Physics For Scientists And Engineers 6E - part 339

Electric dipoles, 719

electric field lines for, 724, 772–773,

942

in electric fields, 815–817
electric potential due to, 769, 773–774
electromagnetic waves from oscillating,

1079–1080

equipotential surfaces for, 772–773

Electric field lines. See Field lines
Electric fields (E), 706–738, 717t

in capacitors, 799–802
of charge distributions, 719–723
defined, 715–719
electric dipoles in, 815–817
and electric potential, 772–774
energy density of, 808, 1012
and Gauss’s law, 743–745
induced, 981–982
motion of charged particles in,

725–728

potential difference in uniform,

765–768

and superposition principle, 718–719,

744

Electric flux (/

E

), 740–743

and Gauss’s law, 743–745

Electric forces (F

e

), 711–715

Electric generators. See Generators
Electric potential (V ), 762–794

defined, 764
due to charge distributions, 774–778
due to charged conductors, 778–781
due to point charges, 768–771
obtaining, from electric fields, 

772–774

in uniform electric fields, 765–768

Electrical conduction, 710

model of, 841–843

Electrical engineering. See also Circuits;

Electronic devices

and generators, 669, 782–783,

982–984, 994–995, 1034

and household wiring, 880–882
and magnetic recording, 951
and motors, 984–986
and power generation, 669, 967,

982–986, 1034, 1272

and solar energy, 628, 1078–1079, 

1193

and sound recording, 299, 528–533,

568, 971–972

and transformers, 846–847, 987, 1033,

1051–1054

Electrical induction, 709–711, 710
Electrical meters, 879–880

loading of, 889

Electrical power, 845–849

generation of, 669, 967, 982–986, 1034,

1272

transmission of, 1051–1054

Electrical safety, 881–882

Electrical transmission, 198, 831, 846–847

and electric generators, 982
and energy transfer, 198
and motors, 984
and superconductors, 1031
and transformers, 1051–1054

Electrolytes, 813
Electromagnetic forces, 113
Electromagnetic radiation, 198,

1079–1080

from black holes, 409–410
and energy transfer, 198

Electromagnetic spectrum, 1080–1082
Electromagnetic waves, 487, 988,

1066–1091

energy carried by, 1074–1076
and linear wave equation, 504
plane, 1069–1073
production of, 1079–1080

Electromagnetism, 1, 704–1091. See also

Capacitance; Circuits; Dielectrics;
Electric current; Electric fields;
Electric potential; Electromagnetic
waves; Faraday’s law; Gauss’s law;
Inductance; Magnetic fields;
Resistance

defined, 705
history of, 705, 895–896, 927, 968

Electromotive force. See emf
Electron beams

bending of, with magnetic fields, 

909

Electron configurations, A.30t–A.31t
Electron gas, 841
Electron guns, 728
Electron microscopes, 102
Electron volt (eV), 764–765, 1270
Electronic devices. See also Circuits;

Electrical meters; Generators;
Sound recording

AC–DC converters, 1053–1054
charge-coupled devices (CCD), 1154
compact discs (CDs), 299, 529–532,

1203, 1221, 1236

digital micromirror devices (DMD),

1101–1102, 1220

digital video discs (DVD), 1203
grating light valves (GLV), 1220
microwave ovens, 816, 1085
photocopiers, 784
stud-finders, 813

Electrons

discovery of, 8
e/m

e

ratio of, 912

free or conduction, 709, 841
as fundamental particles, 912
and magnetic dipole moments of

atoms, 944–946

and spin, 945–946

Electrostatic equilibrium, 750–752

applications of, 782–784

Electrostatic precipitators, 783
Elementary-particle physics. See

Subatomic physics

Elements, A.4t–A.13t

periodic table of, A.30t–A.31t

Elevators, 128–129
Ellipses, 396, A.20

and orbits, 396–397, 406

emf (

0

), 859–861

back, 985, 1004, 1040
induced, 968–970, 981–982
motional, 973–977
self-induced, 1004

Emissivity (e), 628
Endeavor [space shuttle], 394
Energy (E), 181–216. See also

Conservation of energy; Internal
energy; Kinetic energy; Potential
energy

and automobiles, 205–208
binding, 245, 404
bond, 605
chemical, 278, 679, 799, 845–846
electric, 807–810, 1015–1019
and electromagnetic waves, 1074–1076
equipartition theorem of, 644,

