Physics For Scientists And Engineers 6E - part 341

Models (Continued)

of structure of matter, 7–9
system, 182

Moderators, 266–267
Modern physics, 3, 1242–1283. See also

Quantum mechanics; Relativity

Modulus, elastic, 373, 374t

bulk (B ), 373–375, 374t
shear (S ), 373–374t
Young’s (Y ), 373–374t

Mohorovicic discontinuity, 540
Molar mass (M ), 592
Molar specific heats, 646–649. See also

Specific heat

at constant pressure (C

P

), 646–647t

at constant volume (C

V

), 646–647t,

651–652

of solids, 653–654

Mole (n), 4, 591
Molecules

polar vs. nonpolar, 816

Moment arm (d), 306
Moment of inertia (I ), 300–302, 304t,

343

calculation of, 302–305
changes in, 346
measurement of, 470
and rotational acceleration, 308–312

Momentum (p), 252. See also Angular

momentum; Linear momentum

and collisions, 260–261
in electromagnetic waves, 1076–1079
and impulses, 256–260
relativistic, 1267–1268, 1270

Monochromatic light, 1177
Monopoles, magnetic, 895, 942, 989
Moon, 399t. See also Planetary motion

escape speed from, 408t
planetary, 389, 1096, 1217–1218
and universal gravitation, 391–392

Morley, Edward W., 1248–1250
Morse, Samuel, 959
Most probable speed (v

mp

), 656–657

Motion. See Circular motion; Kinematics;

Laws of motion; Oscillatory motion;
Periodic motion; Planetary motion;
Precessional motion; Projectile
motion; Rotational motion; Simple
harmonic motion; Waves

Motion diagrams, 34–35
Motion pictures. See Movies
Motors, 984–986. See also Generators;

Heat engines

homopolar, 995

Movies

Apollo 13, 595
Batman Returns, 533
Dick Tracy, 532
digital, 1101
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, 362
inertia portrayed in, 138

Movies (Continued)

It Happened One Night, 138
Jurassic Park, 533
Last Action Hero, 533
M*A*S*H, 1233
sound recording for, 532–533
stable equilibrium portrayed in, 362
Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones,

1101

MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging
Multiplication

commutative law of, 187, 337
and differentiation, A.24
distributive law of, 187, 338
scalar (dot) product of two vectors,

186

–188, 741

and significant figures, 15
and uncertainty, A.29
vector (cross) product of two vectors,

337

–339

of vectors by scalars, 65

Muons

gravitational red-shifts of, 1274
length contraction of, 1259
and time dilation, 1255–1256

Musgrave, F. Story, 394
Music

Ariadne auf Naxos, 540
Bach, Johann Sebastian, 537
and harmonic series, 555
Mass in B minor [Bach], 537
and musical scale, 572
and pitch, 566–567
Santana, Carlos, 543
Strauss, Richard, 540

Musical instruments, 555–556

electric, 971–972
and harmonic series, 555
and nonsinusoidal waves, 566–567
percussion, 561, 563–564
and resonance, 558–562
string, 543, 555–556, 561, 567
tuning of, 561, 564, 566
wind, 559–561, 566–567

Mutual inductance (M), 1013–1015
Mutual induction, 1013
Myopia, 1157–1158

Natural convection, 628
Natural frequency (&

0

), 471

and harmonic series, 554
of LC circuits, 1018

Natural logarithms, 163, 279, 875, A.19
Near point of the eye, 1156, 1159
Nearsightedness, 1157–1158
Negative charges, 707
Negatives of vectors, 62–63
Neptune, 399t. See also Planetary

motion

escape speed from, 408t

Net force (1F), 112, 117

and equilibrium, 363–365
motion under, 123
on a system of particles, 275

Net torque (15), 363–365
Net work (1W), 189

and heat engines, 670
in PV diagrams, 619

Neutral equilibrium, 237
Neutral wires, 880
Neutron stars, 347, 409
Neutrons, 8

discovery of, 8

Newton (N), 117–118t
Newton, Isaac, 114

and development of calculus, 3, 392,

A.23

and gravitation, 390–392, 401, 1273
and laws of motion, 3, 112
and linear momentum, 253
and optics, 1093, 1095, 1191
and telescopes, 1164
and time, 1252

