constant of a machine with two q-axis amor-
tisseur windings is obtained by taking the re-
ciprocal of the smallest root of the denomina-
tor of the q-axis operational impedance. An
approximate (standard) value is often used, in
which it is assumed one amortisseur winding
resistance is infinite and the detailed expres-
sion simplified.
quadrature-axis transient short-circuit
time constant
a constant that character-
izes the decay of transients in the q-axis vari-
ables of the synchronous machine with the
stator windings short-circuited. The inter-
val characterized is that following the sub-
transient interval, but prior to steady-state,
during which the transients of the fastest dy-
namic q-axis rotor circuits have subsided. A
detailed (derived) closed-form expression for
the transient short-circuit time constant of a
machine with two q-axis amortisseur wind-
ings is obtained by taking the reciprocal of
the smallest root of the numerator of the q-
axis operational impedance. An approximate
(standard) value is often used, in which it is
assumed one amortisseur winding resistance
is infinite and the detailed expression simpli-
fied.
quadrupole
a magnet system that pro-
duces a pair of dipoles with like poles oppo-
site each other.
quadrupole illumination
a type of off-
axis illumination where four circles of light
are used as the source. These four circles are
spaced evenly around the optical axis.
quadtree
a quadtree represents struc-
ture in an image by repeatedly subdividing
squares into quarters until each square is ho-
mogeneous. Quadtrees can be used for fac-
simile coding, for representing contiguous
regions in primitive-based coding or for rep-
resenting motion vector distributions. In fac-
simile, where the image consists of black and
white values only, three codewords are re-
quired:
S, B, W, meaning split-block, black-
block and white-block. Starting from large
squares, each is analyzed and an appropriate
codeword generated. If the codeword is
S,
then the same process is applied recursively
to the four quarter-size blocks.
quadword
a data unit formed from four
words.
qualification
all activities that ensure that
the nominal design and manufacturing spec-
ifications will meet or exceed the reliability
goals.
qualitative robustness
an estimation
scheme in which we optimize performance
for the least favorable statistical environment
among a specified statistical class.
quality factor (Q)
measure of the persis-
tence of damped oscillations in a resonator;
2
π times the energy stored in an oscillating
system divided by the energy lost in one cy-
cle of the oscillations. Q is a measure of the
precision of the frequency selectivity of an
electrical resonator or filter. Q is dimension-
less.
quality of service (QOS)
a means of spec-
ifying the level of service provided by a net-
work or required by a user of the network.
Typical QOS parameters include bandwidth,
delay, jitter, and error rate.
quantization
(1) the process of convert-
ing amplitude values that can take on many
different values (infinitely many for analog
signals) into a finite (or more coarse) repre-
sentation. Quantization is necessary in dig-
ital processing of inherently analog signals,
such as voice or image. See also
lossy source
coding
,
analog-to-digital conversion
.
(2) aspects of particle properties related to
their wavelike nature as described by quan-
tum mechanics.
(3) dividing a signal value into equally
sized portions, known as quanta.
(4) conversion of a continuous range of
values into a number of discrete levels, for ex-
ample in analog-to-digital conversion; con-
c
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