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SECTION 3 0.8 • Magnetism in Matter 945 and the magnetic moment of the electron is associated with this orbital motion. In our classical model, we assume that an electron moves with constant speed v in a circular orbit of radius r about the nucleus, as in Figure 30.27. Because the electron r (the circumference of the circle) in a time interval T, its orbital speed is v " 2$r/T. The current I associated with this orbiting electron is its The magnitude of the magnetic moment associated with this current loop is # " IA, 2 is the area enclosed by the orbit. Therefore, (30.24) Because the magnitude of the orbital angular momentum of the electron is L " m e vr (Eq. 11.12 with 6 " 90°), the magnetic moment can be written as (30.25) This result demonstrates that the magnetic moment of the electron is proportional to its orbital angular momentum. Because the electron is negatively charged, L point in opposite directions. Both vectors are perpendicular to the plane of the orbit, as indicated in Figure 30.27. A fundamental outcome of quantum physics is that orbital angular momentum is quantized and is equal to multiples of " h/2$ " 1.05 & 10 ' 34 J ( s, where h is Planck’s constant (introduced in Section 11.6). The smallest nonzero value of the (30.26) We shall see in Chapter 42 how expressions such as Equation 30.26 arise. Because all substances contain electrons, you may wonder why most substances are not magnetic. The main reason is that in most substances, the magnetic the magnetic effect produced by the orbital motion of the electrons is either zero or very In addition to its orbital magnetic moment, an electron (as well as protons, neutrons, and other particles) has an intrinsic property called spin that also contributes to its magnetic moment. Classically, the electron might be viewed as # " √ 2 e 2m e
7 7 # " & e 2m e '
L # " IA " & ev 2$r ' $r
2 " 1 2 evr I " e T " e4 2$ " ev 2$r Orbital magnetic moment r µ L Figure 30.27 An electron moving in the direction of the gray arrow in a circular orbit of radius r has an angular momentum L in one direction and a magnetic moment " in the opposite direction. Because the electron carries a negative charge, the direction of the current due to its motion about the nucleus is opposite the direction of that motion. ▲ PITFALL PREVENTION 30.3 The Electron Does Not Spin Do not be misled; the electron is |