Newtonian mechanics. See Classical

mechanics; Mechanics

Newton 6 meter (N 6 m), 185
Newton’s laws of motion. See First law

of motion; Laws of motion;
Second law of motion; Third law
of motion

Newton’s rings, 1191–1192
Nitrogen

atmospheric, 408, 656
liquid, 615, 629
molecular speed distribution in,

656–657

Niven, Larry, 417
Nobel prizes, A.33–A.36
Nodes, 550, 559
Noise

and harmonic series, 564, 566
signal, 529

Noise pollution, 520
Nonconservative forces, 221, 228–229

and changes in mechanical energy,

229–234, 606–607

and damped oscillations, 471–472
and induced electric fields, 981

Noninertial reference frames, 115,

159–162

and general relativity, 1273–1274
and twin paradox, 1258

Nonisolated systems, 196–199
Nonlinear waves, 544
Nonmetals

thermal conduction of, 623–625, 624t

Nonohmic materials, 835, 838
Nonpolar molecules, 816
Nonuniform circular motion, 157–158.

See also Circular motion

Normal forces (n), 121

I.14

Index

Normal modes, 553–555

in air columns, 560
in circular membranes, 563
in rods, 563
on strings fixed at both ends, 553

Nuclear forces, 113
Nuclear physics. See Subatomic physics
Nuclear reactors, 1272
Nucleus, 8

discovery of, 8
magnetic dipole moment of, 946

Number density (n

V

(E)), 654–655

Numerical modeling, 167–170

Object, optical (O), 1127

virtual, 1149

Object distance (p), 1127
Objective lenses, 1160–1163
Objects, physical. See also Deformable

systems; Rigid objects

extended, 271–272
floating, 428–430
submerged, 428–430

Oersted, Hans Christian, 705, 895, 927,

933

Ohm, Georg Simon, 835
Ohm (7), 836
Ohmic materials, 835, 838
Ohm’s law, 835, 838
Oil-drop experiment, 781–782
One-time isothermal processes, 671
O’Neill, G. K., 418
Open-circuit voltage (

0

), 860

Optic axis, 1229
Optical activity, 1232
Optical devices. See also Cameras; Lenses;

Microscopes; Mirrors; Telescopes

optical fibers, 1114

Optical fibers, 1114
Optical illusions, 1130, 1174
Optical resolution, 1214–1217
Optical stress analysis, 1230
Optics, 1, 1092–1241. See also Diffraction;

Dispersion; Electromagnetic waves;
Image formation; Interference;
Light; Polarization; Reflection;
Refraction; Speed of light

geometric, 1094–1175
history of, 1093
wave, 1176–1241

Orbits. See Planetary motion
Order number (m), 1180
Order-of-magnitude (~) calculations,

13–14. See also Approximating

Ordinary (O) rays, 1229–1230
Oscillatory motion, 451–485. See also

Periodic motion; Simple harmonic
motion

damped, 471–472, 1020–1022
forced, 472–474
stick-and-slip, 484

Oscilloscopes, 728
Otto cycles, 679–680
Overdamped oscillators, 472–472, 1022
Oxygen

atmospheric, 408, 656
liquid, 615, 629
paramagnetism of, 952

P waves, 489
Paleomagnetism, 954
Parabolas, 36, 84, A.21

and orbits, 397
and projectile motion, 77, 84–91

Parabolic mirrors, 1164
Paradoxes

moving clocks, 1255
pole-in-the-barn, 1260–1261
speed of light, 1248
twin, 1257–1259

Parallax, 1167
Parallel-axis theorem, 304–305, 317, 349
Parallel combinations

of capacitors, 803–804
of resistors, 862–869, 864

Paramagnetism, 947–948, 951–952
Paraxial rays, 1132
Partial derivatives, 235, 495, 503–504,

516, 773, 1069–1070. See also
Differentiation

Partial integration, A.26–A.27
Partial pressure (P

i

), 602

Particle models of motion, 24, 182, 270
Pascal, Blaise, 424
Pascal (Pa), 422
Pascal’s law, 424
Path dependence

of work done by nonconservative

forces, 229

of work in PV diagrams, 616–617

Path difference ($), 1180, 1182–1183
Path independence

of average velocity, 79
of entropy changes, 684
of internal energy changes, 618–619
of work done by conservative forces, 228

