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If we extend the straight lines in Figure 19.5 toward negative temperatures, we find a remarkable result — in every case, the pressure is zero when the temperature is ! 273.15°C! This suggests some special role that this particular temperature must play. It is used as the basis for the absolute temperature scale, which sets ! 273.15°C as its zero point. This temperature is often referred to as absolute zero. The size of a de- gree on the absolute temperature scale is chosen to be identical to the size of a degree (19.1) where T C is the Celsius temperature and T is the absolute temperature. Because the ice and steam points are experimentally difficult to duplicate, an absolute temperature scale based on two new fixed points was adopted in 1954 by the International triple point of water, which is the single combination of temperature and pressure at which liquid water, gaseous water, and Kelvin scale) employs the SI unit of absolute temperature, the kelvin, which is defined to be 1/273.16 of the difference between absolute zero and the temperature of the triple point of water. Figure 19.6 shows the absolute temperature for various physical processes and structures. The temperature of absolute zero (0 K) cannot be achieved, although labo- What would happen to a gas if its temperature could reach 0 K (and it did not liquefy or solidify)? As Figure 19.5 indicates, the pressure it exerts on the walls of its The Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin Temperature Scales 3 Equation 19.1 shows that the Celsius temperature T C is shifted from the absolute (Kelvin) temperature T by 273.15°. Because the size of a degree is the same on the two A common temperature scale in everyday use in the United States is the Fahren- heit scale. This scale sets the temperature of the ice point at 32°F and the tempera- (19.2) We can use Equations 19.1 and 19.2 to find a relationship between changes in tempera- (19.3) " T C # " T # 5 9
" T F T F # 9 5 T C $ 32%F T C # T ! 273.15 S E C T I O N 19 . 3 • The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer and the Absolute Temperature Scale 585 Hydrogen bomb 10 9 10 8 10 7 10 6 10 5 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 Interior of the Sun Solar corona Surface of the Sun Water freezes Liquid nitrogen Liquid hydrogen Liquid helium Lowest temperature achieved ˜ 10 –7 K Temperature (K) Figure 19.6 Absolute tempera- tures at which various physical processes occur. Note that the scale is logarithmic. ▲ PITFALL PREVENTION 19.1 A Matter of Degree Note that notations for temper- 3 Named after Anders Celsius (1701–1744), Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), and William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824–1907), respectively. |