650–654

and intensity of sound waves, 516–522
magnetic, 1011–1013, 1015–1019
mass as a form of, 1270, 1272
mechanical (E

mech

), 220–228, 221

relativistic, 1268–1272
rest (E

R

), 1270

and rotational motion, 312–316
and simple harmonic motion, 462–465
thermal, 605
total (E), 1270
units of, 185, 212, A.2t
zero-point, 585

Energy conversion

in automobile engines, 679–680

Energy density

in electric fields (u

E

), 808, 1012, 

1074

in electromagnetic waves (u),

1074–1075

in magnetic fields (u

B

), 1011–1012,

1074

Energy diagrams, 236–238
Energy-level diagrams, 652–653

and thermal excitation, 655

Energy reservoirs, 617
Energy transfer

by heat, 581, 605, 608, 623–628
and matter transfer or convection,

197–198, 627–628

by mechanical waves, 197–198, 487,

500–503, 516–522

by radiation, 197–198, 628–629
and transfer variables, 615
by work, 185, 193–201

I.6

Index

Engineering. See also Civil engineering;

Electrical engineering; Fluid
mechanics; Materials science;
Mechanical engineering

genetic, 4
role of physics in, 3–4
units used in, 626

Engines. See Heat engines
Entropy (S), 683–693, 691

in irreversible processes, 687–690
on a microscopic scale, 690–693
in reversible processes, 686–687

Envelopes

for diffraction patterns, 1188, 1213,

1241

for oscillatory motion, 471, 550

Environments, 182–183
Equal-arm balances, 987–988
Equalization circuits, 529
Equations. See also Differential

equations; Kinematic equations

Bernoulli’s, 433–436, 434
coefficients of, A.17
continuity, for fluids, 432
Galilean transformation, 98, 1247
lens makers’, 1143
linear, 870, A.17–A.19
linear wave, 503–504
Lorentz transformation, 1262–1267,

1263

Maxwell’s, 988–989, 1067–1069, 1245,

1247

mirror, 1132–1133
quadratic, 89, A.17
of state, 591–592
thin lens, 1143–1144

Equations of state, 591

for an ideal gas, 592

Equilibrium, 112, 123, 236–238,

362–388

neutral, 237
rotational, 363–364
stable, 236–237
static, 364, 366–373
thermal, 581–582
unstable, 237

Equilibrium position, 453
Equipartition of energy theorem, 644,

650–654

Equipotential surfaces, 766

and field lines, 772–773, 779

Equivalent capacitance (C

eq

), 803–805

Equivalent resistance (R

eq

), 863–868

Escape speed (v

esc

), 407–408t, 656

Escher, M. C., 1167
Estimating, 13–14. See also

Approximating

Ether, 1247–1250
Euler, Leonhard, 168
Euler method, 168–170
Euler’s number (e), 163, A.19

Evaporation, 640, 656–657
Event horizons, 409
Events, 1247, 1251–1252

and Lorentz transformation equations,

1262–1264

Excited states, 653
Exhaust speed (v

e

), 278

Exhaust strokes, 679–680
Experiments. See also Instrumentation;

Measurement; Thought experiments

Michelson–Morley, 1248–1250
Millikan oil-drop, 781–782
and null results, 1250
Young’s double-slit, 1177–1182

Exponential decay

and damped oscillators, 471

Exponents, A.14, A.16t–A.17

and uncertainty, A.29

Exposure times, 1153
Extended objects

and center of mass, 271–272

External agents, 192
Extraordinary (E) rays, 1229–1230
Eyepiece lenses, 1160–1163
Eyes, 1155–1159. See also Biophysics

resolution of, 1216–1217
sensitivity of, 1080, 1087, 1156

f -numbers, 1154
Factoring, A.17
Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel, 585
Fahrenheit temperature scale, 585–586
Far point of the eye, 1156
Farad (F), 797
Faraday, Michael, 968

and capacitance, 797
and electric fields, 715, 723
and electromagnetic induction, 705,

896, 968

Faraday disks, 994–995
Faraday’s law of induction, 967–1002, 989

applications of, 971–973
defined, 968–970
and electromagnetic waves, 1072–1073
and inductance, 1005, 1014
and inductive reactance, 1040