Path length (r), 548–549
Pendulums, 468–470

as accelerometers, 161
ballistic, 264–265
as clocks, 140, 468
conical, 153
and conservation of mechanical

energy, 225

physical, 469–470
and resonance, 558
simple, 468–469
torsional, 470

Penzias, Arno, 1088
Percent uncertainty, A.29
Perfect diamagnetism, 952, 1031

Perfect differentials, A.27
Perfectly inelastic collisions, 261, 278
Perigee, 397
Perihelion, 397
Period (T )

of periodic waves, 492
of simple harmonic motion, 455–456
of uniform circular motion, 93, 908

Periodic motion, 450–577. See also

Oscillatory motion; Simple
harmonic motion; Waves

Periscopes, 1117
Permeability, magnetic ()

m

), 948

Permeability of free space ()

0

), 928, 943

Permittivity of free space (8

0

), 712, 943

Pfund, A. H., 1124
Phase (&t 9 .), 455

in AC circuits, 1035
and reflection, 1188–1189
and superposition and interference of

sinusoidal waves, 547–549

Phase constant (.)

and interference, 547–549, 1182–1183
of periodic waves, 493
in series RLC circuits, 1044–1045
of simple harmonic motion, 455, 1018

Phases of matter, 421, 604. See also

Fluids; Gases; Liquids; Solids

changes in, 607, 611–613

Phasor diagrams, 1035

for circuits, 1035–1036, 1039,

1041–1042, 1044–1046

for diffraction patterns, 1210–1211
for interference patterns, 1186–1188

Phasors, 1036, 1184–1188
Phonographs, 528–529
Photoconductors, 784
Photocopiers, 784
Photoelectric effect, 1095
Photons, 1096, 1270
Physical chemistry. See also

Thermodynamics

and batteries, 799, 845–846, 858–861,

1014–1015, 1061

and bond energy, 605
and chemical energy, 278, 679, 799,

845–846

and scrubbers, 783
and surfactants, 816

Physical optics. See Wave optics
Physical pendulums, 469–470
Physics. See also Astronomy and

astrophysics; Biophysics;
Engineering; Geophysics; History of
physics; Laws of physics; Physical
chemistry

interdisciplinary nature of, 3–4
subdisciplines of, 1, 3

Physics [Aristotle], 215–216
Physiology, 367–368, 384, 512
Pickup coils, 971–972

Index

I.15

Pinch effect, 960
Pinhole cameras, 1239
Pions (:

9

and :

(

), 256

Pitch, musical, 566–567
Pitot tubes, 445
Pits, CD, 299, 530–531
Planck, Max, 1093, 1095, 1243
Planck length, 418
Planck’s constant (h), 352, 945, 1096
Plane polar coordinates (r, %), 59
Plane-polarized light, 1226
Plane waves, 1069
Planetary motion, 396–401. See also

Astronomy; Gravitation; Kepler’s
laws

and energy, 405–410

Planets, 399t. See also specific planet

escape speeds from, 408t

Plasma, 910

balls of, 739

Plates of capacitors, 796
Platinum–iridium bars

and standard meter, 4

Plug-in problems, 47. See also Problem-

solving strategies

Pluto, 397, 399t. See also Planetary motion

escape speed from, 408t
moon of, 1217–1218

Point charges, 711

electric field lines for, 724, 772
electric potential due to, 768–771, 769
equipotential surfaces for, 772

Poisson, Simeon, 1207
Polar coordinate systems, 59
Polar coordinates (r, %), 59, 293
Polar molecules, 816
Polarization, 1069, 1225–1232

by double refraction, 1229–1230
induced, 816
linear, 1069
of molecules, 816
by reflection, 1227–1229
rotation of plane of, 1232
by scattering, 1230–1231
by selective absorption, 1226–1227

Polarization angle (%

p

), 1228

Polarizers, 1226
Polarizing angle, 1119
Polaroid materials, 1226
Pole-in-the-barn paradox, 1260–1261
Position (x), 24–28

angular (%), 293–296, 294
average (x

CM

), 270–271

equilibrium, 453

Position–time graphs, 25, 33, 458–459
Position vectors (r), 78–80

average (r

CM

), 271

Positive charges, 707
Potential difference (#V ), 764

due to point charges, 768–771
in uniform electric fields, 765–768

Potential energy (U ), 197, 217–250,

219, 234. See also Conservation of
energy; Electric potential; Energy;
Kinetic energy; Lennard–Jones law

in capacitors, 807–810, 876, 878
chemical, 278, 679, 799, 845–846
and conservative forces, 234–236, 403
elastic (U

s

), 197, 222–228, 462

electric (V ), 763–766, 764, 1015–1017
of electric dipoles in electric fields, 815
and equipartition of energy, 650–654
gravitational (U

g

), 219, 403–405

of magnetic dipoles in magnetic fields,

906

and planetary motion, 405–408
of a system, 218–220

Pound (lb), 118t
Power (!), 203–205

in AC circuits, 1037, 1047–1051
average ( ), 203, 1048
delivered by automobile engines, 206,

