101, 103, 143;
Geographical name(s), records
definition 11
Official names, updating 76
Spatial data infrastructure
44, 163-164
One name one entity - see Univocity
Specific terms 13, 106
Orthography 114, 133, 135, 137, 139, 140, 145
Staff - see National names authorities and their
Overlays - see Field maps and overlays
offices, staff
“Owner decides” principle 133-136
Standardization: advantages 2, 87; basic
considerations 36; conditions for 1; definition
Pan American Institute of Geography and
9-10; international 10, 83, 84, 93; justification
History (PAIGH) 3
17; large number of names 38; more than one
Phonetic writing systems 30; - see also
name per entity 34, 36; national 2, 10, 44, 78,
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
83, 84, 87, 88, 93, 159-162; procedures and
Pidgin 99-100
processes 1, 2, 33-39, 41; recognition of a
Place name - see Geographical name(s)
need 17-18
Policies - see Principles, policies and procedures
Standardized name, definition 9-10; - see also
Population 42, 120
Geographical name(s)
Pre-field preparation - see Field collection of
Structural hierarchy 123
names, preparation
Support committees 30-31
Principles, policies and procedures 27, 33-39,
Surveyors, field guidelines 58, 137-141
41, 49, 50, 69, 73, 108, 110
Syllabic systems 14
Pronunciation 42, 70, 76, 88, 100, 103-104,
113, 127, 131; - see also Language and
Taboo names 62
Pronunciation
Tape recorders, use in field collection 56, 70
Protocol for field collection
59
Terminology - see Glossary of Terms for the
Publicity
34
Standardization of Geographical Names
Publishing official names 73
Timetables, bus and railroad/railway 47
Topographical name, definition 9; - see also
Record identifier 119
Geographical name(s)
Recording names in various languages 62, 69-
Topographic maps 47, 139; rules for names
70
140-141
Records management 41, 117-120
Toponym, definition 9; - see also Geographical
Records manual 120
name(s)
Reference address 123
Toponymic experts 31
Reference tools 47
Toponymic guidelines 44, 76-77, 88, 95, 143-
Regional governments 24
152; availability 149-151; concept 143;
Regional meetings 84, 88
content 76, 143-144, 148; future 147;
Research: procedures 49-53; tools 46-47
important aspects 144-145; progress 145-146;
Resolutions adopted by United Nations
resolutions 152; web-based 146, 147, 151, 154
Conferences on the Standardization of
Toponymic heritage 44, 121-128
Geographical Names - see United Nations
Toponymic history 52
Conferences on the Standardization of
Toponymic research - see Research, procedures
Geographical Names, resolutions
Toponymic websites - see Websites
Road maps 47
Training courses 3, fig. I, 44, 164; field
Romanization 11, 53, 74, 76, 84, 88, 92, 100,
collection 93; first 3; web-based 3, 44, 93-94;
102, 153
- see also UNGEGN Working Groups,
Romanization systems, single 15, 93
Training Courses in Toponymy
Transcription 14, 101, 103-104; definition 14
168
Manual for the national standardization of geographical names
Translation 104-106
156; UNGEGN Divisions 153; UNGEGN
Transliteration
14, 15, 52-53, 83, 94, 101-102;
toponymic guidelines 154 - see also
definition 14; key 101
Toponymic guidelines; UNGEGN Working
Groups 153
United Nations Conferences on the
World Cartography iii, 2, 21, 95, 143, 146
Standardization of Geographical Names iii, 1,
Writing marks 13
2, 30, 44, 83, 84, 88, fig. XX, 121; documents
Writing official names, rules 34
and reports iii, 95-96, 144, 145; participation
Writing systems 12, 144
85-86, fig. XVIII, fig. XIX; resolutions 1, 2,
10, 21, 35-36, 46, 56, 69, 73-74, 76-77, 84,
Yearbooks 47
87-89, 94, 95, 96, 122, 126, 127, 128, 129,
152, 159-164
United Nations, Economic and Social Council
iii, 83, 84, 85
United Nations Group of Experts on
Geographical Names (UNGEGN) iii-iv, 1, 83,
85, 87, 88, 89-97; brochure 87, 92, 96;
Divisions 87, 89, fig. XX, 97, 153; documents
and reports iii, 92, 95-97
UNGEGN secretariat 3, 158
UNGEGN website 1, 3, 44, 96, 146, 153
UNGEGN Working Groups iii-iv, 89, fig. XX,
90-91, 153; Country Names fig. XX, 90, 153;
Evaluation and Implementation 89, fig. XX,
91, 94; Exonyms fig. XX, 91, 94, 129, 153;
Promotion of Indigenous and Minority Group
Geographical Names fig. XX, 91, 95;
Pronunciation fig. XX, 91, 94; Publicity and
Funding iii, fig. XX, 91, 92, 96, 153;
Romanization systems fig. XX, 91, 92, 153;
Toponymic Data Files and Gazetteers fig. XX,
90, 92, 153; Toponymic Terminology fig. XX,
91, 93; Training Courses in Toponymy 3, 44,
fig. XX, 91, 93, 153
Univocity 36, 83
Unnamed features - see Geographical name(s),
new
Unwritten language - see Language, unwritten
Updating official name information 76
Vague entities - see Extent of features, vague
Variant names 41, 42, 52, 119
Vehicular language - see Language
Volunteer scholars 31
Water management authorities 134
Web-based training - see Training courses, web-
based
Websites 44, 92, 93, 94, 114, 146, 153-158;
international organizations 154-155; national
names authorities 155; searchable databases
169
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