Farsightedness, 1157
Fermat, Pierre de, 1114
Fermat’s principle, 1114–1115
Ferris wheels, 150, 152
Ferromagnetism, 947–951, 949
Feynman, Richard, 730
Fiber optics, 1114
Fictitious forces, 159
Field forces, 112–113, 715

electrical, 715–719
gravitational, 401–402
magnetic, 896–900
superposition of, 404, 718–719
work done by, 198

Field lines, 723

closed, 930, 942
electric, 723–725, 751, 942
and equipotential surfaces, 772–773,

779

magnetic, 896, 930, 942

Filter circuits, 1055–1056
Finalizing problems, 46–47. See also

Problem-solving strategies

First law of motion, 114–115
First law of thermodynamics, 618–623
First-order maxima, 1180
Fission, 266, 757, 1272
Fizeau, Armand H. L., 1097, 1118
Flat mirrors, 1127–1130. See also Mirrors
Flats, CD, 299, 530
Floating objects, 428–430
Flow

ideal fluid, 431
laminar, 431
rate of, 832
turbulent, 431

Flow calorimeters, 637
Flow rate, 432
Fluid mechanics, 420–449

and fluid dynamics, 431–437
and fluid statics, 421–430

Fluids, 421. See also Gases; Liquids
Flux

electric (/

E

), 740–743

magnetic (/

B

), 940–941

Flux compression, 994
Flux linking, 1014
Focal length ( f ), 1133, 1143
Focal point (F ), 1133
Focus (ellipse), 396
Foot (ft), 7
Force (F), 32, 112–114

action vs. reaction, 120, 342
applied (F

app

), 192

buoyant (B), 163, 164, 427–430
central, 403
“centrifugal,” 159–160
conservative, 218, 221, 228–229,

234–236, 403, 768

contact, 112–113
Coriolis, 159–160
electric (F

e

), 711–715

fictitious, 159
field, 112–113, 198, 401–402
of friction (f), 131–137
fundamental, 113
gravitational (F

g

), 113, 119–120,

390–401

impulsive, 258
of kinetic friction (f

k

), 132, 199–203

Lorentz, 910, 989
magnetic (F

B

), 896–900

net (1F), 112, 117, 275, 363–365
nonconservative, 221, 228–234, 229
normal (n), 121

Index

I.7

Force (F) (Continued)

radial (F

r

), 151–158

relativistic, 1268
resistive (R), 162–167
restoring, 191–192, 453, 468
of static friction (f

s

), 131

tangential (F

t

), 157–158

units of, 117–118t, A.1t
viscous, 431

Force constant. See Spring constant
Forced convection, 628
Forced oscillators, 472–474
Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph, 567
Fourier analysis, 1195
Fourier series, 567–568
Fourier synthesis, 568
Fourier Transform Infrared

Spectroscopy (FTIR), 1195

Fourier transforms, 1195
Fourier’s theorem, 567–568
Fractional uncertainty, A.29
Franklin, Benjamin, 707
Fraunhofer diffraction patterns,

1207

–1210

Free-body diagrams, 121–122
Free electrons, 709, 841
Free expansion. See Adiabatic free

expansion

Free-fall, 40–44

and conservation of mechanical

energy, 224–225

and gravitation force, 394–395
and projectile motion, 83–91

Freezing. See Solidification
Frequency ( f or &), 457

angular (&), 455, 457
beat ( f

b

), 564–565

collision ( f ), 658
cyclotron (&), 908–909
fundamental ( f

1

), 553–555, 554

natural (&

0

), 471, 554, 1018

of periodic waves ( f ), 492
precessional (&

p

), 351

quantization of standing-wave, 544,

553–555

resonance (&

0

), 473, 558, 1049

Fresnel, Augustin, 1207
Fresnel diffraction patterns, 1207
Fresnel lenses, 1146
Friction, 112. See also Resistive forces

and automobiles, 205–206t
coefficients of kinetic ()

k

), 132t

coefficients of rolling ()

r

), 205

coefficients of static ()

s

), 132t

and damped oscillations, 471–472
and electric current, 834
forces of (f), 112, 131–137
forces of kinetic (f

k

), 132

forces of rolling (f

r

), 

205–206t

forces of static (f

s

), 131

internal, 431

Friction (Continued)

and irreversible processes, 674–675
work done by kinetic, 199–203

Frictionless surfaces, 122
Fringe fields, 818–819
Fringes, 1178–1180, 1208

shifts in, 1249–1250

Front-back reversals, 1128
FTIR. See Fourier Transform Infrared

Spectroscopy

Fulcrums, 367
Full width at half maximum, 1240
Functions, A.23
Fundamental forces, 113, 707
Fundamental frequency ( f

