SECTION 31.5 • Generators and Motors
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in reverse. Instead of generating a current by rotating a coil, a current is supplied to
the coil by a battery, and the torque acting on the current-carrying coil causes it to
rotate.
Useful mechanical work can be done by attaching the rotating coil to some exter-
nal device. However, as the coil rotates in a magnetic field, the changing magnetic flux
induces an emf in the coil; this induced emf always acts to reduce the current in the
coil. If this were not the case, Lenz’s law would be violated. The back emf increases in
magnitude as the rotational speed of the coil increases. (The phrase back emf is used to
indicate an emf that tends to reduce the supplied current.) Because the voltage avail-
able to supply current equals the difference between the supply voltage and the back
emf, the current in the rotating coil is limited by the back emf.
When a motor is turned on, there is initially no back emf; thus, the current is very
large because it is limited only by the resistance of the coil. As the coil begins to rotate,
the induced back emf opposes the applied voltage, and the current in the coil is
reduced. If the mechanical load increases, the motor slows down; this causes the back
emf to decrease. This reduction in the back emf increases the current in the coil and
therefore also increases the power needed from the external voltage source. For this
reason, the power requirements for starting a motor and for running it are greater for
heavy loads than for light ones. If the motor is allowed to run under no mechanical
load, the back emf reduces the current to a value just large enough to overcome
energy losses due to internal energy and friction. If a very heavy load jams the motor so
that it cannot rotate, the lack of a back emf can lead to dangerously high current in
the motor’s wire. This is a dangerous situation, and is explored in the What If? section
of Example 31.10.
A current application of motors in automobiles is seen in the development of
hybrid drive systems. In these automobiles, a gasoline engine and an electric motor are
combined to increase the fuel economy of the vehicle and reduce its emissions. Figure
31.24 shows the engine compartment of the Toyota Prius, which is one of a small
number of hybrids available in the United States. In this automobile, power to the
wheels can come from either the gasoline engine or the electric motor. In normal
driving, the electric motor accelerates the vehicle from rest until it is moving at a speed
of about 15 mi/h (24 km/h). During this acceleration period, the engine is not
running, so that gasoline is not used and there is no emission. When a hybrid vehicle
brakes, the motor acts as a generator and returns some of the kinetic energy of the ve-
hicle back to the battery as stored energy. In a normal vehicle, this kinetic energy is
simply lost as it is transformed to internal energy in the brakes and roadway.
Figure 31.24 The engine compartment of the Toyota Prius, a hybrid vehicle.
Photo by Brent Romans/
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