681–683

and efficiency of heat engines, 677
electrical, 845–849, 860
and forced oscillators, 473
instantaneous (!), 203–204
and rotational motion, 312–316

Power factor (cos .), 1048, 1051
Power of a lens (P), 1158
Power strokes, 679–680
Power transfer

by electricity, 198, 831, 846–847
by mechanical waves, 501–503,

516–522

by thermal conduction, 623–626

Powers. See Exponents
Poynting vectors (S), 1074–1079
Pre-emphasis, 529
Precessional frequency (&

p

), 351

Precessional motion, 350–351
Prefixes

for powers of ten, 7t

Presbyopia, 1158
Pressure (P), 375, 421–423

absolute (P), 426
atmospheric (P

0

), 426

gauge, 426
and kinetic theory of gases, 641–644
measurement of, 421, 426–427
and musical instruments, 559–561
partial (P

i

), 602

radiation, 1076–1079
units of, 422, A.2t
variation of, with depth, 423–426
waves of, 515–516

Pressure amplitude (#P

max

), 515

Primary coils

of AC transformers, 1051
and Faraday’s law of induction,

968–969

of Rowland rings, 949

!

Primary maxima, 1187–1188
Principal axes

and moment of inertia, 344
of spherical mirrors, 1131

Principle of equivalence, 1274
Prisms, 1109–1111
Probability

and distribution functions, 654–657
and entropy, 684
and Gauss’s probability integral,

A.28t

Problem-solving strategies, 46–47

for calorimetry, 614
for capacitors, 806
for conservation of mechanical energy,

224

for electric fields, 720–721
for electric potential, 775
for isolated systems, 224, 230
for Kirchhoff’s rules, 871
for laws of motion, 124
for nonconservative forces, 230
for static equilibrium, 366
for thin-film interference, 1192
for two-dimensional collisions, 268

Processes

adiabatic, 619, 649–650, 675–676
cyclic, 619, 670, 671
irreversible, 668, 673–675, 674,

687–690

isobaric, 620
isothermal, 620, 671, 675–676
isovolumetric, 620
quasi-static, 616, 686
random-walk, 658
reversible, 673–675, 686–687
thermodynamic, heat and work in,

615–617

Products. See Multiplication
Projectile motion, 83–91, 277
Propagation of uncertainty, A.28–A.29
Proper length (L

p

), 1258–1259

Proper time intervals (#t

p

), 1253–1256,

1254, 1259

Proportionalities (;)

and dimensional analysis, 11

Propulsion, rocket, 277–280
Protons, 8

collisions between, 269
discovery of, 8

Ptolemy, Claudius, 396
Pulses, 488, 490

inverted, 499

Pupils, eye, 1155
Pure numbers, 455
Pure rolling motion, 316–319
PV diagrams, 616–617

and adiabatic processes, 650
and Carnot cycles, 676
for diesel engines, 681
and heat engines, 670

I.16

Index

PV diagrams (Continued)

and net work, 619
and Otto cycles, 680

Pythagorean theorem, 60, 643, 1254,

A.21

Quadratic equations, 89, A.17
Quality factor (Q), 1051
Quantities

basic vs. derived, 4
vector vs. scalar, 26

Quantization, 553

of angular momentum, 352–353, 945
of electric charge, 708
of energy, 652–653
of standing-wave frequencies, 544,

553–555

Quantum mechanics, 1. See also

Mechanics

and ferromagnetism, 949
history of, 3
and magnetic dipole moments of

atoms, 945–946

Quarks, 8, 9, 712
Quarter-wave plates, 1240
Quasi-static processes, 616

for an ideal gas, 686

Queckensted tests, 442
Quenching, 631

R values, 626–627t
Radar, police, 525, 1278–1279
Radial acceleration component (a

r

),

94–96, 151–158, 298

Radial forces (F

r

), 151–158, 312

Radian (rad), 293–294, A.20
Radiation, 628–629. See also

Electromagnetic radiation

Cerenkov, 539
cosmic background, 1088
and energy transfer, 197–198
thermal, 845–846

