Physics For Scientists And Engineers 6E - part 343

“Vomit Comet,” 105–106
von Laue, Max, 1224
von Neumann, John, 1027
Voyager [spacecraft], 412
Voyager 2 [spacecraft], 351

Walden [Thoreau], 1117
Washboarded roads, 482
Water, 604

density of, 590–591
diamagnetism of, 952
ice point of, 583
as polar molecule, 816–817
specific heat of, 608t, 609
steam point of, 583
triple point of, 585

Water waves, 450, 488–489
Watt, James, 204
Watt (W), 204
Wave equations

linear, 503–504, 1070

Wave fronts, 522, 1069, 1097
Wave functions (y(x, t)), 490
Wave number (k), 493
Wave optics, 1176–1241. See also

Diffraction; Geometric optics;
Interference; Optics; Polarization

Waveforms, 490
Wavelength (,), 492
Wavelets, 1107
Waves, 486–511. See also

Electromagnetic waves;
Mechanical waves; Sound;
Standing waves

gravitational, 1195
linear, 544
longitudinal, 488
nonlinear, 544
plane, 1069
and propagation of a disturbance,

487–491

Waves (Continued)

reflection and transmission of,

499–501

shock, 527–528
sinusoidal, 491–496, 547–548
speed of mechanical, 513–514
spherical, 518, 522–523, 1069, 1098
square, 568, 1058
transverse, 488
water, 450, 488–489

Weak forces, 113
Weber, Wilhelm, 959
Weber (Wb), 940
Weight, 119–120

vs. mass, 116, 119

Welding, induction, 991
Wheelchairs, 371
Wheeler, John, 1274
White dwarf stars, 409, 415
White light, 1109–1110
Wilson, Robert, 1088
Windmills, 181, 195
Wiring, household, 880–882
Work (W ), 183–193, 184, 197

and Bernoulli’s equation, 434
by conductors moving in magnetic

fields, 974

by a conservative force, 228–229, 403,

763–764

by a constant force, 183–186
on deformable systems, 605, 615–617
in electric fields, 726, 763–764, 807,

815–817

and electric generators, 982
and energy transfer, 185, 193–201
and forced oscillators, 472
on a gas, 615–617
by gravity, 196
in magnetic fields, 934
and motors, 984–985
net (1W ), 189, 619, 670
path dependence of, 229, 616–617

Work (W )(Continued)

and rotational motion, 312–316
by a spring, 190–193
in thermodynamic processes,

615–617

units of, 185, A.2t
by a varying force, 188–193

Work–kinetic energy theorem, 193–196,

194

and charged particles in electric fields,

726

and charged particles in magnetic

fields, 899

relativistic, 1268–1269
for rotational motion, 301, 312–313

World-lines, 1259–1260

X-rays, 1081

from black holes, 409–410
diffraction of by crystals, 1224–1225

Xerography, 784

y-intercepts, A.17
Yard (yd), 4
Yerkes Observatory, 1165
Young, Thomas, 1093, 1095, 1178
Young’s double-slit experiment,

1177–1182

Young’s modulus (Y ), 373–374t

and speed of sound waves, 514

Zero-gravity simulations, 105–106
Zero-point energy, 585
Zeros

and significant figures, 15

Zeroth law of thermodynamics,

581–582

Zeroth-order maxima, 1180
Zonules, eye, 1156
Zoom lenses, 1172

I.22

Index

Quantity

Symbol

Value

b

Atomic mass unit

u

1.660 538 73 (13) ! 10

"

27

kg

931.494 013 (37) MeV/c

2

Avogadro’s number

N

A

6.022 141 99 (47) ! 10

23

particles/mol

Bohr magneton

9.274 008 99 (37) ! 10

"

24

J/T

Bohr radius

5.291 772 083 (19) ! 10

"

11

m

Boltzmann’s constant

1.380 650 3 (24) ! 10

"

23

J/K

Compton wavelength

2.426 310 215 (18) ! 10

"

12

m

Coulomb constant

8.987 551 788 . . . ! 10

9

N #m

2

/C

2

(exact)

Deuteron mass

m

d

3.343 583 09 (26) ! 10

"

27

kg

2.013 553 212 71 (35) u

Electron mass

m

e

9.109 381 88 (72) ! 10

"

31

kg

5.485 799 110 (12) ! 10

"

4

u

0.510 998 902 (21) MeV/c

2

Electron volt

eV

1.602 176 462 (63) ! 10

"

19

J

Elementary charge

e

1.602 176 462 (63) ! 10

"

19

C

Gas constant

R

8.314 472 (15) J/K #mol

Gravitational constant

G

6.673 (10) ! 10

"

11

N #m

2

/kg

2

Josephson frequency –

4.835 978 98 (19) ! 10

14

Hz/V

Magnetic flux

2.067 833 636 (81) ! 10

"

15

T #m

2

Neutron mass

m

n

1.674 927 16 (13) ! 10

"

27

kg

1.008 664 915 78 (55) u

939.565 330 (38) MeV/c

2

Nuclear magneton

5.050 783 17 (20) ! 10

"

27

J/T

Permeability of free

$

0

4

%

!

