the ratio of inhomogeneous to homogeneous
widths of the absorption spectrum.
time frequency analysis
any signal analy-
sis method that examines the frequency prop-
erties of a signal as they vary over time.
time hopping
a type of spread spectrum
wherein the transmission of the signal occurs
as bursts of pulses in time. Each burst has a
random starting time and may have a fixed or
random duration.
time invariance
a special case of shift
invariance, applying in the time domain. In
particular, the impulse response of a system is
independent of the time at which the impulse
occurs. See also
space invariance
.
time invariant channel
a communica-
tion channel for which the impulse response
and transfer function are independent of time.
Strictly time-invariant channels do not exist
in practice, but many communication chan-
nels can be regarded as time invariant for ob-
servation intervals of practical interest.
time invariant system
a system with zero
initial conditions for which any input
f (t)
applied at a time
t − τ will simply result in
a time shift of the output
y(t) to y(t − τ).
For example, a RC circuit with relationship
between loop current
f (t) and output voltage
y(t) described by
y(t) = Rf (t) +
1
C
Z
t
−∞
f (τ)dτ
is time invariant.
A system that is not time invariant is time
varying, or time variant. For example, a sys-
tem described by
y[k] = kf [k]
is time varying.
time overcurrent (TOC) relay
an over-
current relay that has intentional, selectable,
time delay. The time delay is chosen so that
the relay will operate more slowly than down-
stream relays or fuses, and more quickly than
upstream relays or transformer fuses. Relay
and fuse curves are generally displayed on
time-current curves.
time response
the system response in the
time domain when a reference input signal
is applied to a system. The time response of
a control system is usually divided into two
parts: the transient response and the steady-
state response.
time shift
for a signal
x(t) a displacement
in time
t
0
. The time shift is given by
x(t −t
0
).
time slot
in time-division multiple access
(TDMA), a time segment during which a des-
ignated user transmits, or control information
is transmitted. In time-division multiplexing
(TDM), each time slot carries bits associated
with a particular call, or control information.
time stability
the degree to which the
initial value of resistance is maintained to a
stated degree of certainty under stated con-
ditions of use over a stated period of time.
Time stability is usually expressed as a per-
cent or parts per million change in resistance
per 1000 hours of continuous use.
time variant channel
a communication
channel for which the impulse response and
transfer function are functions of time. All
practical channels are time-variant, provid-
ing the observation interval can be arbitrarily
long. See also
fading channel
.
time variant system
system in which the
parameters vary with time. In practice, most
physical systems contain time varying ele-
ments.
time varying system
a system not ex-
hibiting time invariance. In particular, one in
which the impulse response varies as a func-
tion of the time at which the impulse occurs.
c
2000 by CRC Press LLC