Radiation pressure (P ), 1076–1079
Radiators, 628
Radio, 813, 1051, 1061

waves, discovery of, 1068–1069
waves, in electromagntic spectrum,

1080–1081

Rail guns, 926, 964
Rainbow holograms, 1224
Rainbows, 1094, 1109–1111
Random-walk processes, 658
Range (R), horizontal, of a projectile,

86–91

Rarefaction, 515
Ray approximation, 1097–1098
Ray diagrams

for mirrors, 1134–1136
for thin lenses, 1145–1149

Rayleigh, John William Strutt, Lord,

1233

Rayleigh’s criterion, 1214
Rays, 1069

gravitational deflection of light,

1273–1275

ordinary vs. extraordinary, 1229–1230
paraxial, 1132

RC circuits, 873–878

as filters, 1055–1056
as rectifiers, 1054–1055

Reactance

capacitive (X

C

), 1042, 1056

inductive (X

L

), 1040

Reaction forces, 120, 342
Reasonable values, 5
Reber, Grote, 1235
Recoil, 255–256
Rectangular coordinate systems, 59
Rectangular coordinates. See Cartesian

coordinates

Rectification, 1054
Rectifiers, 1054–1056
Red shifts, 525, 1262, 1274, 1279
Reference circles, 466
Reference frames

inertial, 114–115, 1246
moving, 96–99, 496
noninertial or accelerating, 115,

159–162, 1258, 1273–1274

Reference intensity (I

0

), 519

Reference lines, 293–294
Reflecting telescopes, 1162, 1164
Reflection, 499–501, 1069, 1098–1102.

See also Mirrors

and Huygens’s principle, 1108–1109
images formed by, 1127–1138
law of, 1099, 1108–1109, 1115
phase changes upon, 1188–1189
polarization by, 1227–1229
total internal, 1111–1114

Reflection gratings, 1217–1218
Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat

[Carnot], 675

Refracting telescopes, 1162–1163
Refraction, 1069, 1102–1107. See also

Lenses

and Huygens’s principle, 1108–1109,

1178

images formed by, 1138–1141
index of, 1104t, 1124–1125
polarization by double, 1229–1230
Snell’s law of, 1105, 1108–1109, 1115

Refrigerators, 671–673, 672
Relative acceleration (a"), 96–99
Relative speed (v"), 522–523
Relative velocity (v"), 96–99
Relativity, Galilean, 98–99, 1246–1248
Relativity, general, 402, 1273–1275. See

also Gravitation

history of, 3, 1273

Relativity, special, 1, 1244–1283

consequences of, 1251–1262
history of, 3, 1243, 1245, 1250–1251
and Maxwell’s equations, 988
and spin, 945
and standard second, 6

Resistance (R), 831–857

defined, 835–840, 836
equivalent (R

eq

), 863–868

internal (r ), 860
load (R), 860
temperature dependence of, 841,

843–844

Resistive forces (R), 162–167. See also

Friction

and automobiles, 205–206t

Resistivity (*), 836–837t, 842

temperature dependence of, 843–844

Resistors, 837–838

in AC circuits, 1034–1038
composition, 838
shunt (R

p

), 879

wire-wound, 838

Resolution, optical, 1214–1217,

1221–1222

Resolving power (R), 1221–1222
Resonance, 473, 558–559

in forced oscillators, 472–474
in LC circuits, 1016
in musical instruments, 558–562
in planetary motion, 399
in series RLC circuits, 1049–1051

Resonance frequency (&

0

), 473, 558,

1049

Rest energy (E

R

), 1270

Restoring forces, 191, 453

and pendulums, 468
and springs, 191–192, 453

Resultant force. See Net force
Resultant vectors (R), 61
Retardation plates, 1240
Retinas, 1155–1156
Retroreflection, 1100–1101
Revere, Paul, 1235
Reversible processes, 673–675

and entropy changes, 686–687

Richer, Jean, 140
Richter scale, 240–241
Right-hand rule, 295

and angular momentum, 340
and magnetic forces, 898, 905, 930
and vector (cross) products, 337–338

Rigid objects, 293. See also Deformable

systems

angular momentum of, 343–345
moment of inertia of, 300–305,

308–312

rolling of, 316–319
rotational dynamics of, 302–319
rotational kinematics of, 296–297
in static equilibrium, 366–373

Index

I.17