10

"

7

T #m/A (exact)

space

Permittivity of free

8.854 187 817 . . . ! 10

"

12

C

2

/N #m

2

(exact)

Planck’s constant

h

6.626 068 76 (52) ! 10

"

34

J #s

1.054 571 596 (82) ! 10

"

34

J #s

Proton mass

m

p

1.672 621 58 (13) ! 10

"

27

kg

1.007 276 466 88 (13) u

938.271 998 (38) MeV/c

2

Rydberg constant

R

H

1.097 373 156 854 9 (83) ! 10

7

m

"

1

Speed of light in

c

2.997 924 58 ! 10

8

m/s (exact)

vacuum

a

These constants are the values recommended in 1998 by CODATA, based on a least-squares adjust-
ment of data from different measurements. For a more complete list, see P. J. Mohr and B. N. Taylor,
Rev. Mod. Phys. 72:351, 2000.

b

The numbers in parentheses for the values above represent the uncertainties of the last two 
digits.

& '

h

2

%

(

0

'

1

$

0

c

2

$

n

'

e &

2m

p

)

0

'

h

2e

2e

h

k

e

'

1

4

%(

0

*

C

'

h

m

e

c

k

B

'

R

N

A

a

0

'

&

2

m

e

e

2

k

e

$

B

'

e &

2m

e

Some Physical Constants

a

quantum

voltage ratio

space

Mean Radius

Distance from

Body

Mass (kg)

(m)

Period (s)

the Sun (m)

Mercury

3.18 ! 10

23

2.43 ! 10

6

7.60 ! 10

6

5.79 ! 10

10

Venus

4.88 ! 10

24

6.06 ! 10

6

1.94 ! 10

7

1.08 ! 10

11

Earth

5.98 ! 10

24

6.37 ! 10

6

3.156 ! 10

7

1.496 ! 10

11

Mars

6.42 ! 10

23

3.37 ! 10

6

5.94 ! 10

7

2.28 ! 10

11

Jupiter

1.90 ! 10

27

6.99 ! 10

7

3.74 ! 10

8

7.78 ! 10

11

Saturn

5.68 ! 10

26

5.85 ! 10

7

9.35 ! 10

8

1.43 ! 10

12

Uranus

8.68 ! 10

25

2.33 ! 10

7

2.64 ! 10

9

2.87 ! 10

12

Neptune

1.03 ! 10

26

2.21 ! 10

7

5.22 ! 10

9

4.50 ! 10

12

Pluto

!1.4 ! 10

22

!1.5 ! 10

6

7.82 ! 10

9

5.91 ! 10

12

Moon

7.36 ! 10

22

1.74 ! 10

6

—

—

Sun

1.991 ! 10

30

6.96 ! 10

8

—

—

Solar System Data

Average Earth–Moon distance

3.84 ! 10

8

m

Average Earth–Sun distance

1.496 ! 10

11

m

Average radius of the Earth

6.37 ! 10

6

m

Density of air (20°C and 1 atm)

1.20 kg/m

3

Density of water (20°C and 1 atm)

1.00 ! 10

3

kg/m

3

Free-fall acceleration

9.80 m/s

2

Mass of the Earth

5.98 ! 10

24

kg

Mass of the Moon

7.36 ! 10

22

kg

Mass of the Sun

1.99 ! 10

30

kg

Standard atmospheric pressure

1.013 ! 10

5

Pa

a

These are the values of the constants as used in the text.

Physical Data Often Used

a

Power

Prefix

Abbreviation

Power

Prefix

Abbreviation

10

"

24

yocto

y

10

1

deka

da

10

"

21

zepto

z

10

2

hecto

h

10

"

18

atto

a

10

3

kilo

k

10

"

15

femto

f

10

6

mega

M

10

"

12

pico

p

10

9

giga

G

10

"

9

nano

n

10

12

tera

T

10

"

6

micro

$

10

15

peta

P

10

"

3

milli

m

10

18

exa

E

10

"

2

centi

c

10

21

zetta

Z

10

"

1

deci

d

10

24

yotta

Y

Some Prefixes for Powers of Ten

Linear (v) and angular (   )
velocity vectors
Velocity component vectors

Torque vectors (  )

τ

ω

Displacement and
position vectors

Force vectors (F)
Force component vectors

Acceleration vectors (a)
Acceleration component vectors

Linear ( p) and
angular (L)
momentum vectors

Linear or rotational
motion directions

Springs

Pulleys

Part 1 (Chapters 1–15) : Mechanics

Part 4 (Chapters 23–34) : Electricity and Magnetism

Light rays

Lenses and prisms

Mirrors

Objects

Images

Part 5 (Chapters 35–38) : Light and Optics

Electric fields

Magnetic fields

Positive charges

Negative charges

Resistors

Batteries and other
DC power supplies

Switches

Capacitors

Ground symbol

AC Generators

Ammeters

Voltmeters

Inductors (coils)

V

A

+

–

– +

Pedagogical Color Chart