1

), 553–555,

554

Fundamental particles

electron as, 912

Fundamental quantities

angular momentum ( ), 351–353
electric charge (e), 708, 712, 781–782

Fuses, 880
Fusion [melting], 611

and entropy changes, 686
latent heat of, 611–612t, 686

Fusion [nuclear], 910, 960, 1272

Gabor, Dennis, 1222
Galaxies

black holes at centers of, 410

Galilean relativity, 98–99, 1246–1248
Galilean transformation equations, 98,

1247

Galilei, Galileo, 46

and falling objects, 40
and inertia, 115
and speed of light, 1096
and telescopes, 1172

Galileo [spacecraft], 389
Galvanometers, 879, 907
Gamma rays, 1081–1082

gravitational red-shifts of, 1274

Gas constant (R), 592–593
Gas laws, 584, 592–594
Gases. See also Fluids; Materials science

diatomic, 651–652
and first law of thermodynamics,

619–623

ideal, 591–594
kinetic energy of, 586
polyatomic, 652
pressure of, 584–586
and PV diagrams, 616–617, 619
speed of sound in, 513–514t
thermal conduction of, 623–624t
work done on, 615–617

Gasoline engines, 679–682
Gauge pressure, 426
Gauss, Karl Friedrich, 742, 959
Gauss (G), 899
Gaussian surfaces, 743

2

Gauss’s law, 739–761, 988–989

for charge distributions, 746–750
defined, 743–745
formal derivation of, 752–753
for gravitation, 761
for magnetism, 941–942, 989

Gauss’s probability integral, A.28t
Gedanken experiments. See Thought

experiments

Geiger, Hans, 790
Geiger tubes, 792
Gems, 1112–1113
General relativity. See Relativity,

general

Generators, 669, 982–984. See also

Motors

AC, 982–984, 1034
DC, 984
homopolar, 994–995
Van de Graaff, 782–783

Genetic engineering, 4
Geocentric model, 396
Geometric optics, 1094–1175, 1097. See

also Optics; Reflection; Refraction;
Wave optics

Geometry, A.20–A.21
Geophysics. See also Earth

and Coriolis forces, 159–160, 323
and density of the earth, 395
and global positioning system (GPS),

6, 1281

and icebergs, 430
and law of atmospheres, 663
and lunar tides, 417, 452
and Mohorovicic discontinuity, 540
and seiches, 573
and seismology, 240–241, 489
and temperature gradient of the

ocean, 697

and tsunamis, 511

Geosynchronous satellites, 400–401
GFI. See Ground-fault interrupters
Gilbert, William, 705, 895
Glancing collisions, 267
Glasses, eye, 1157–1158
Global positioning system (GPS)

and general relativity, 1281
and special relativity, 6, 1281

GPS. See Global positioning system
Gradient, thermal, 624
Gradient [mathematical operator] (3),

235, 773

Graphical methods, A.18–A.19
Graphite

as moderator, 266–267

Graphs. See also Energy diagrams;

Energy-level diagrams; Free-body
diagrams; Motion diagrams; PV
diagrams

acceleration–time, 32–33
Bode plots, 1064
position–time, 25, 33

I.8

Index

Graphs (Continued)

slopes of, 28–29, 36
space–time, 1259–1262
velocity–time, 31–34

Grating light valves (GLV), 1220
Gravitation, 389–419. See also Kepler’s

laws; Planetary motion; Relativity,
general

Gauss’s law for, 761
history of, 390
law of universal, 390–393
universal constant (G) of, 391, 

393–394

Gravitational acceleration (g), 41,

395t

and center of mass vs. center of gravity,

365–366

and pendulums, 468
and universal gravitation, 394–395

Gravitational constant (G), 391

measurement of, 393–394

Gravitational fields, 401–402
Gravitational forces (F

g

), 113, 119–120,

390–401

Gravitational lenses, 1275
Gravitational mass, 119, 1273
Gravitational potential energy (U

g

), 219,

770

Gravitational radius, 1282
Gravitational slingshots, 282
Gravitational waves, 1195
Ground, electrical, 710
Ground-fault interrupters (GFI), 881,

971

Ground states, 652–653
Guerike, Otto von, 447
Guesstimates, 13. See also

Approximating

Gyroscopes, 350–351

Hafele, J. C., 1255
Half-life (T

1/2

), A.4t–A.13t. See also Time

constant

of RC circuits, 878
and time dilation, 1255–1256

Half-power points, 1050–1051
Half-wave antennas, 1079
Half-wave rectifiers, 1054–1055
Hall, Edwin, 914
Hall coefficient (R

H

), 915

Hall effect, 914–916
Hall field, 914
Hall voltage (#V

H

), 914

Hand with Reflection Sphere [Escher],

1167

Harmonic series, 553–555, 554
Harmonics, 553, 555

superposition of, 566–568

Health. See also Biophysics; Medicine

and noise pollution, 520

Hearing. See Ears

Heat (Q), 197, 604–639, 605. See also

Energy; Internal energy;
Temperature

and calorimetry, 607–611
and energy transfer, 197–198, 623–629
and first law of thermodynamics,

618–623

and internal energy, 605–607
latent (L), 606, 611–615
mechanical equivalent of, 606–607
path dependence of, 616–617
in thermodynamic processes, 615–617
units of, A.2t

Heat capacity (C ), 606, 608, 796. See also

Specific heat

Heat death, 687
Heat engines, 667–683, 669

automobile, 679–683
Carnot, 675–678
perfect, 670
real, 675
steam, 678
Stirling, 700

Heat pumps, 671–673

perfect, 671–672

Heat sinks, 846
Heavy water, 266–267
Height (h), maximum, of a projectile,

86–91

Heinlein, Robert, 416
Helical motion, 908
Heliocentric model, 396
Helium

atmospheric, 408, 656
liquid, 615, 629

Helmholtz coils, 963
Henry, Joseph, 705, 896, 968, 1005, 1024
Henry (H), 1005
Henry I, King of England, 4
Hertz, Heinrich, 705, 989, 1068–1069,

1095

Hertz (Hz), 457, 492
High-pass filters, 1055–1056
History of physics, 3

Ampère, André-Marie, 933
astronomy and astrophysics, 396–399
Bernoulli, Daniel, 434
Boltzmann, Ludwig, 656
Brown, Robert, 579
Carnot, Sadi, 675
Coulomb, Charles, 711
Einstein, Albert, 3, 579, 1251
electricity, 705
Faraday, Michael, 968
Galilei, Galileo, 46
Gauss, Karl Friedrich, 742
gravitation, 390
Henry, Joseph, 1005
Hertz, Heinrich, 1068
Huygens, Christian, 1108
Joule, James, 606
Kelvin, William Thomson, Lord, 669

History of physics (Continued)

Kirchhoff, Gustav, 870
light, 1067, 1093, 1095–1096
magnetism, 705, 895–896, 927, 968
Maxwell, James Clerk, 1067
mechanics, 1, 112
Newton, Isaac, 3, 114
Oersted, Hans Christian, 895
Ohm, Georg Simon, 835
optics, 1093
quantum mechanics, 3
relativity, 3, 1243, 1245, 1250–1251,

1273

Tesla, Nikola, 1053
thermodynamics, 579, 605

Hoffman, Jeffrey A., 394
Holography, 1222–1224
Hooke’s law, 190, 453, 907
Horizontal range (R) of a projectile,

86–91

Horsepower (hp), 204
Hubble, Edwin, 1262
Hubble Space Telescope [satellite], 394,

1205

images from, 410
resolution of, 1217

Huygens, Christian, 469, 1093,

1095–1096, 1107–1108

Huygens’s principle, 1107–1109, 1178,

1208

Hybrid drive systems, 985
Hydraulic presses, 424
Hydrodynamica [Bernoulli], 434
Hydrogen

atmospheric, 408, 656

Hydrogen atom

Bohr model of, 352–353
Thomson model of, 759

Hydrometers, 443
Hyperbolas, A.21

and orbits, 397

Hyperopia, 1157
Hysteresis, magnetic, 950

in transformers, 1051

Ice point of water, 583
Icebergs, 430
Ideal absorbers, 629
Ideal fluid flow, 431
Ideal gas law, 592–593

deviations from, 619

Ideal gases, 591–594

adiabatic processes for, 617, 619,

649–650

isothermal expansion of, 620–622
molar specific heats of, 646–649
molecular model of, 641–646
quasi-static, reversible processes for, 

686

Ideal reflectors, 629
Illusions, optical, 1130, 1174

Index

I.9